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第一章 名 词一、知识网络二、考纲要求中考对于名词的考查主要侧重以下几点:1可数名词的复数2不可数名词的量3名词所有格的用法4名词的句法作用5词义辨析6名词与主谓一致考查形式主要有:单项选择、词形转换、词语辨析、翻译句子等题型。三、考点精讲名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。英语中名词主要分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名、团体、机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词China , October , Tuesday ,the Communist Party of Chinabook ,studentfamily ,armyhappinesssand ,fire考点一 可数名词及其单复数可数名词即可以用数目来计算的名词。个体名词和集合名词属于可数名词。可数名词一般有单数和复数两种形式。(1)规则名词的复数形式规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3以-f或-fe结尾的词,变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives 4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es以元音字母加y结尾的名词,加-sparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-citiestoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays5以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-shero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos(2)不规则名词的复数形式规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Chinese, Japanese ,Swiss, Portuguese8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants考点二 不可数名词即一般无法用数目来计算的名词。物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,并且不能用不定冠词a(an)或one修饰。(1)不可数名词的量的概念通常由量词短语来表示。例如:a glass of watertwo glasses of watera piece of paperthree pieces of paper(2)有些不可数名词加-s后,意思就发生了变化。例如:times(时代), papers(试卷,论文),goods(货物)(3)部分名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词,但其具体意思不同。例如:a room(房间),room(空间);a chicken(小鸡),some chicken(鸡肉)常考的不可数名词还有:advice,ink,clothing,sugar,news,maths,physics,trouble,weather,traffic,information,homework,fun,progress,experience(经验)等。考点三 专有名词是指某一特定的人、地方、团体、机构和概念等专有的名称,而这些实际上被认为是独一无二的。专有名词的实词首字母必须大写。例如:人名:Bill Gates , Tom Hanks地名:China , the United Kingdom of Britain(不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)月份、星期、节日:October, Tuesday, New Year, Christmas政党、机构和组织:the Communist Party of China(中国共产党) , United Nations(联合国)报刊:China Daily(中国日报), News Weekly(新闻周刊)考点四 名词所有格名词所有格用来表示所有关系,一般用s和of来表示名词的所有格。(1)s所有格的构成1单数名词在末尾加s the boys father, Toms friends2复数名词 一般在末尾加 the students reading-room不规则复数名词后加s childrens toys, womens rights,3表示各自的所有关系时, 各名词末尾均须加s表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sLucys and Janes room, Toms and Mikes brothersLucys and Janes room, Tom and Mikes brothers4表示某人的家或店铺时,所有格后名词省略 the doctors, the barbers(理发店), my uncles (2)s所有格的用法表示有生命的东西的名词,以及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词,s所有格的用法:表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw(3)of所有格的用法:无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成短语来表示所有关系。例如:the window of the room,a map of China指有生命的东西的名词在下列情况下也可与of词组表示所有关系:如果名词较长:the works of Marx,Engles and Lenin (马恩列著作)如果名词的定语较长:the name of the man sitting over there考点五 名词的句法功能1名词作主语和主谓一致名词在句中作的句子成分很多,但作主语尤为重要,应注意以下几种情况:(1)一些以s结尾的名词 maths、physics、news是单数或不可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式; trousers,shoes,glasses等为复数概念,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式; a (this)pair of名词复数时,其主语是a(this)pair,故谓语动词应用单数形式。如:Physics is a new subject in Grade Two. 物理在初二是一门新科目。My glasses are red. 我的眼镜是红色的。A new pair of pants is on the bed.床上有一条新短裤。(2)表示时间、金钱、距离、价格等名词后加s作主语时,应视为一个整体,故谓语动词用单数形式。如:Twenty dollars is enough. 20美元足够了。Three months is a short time. 三个月很短。(3)family,class,police等作主语时,若表示整体概念,谓语动词用第三人称单数;当表示其中的各个成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:Her family is moving to Liaoning next week. 她家下周要搬到辽宁去。Her family are having supper now. 她的家人正在吃晚饭。(4)the姓氏名词复数(后加s)表示“一家”或“夫妇”,在句中作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。如:The Greens are Americans. 格林一家是美国人。(5)neither单数名词或neither of复数名词,在句中作主语时谓,语动词用第三人称单数形式,如:Neither answer is right. 两个答案都不对。Neither of the boys often goes to the zoo on Sundays. 星期天两个男孩都不经常去动物园。(6)主语后跟with,except,together with,as well as等短语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致,而不受这些短语的影响。如:Mr Li with his students is discussing the math problem. 李老师和他的学生在讨论数学题。All the girls except Mary are drawing in the classroom. 除了玛丽以外所有的女生都在教室里画画。(7)兼有双重身份的人作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式。A writer and worker often gives us a talk on Sundays. 一位工人作家经常在星期天给我们做报告。(8)主语和谓语的就近一致就近一致即指谓语的人称和数与靠近它的那个主语保持一致。有下面几种情况:在there be 句型中或以here开头的句子中,谓语动词be应与后面的名词保持一致,当后面的名词不止一个时,be应和其最靠近的名词的人称和数保持一致。如:There are 22 boys and 20 girls in our class. 我们班有22名男生和20名女生。There is a car and two jeeps behind the house. 房子后有一辆小汽车和两辆吉普车。Here are two oranges and some milk. 这里有两个橘子和一些牛奶。either.or.(或者或者);neither.nor.(既不也不);.or.(或者);not only.but also.(不但而且)等平等结构,连接并列主语时谓语动词的人称和数应和与之靠近的一个主语保持一致。如:Either you or he has to go shopping this afternoon. 今天下午或者是你或者是他必须去购物。Neither he nor we are students now. 他和我们现在都不是学生了。both.and. 连接两个主语时,谓语用复数形式。如:Both he and she do well in English. 他和她都擅长英语。2名词作定语(1)名词作定语,一般用单数形式。如:girl students(女学生) paper flowers(纸花)(2)名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。如:sports meeting (运动会)四、考点精炼第一组1. The_ of most trees will fall in autumn. 【2011湖南湘潭】A leaf B. leafs C. leaves【答案】C【解析】本题考查的是名词复数的用法。根据题意,秋天,大多数的树叶都会落。leaf的复数形式为leaves,故本题选C。2.There are many _ playing on the playground. 【2011四川宜宾】A. child B. children C. man teachers D. sheeps【答案】B【解析】考查名词复数用法。孩子的复数是“children”,男老师“men teachers”, 羊“sheep”单复数相同。故选B。3.Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us. So he does. 【2011贵州安顺】A. some good pieces of newsB. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of newsD. some piece of good news 【答案】A【解析】不可数名词的考查。News是不可数名词,当要表示几条消息时,应用量词piece,并且根据句意要在piece的后面加s。4.Could you please get me some_? Im hungry. 【2011重庆】A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg【答案】C【解析】考查可数名词与不可数名词。some意为“一些”,后跟可数名词复数形式或不可数名词,A、D为单数形式,需排除。由答语“I hungry”可推测,想要点吃的东西。故选C。5. _ mothers cant go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.【2010中考变式题】AAlice and Lilys BAlices and Lilys CAlices and Lily【答案】B【解析】A选项是指她们共同的母亲;B选项表示她们各自的母亲;C选项没有这种表达形式,首先排除。由后句的they可知,这里指的是她们各自的母亲,因此答案为B。6. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest bus stop? Go down this road. Its about_ walk. 【2011贵州贵阳】A. five minutes B. five minutes C. five-minutes【答案】B 【解析】这里考查的是表示时间、距离时,使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。名词应用其复数形式的所有格。故选B。7. I dont think looking after children is just _ work.【2010中考变式题】Awoman Bwomans Cwomen Dwomens【答案】D【解析】句意为“我认为照看孩子不仅仅是女人的工作。”由句意可判断此处应用名词所有格,又因为woman的复数形式是women,故选D。8. Where are the_?They are playing_ basketball on the playground. (2012中考预测题)Aman teachers; the Bmen teachers; the Cman teachers; / Dmen teachers; /【答案】D【解析】man作定语时,两个名词都要变复数; 球类运动的短语中,球类之前不可用冠词,故选D。句意是“男老师在哪儿?”“他们正在操场上打篮球。”9. I dont think looking after children is just _ work. (2010中考变式题)Awoman Bwomans Cwomen Dwomens【答案】D【解析】句意为“我认为照看孩子不仅仅是女人的工作。”由句意可判断此处应用名词所有格,又因为woman的复数形式是women,故选D。How far is your home from school? (2010中考变式题)Its about two _ walk.Ahours Bhours Chours【答案】C【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法。两小时的路程表达是“two hours walk”, hour需要变复数后加“”,故选C。第二组1. You look so healthy! Yeah, I like eating apples. An apple a day keeps the _ away. 【2011浙江宁波】A. teacherB. workerC. farmerD. doctor【答案】D 【解析】结合俗语考查名词意义。“An apple a day keeps the doctor away. ”这是一句俗语。意为“每天一只苹果,医生远离你。”2. Whats in the icebox? A few _, but little _. 【2011广西崇左】A. 17777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777apple, milk B. apple, milks C. apples, milks D. apples, milk 【答案】D 【解析】考查点:形容词辨析。解题思路:few修饰可数名词的复数形式,little修饰不可数名词。故选D。3. Yao Ming is very popular among teenagers. Yes. Many middle school students are his _. 【2011山东泰安】A. heroesB. starsC. fansD. brothers【答案】C【解析】句意理解。姚明在青少年中很受欢迎,因此很多中学生是他的粉丝。4. Would you please pass me something to drink? What about some _?【2011浙江舟山】 A. beefB. fishC. juice D. bread【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。beef意为“牛肉”;fish意为“鱼肉”;juice意为“果汁”;bread意为“面包”。根据上句提及something to drink(一些喝的东西);下句中只有juice符合问句。故选C。5. Today, we have many other _ to pay besides coins or paper money. 【2011山东德州】A. excusesB. waysC. chancesD. plans【答案】B【解析】词义辨析。excuses “借口”;ways “路,方式”;chances “机会”;plans “计划”;又根据句意:今天除了硬币或纸币外,我们还有其他的方式付钱。只有B符合题意。6. For my homework I have to write a(n)_ about the wonders of the world. 【2011天津】A. music B. picture C. composition D. exam【答案】C 【解析】词义辨析。music 音乐, picture 图片, exam 测试,都不符合句意。只有composition 作文符合句意。7. At night, we can see colorful lights on both _ of the streets. 【2011湖南怀化】A. sides B. side C. sides【答案】A 【解析】名词复数的考查。街道的两边是复数,得出答案A。8. _ is the most important festival in China. 【2011铜仁】A. Christmas B. Spring Festival C. Mid-autumn Day D. National Day【答案】B【解析】词义辨析。Christmas是圣诞节;Spring Festival 是春节;Mid-autumn Day是中秋节;National Day是国庆节。根据句意“在中国最重要的节日”当然是春节。故选B。9. Hello! May I speak to Lucy,please? Sorry, Im afraid you have the wrong 【2011贵州毕节】Away Bname Cnumber Dtelephone【答案】C【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。Hello! May I speak to Lucy,please?是打电话常用术语,故答案选C,意为“号码”。10. Please pick up the _. Dont keep it on the floor. 【2011梧州】A. paper B. boxes C. books D. bottles【答案】A【解析】名词的考查。由“Dont keep it on the floor. ”可知应是不可数名词或单数可数名词
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