高考英语书面表达题技巧突破指南.doc

高考英语书面表达题技巧突破指南对高考英语书面表达题的基本认识书面表达题旨在测试考生的英语表达能力，看其是否能够运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能进行思想交流。从历年高考试卷来看，书面表达是指导性写作，即按照题目所给的目的、时间、对象、地点、内容、长度等条件去完成写作。它不同于命题作文，可以随意发挥；也不是简单的句子翻译。必须做到行文切题，紧扣中心思想，不漏要点，并且意思连贯，文理通顺，语言准确、得当。书面表达题的题型特征从近些年的高考英语书面表达题来看，我们基本上可以将书面表达题大致归纳为两种写作类型：一类是文字性提示表格提示写作；另一类是看图作文。文字提示/表格提示写作对于文字提示的写作，要注意根据表达的需要选择恰当的时态。如对于表格提示的写作，特别要注意重新组织所给的材料，不能依据表格逐条地翻译。看图写作看图写作比文字提示写作更能考察学生的思维能力和语言组织能力。大致可分为三种类型：写信。英语书面表达几乎都是要求写书信，运用的时态多是一般现在时态，间或使用一般过去时。写日记。写日记一般是叙述过去的事件，所以句子的时态多是一般过去时，看图作文须注意的问题：仔细观察几幅图画，弄清故事的开头和结尾，理清事件的发展过程; 确定好表达要点, 要点不仅仅体现在图画中，还体现在所给题目要求的文字中。解书面表达题的基本技巧及范例基本技巧：首先要认真审题。读懂题目所给信息，初步确定要点内容，并可用序号标出以免遗忘。列题纲使用要点条理化，序化，统筹安排布局。勿要直译，需意译。尤其对看图情景作文要构建完整故事结构，不可逐句罗列了事。要刻意把好语言关。要用自己最熟悉的句型结构和词语，力求文理通顺，语言准确。没有把握的词句不要写，确有把握的的可以锦上添花。遇到一时想不起的词语，需变通。可以用同义近义词代替，也可以用否定词加反义词来表达，亦可变换句式。不可钻牛角尖，更不能生造词语，汉化表达。注意文章的长度。看具体内容而定，如果内容多，应多用复杂句式，如果内容不多，为了达到词的限数应多用简单句式，并适当增补合理内容。注意保持卷面整洁，书写工整清楚，书写的好坏会直接影响阅卷老师的情绪。最后应注意复查全文。看内容要点有无遗漏，标点、格式、大小写是否规范，是否有语病等。经典范例：假设你是李华，你的澳大利亚朋友Dick听说中国的中小学正在减轻学生的学习负担，来信询问有关情况。请你根据下表提供的信息，写一封回信，谈一谈减负给你的学习和生活带来的变化。周末活动（减负前）周末活动（减负后）白天：上课、做作业白天：参观博物馆，学习电脑、绘画等晚上：做作业晚上：看新闻、读书、看报就寝时间：11:30就寝时间：10:30注意：1.词数100左右。2.开头已为你写好。生词：reduce learning load减轻学习负担Dear Dick, How nice to hear from you again. _Best wishes,Li Hua解析高考书面表达试题要求考生根据以表格的形式提供的情景用英语写一篇100个单词左右的书信，给澳大利亚朋友Dick介绍减负给自己学习和生活带来的变化。写作过程中所需要的生词已给出，短文的开头也已经为考生写好。写作过程：认真审题，明确要求。由汉语提示可知，应用第一人称完成短文；在写作过程中，要突出减负给学习生活带来的便利；在写作过程中，要根据表格中的中文提示，写成一篇行文连贯、条理清楚的文章而不宜将表格中的中文直译成英语。审视表格，列出要点。过去忙于上课、做作业；现在有时间看新闻、参观博物馆等；现在有时间看新闻、读报纸；不必再熬夜。依据要点，编拟提纲。 I used to have to do endless homework and attend classes evenat weekends.Now I have more free time to read books, visit museums evenand so on.In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers.I can go to bed earlier.按照文体，组织语篇。One possible version:Dear Dick,How nice to hear from you again. You want to known what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. I dont know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time, I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. Whats more, I can go to bed earlier.As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.Best wishes, Li Hua（四）解书面表达题必要的知识储备从知识储备的角度来说，我认为解书面表达题除了具备必要的词汇量、一定的语法知识和语言组织能力外，还要着重注意以下两点：掌握下面几种常用的英文文体的格式书信格式示例 ：25 Tianshui RoadLanzhou, ChinaJanuary 3rd, 2003208 Hope RoadSydney, AustraliaDear Laura, How are you getting on now?_ Yours, Zhou Lan通知格式示例：书面通知格式示例NOTICEIn order to arouse the students interest in learning English, the Student Union has decided to set up an English Club with the help of the teachers of English._ Student UnionNovember 9, 2004口头通知格式示例Boys and girls, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Students Union is going to hold a party on Sunday evening, November 12th, to welcome our friends from the United States._Thats all . Thank you!致词(speech)格式示例：欢迎词格式示例Ladies and gentlemen/ Mr President/etc,Welcome to-_Thats all. Thank you.欢送词格式示例Dear friends,_Good luck to -/ Goodbye, dear friends.了解下面一些可能在英语书面表达中使用到的重要句型1）以形式主语it引导的有关句型。（1）“It is / was被强调的部分that(who)+剩余的部分.”例如：It wasnt until he came back that I went to bed.“直到他回来我才睡觉”(一定要注意被强调句型谓语动词否定的转移及形式)。It was because he was ill that he didnt come to school today.“只因为他有病了今天没有来上学”（只能用because而不能用for, as 或since）It is I who am a student. “我确实是个学生”。（2）“It happened（chanced）that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced sth. =sb.did sth. by chance.” 例如：It happened that he was out when I got there.“当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在”He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.（3）“It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/ had done”（还有动词appear可这样使用）例如：It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.“好像你以去过北京”He seemed to have been Beijing before.（4）“It is high time (time/ about time) (that) 主语should do / did+其它”（注意从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气） 例如：It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了。（5）“It is / was said ( reported)that+从句.” 例如：It was said that he had read this novel.“据说他读过这篇小说”He was said to have read this novel.（6）“It is impossible / necessary/ strangethat clause.”(从句中的谓语用shoulddo / should have done，其形式是虚拟语气) 例如：It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他这次考试没有及格。（7）“It is + a pity/ a shamethat clause.” (注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略) 例如：He didnt come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. “他直到电影结束才回来。他没有看到这部电影真可惜”（8）“It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /that +clause.” (从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略) 例如：It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.“有人建议推迟会议”。（9）“It is/was表示地点的名词where+从句” （注意本句不是强调句型，而是以where引导的定语从句） 例如：It was this house where I was born.请比较：It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是强调句型。)（10）“It is / was +表示时间的名词when+从句” （注意本句型也不是强调句型，而是以when引导的定语从句） 例如：It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 请比较：It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.（11）“It is well-known that从句” 例如：It is well-known that she is a learned woman.“众所周知，她是个知识渊博的妇女”。（12）“It is +段时间since+主语did.” / “It was +段时间since+主语had done.” 例如：It is five years since he left here.“他已经离开这儿五年了”。It was five years since he left here.（同上）（14）“It +谓语段时间before+主语谓语”（before引导的是时间状语从句） 例如：It wasnt long before the people in that country rose up.“没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了”It will be three hours before he comes back.“三个小时之后他才能回来”（15）“It is +形容词for+ sb.+ to do.” 例如：It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.“我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的”（16）“It is +（心理品质方面的）形容词of + sb. +to do.”= “主语+ be +形容词to do.”(常用的形容词有：kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等) 例如：It is kind of you to help me.You are kind to help me.“你真好给我提供了帮助”2）定语从句中的有关句型：（1）由as引导的非限定性的定语从句。例如：As we have known, he is a most good student.“众所周知，他是个很好的学生”请比较：It is well-known that he is a most good student.（前一个是定语从句，而后者是个主语从句）（2）由which引导的非限定性的定语从句。例如：He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming.“他是个教授，那是我一直盼望的职业”（因为先行词professor是表示职业的名词，因此引导词用which，而不用who。（注意：关于which和as之间的比较请看语法的定语从句部分。）（3）由where, when引导的定语从句（其中包括限定性的或非限定性的） 例如：This is the house where I used to come.请比较：This is the house which / that I used to come to.This is the day when I joined the Party.请比较：This is the day which / that I joined the Party on.说明：关于that与which之间的区别，请看语法中的定语从句。3）让步状语从句中的有关句型：“No matter what / which / who / where / when / whose从句，主句”（注意从句中的时态一般情况用一般现在时态） 例如：No matter what you do, you must do it well.请比较：Whatever you do, you must do it well. “无论你做什么，一定要做好”No matter where you go, please let me know.请比较：Wherever you go, please let me know.“你无论去哪儿，请通知我”说明：这两种句型形式不同，而意义完全相同。注意：I will tell whoever would like to read it.句中的whoever不能用whomever来代替，因为它既作动词tell的宾语，又作后面从句的主语。4）条件状语从句的有关句型：（1）“When / So long as / As long as / Once +从句，主句”（从句也可以放在主句之后）例如：As long as you give me some money, I will let you go.“只要你给我一些钱，我就让你走”Once you have begun to learn English, you should learn it well. “一旦你开始学习英语，你应该把它学好”（2）“主句on condition that+从句” 例如：I will go with you on condition that you give me some money.“我和你一起去的条件是你给我一些钱”（3）“主句unless+从句.”(注意：由于unless本身是否定词，所引导的从句的谓语动词用肯定) 例如：I will go there tomorrow unless it rains.“我明天去那儿除非下雨”（4）“祈使句，and/ and then+主句”（注意：祈使句也可用一个名词短语） 例如：Use your head, and you will find a good idea.“动脑筋想一想，你就会想出一个好主意”Another word, and I will beat you.“你再说一句，我就揍你”（5）“If +necessary / impossible/ important等，主句” 例如：If necessary, I will do it. “如果有必要的话，我来做此事。”5）原因状语从句的有关句型（1）“主句in case+从句”（in case表示以免） 例如：I will take my raincoat in case it rains.我要把雨衣带上以免下雨。（2）“主句due to / because of / owning to / + the fact that +从句” 例如：He did not come to school because of the fact that he was ill.“由于他有病了，所以没有来上学”6）时间状语从句中的有关句型（1）“When / While / As +从句，主句”（关于它们之间的区别请看语法） 例如：When I was in the country, I used to carry some water for you.“当我在农村时，我常常给你打水”（2）“主句after / before +从句.” 例如：They hadnt been married four months before they were devoiced.“他们绘结婚不到四个月就离婚了”We went home after we had finished the work.“我们做完此工作就回家了”（3）“主语肯定谓语until从句（或时间）” / “主语否定谓语until+从句”例如：I worked until he came back.“我一直工作到他回来”I didnt worked until he came back.“他回来我才开始工作”（4）“As soon as / Immediately / Directly / Instantly / The moment / The instant / The minute +从句，主句.” 例如：My father went out immediately I got home.“我一到家，我父亲就出去了”（5）“No sooner +had + 主语donethan +主语did.” / “主语had + no sooner +donethan +主语did.” 例如：No sooner had I got to Beijing than I called you.“我一到北京就给你打电话了”I had no sooner got to Beijing than I called you. （同上）（6）“Hardly +had +主语donewhen / before + 主语did.” / “主语had +hardly + donewhen / before +主语did.” 例如：Hardly had she had supper when she went out. “她一吃完晚饭就出去了”She had hardly had supper when she went out. （同上）（7）“By the time+从句，主句.”（注意时态的变化） 例如：By the time you came back, I had finished this book.“到你回来时，我已经写完了这本书”By the time you come back, I will have finished this book.“到你回来时，我将写完这本书”（8）“each / every time +从句，主句.”(这时相当于whenever 或no matter when引导的从句。从句也可放在主句之后) 例如：Each time he comes to Harbin, he always drops in on me.“每当他来哈尔滨，总是随便来看看我”7）地点状语从句的有关句型：（1）“Where +从句，主句.” 例如：Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.“哪里没有雨水，种庄稼是很难的或者是不可能的”（2）“Anywhere / wherever+从句，主句.” 例如：Anywhere I go, my wife goes too.“无论我去哪儿，我的妻子也去哪儿”I will go wherever you suggest.“你建议我去哪儿，我就去哪儿 ”8）目的状语从句的有关句型：（1）“主句in order that / so that +从句.” 例如：I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus.“我起得很早，以便能赶上早班车”（2）“主句for+sb. +to do.”（注意动词不定式复合结构在这儿作目的状语） 例如：He came here for me to work out this problem.“他来这儿叫我帮他解出这道难题 ”9）结果状语从句的有关句型：（1）“主句so that+从句.” 例如：It was very cold, so that the river froze.“天气很泠，因此河水结冰了”（2）“So+形容词/ 副词特定动词主语that+从句.” 例如：So interesting is this book that I would like to read it again.“这本书那么有趣，我想再读一遍”（3）“主语谓语such+名词that+从句.” 例如：He made such rapid progress that he was praised by the teacher.“他进步很快，老师表扬了他”（4）“Such was + 主语that +从句.”(这是个完全倒装句) 例如：Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.“爆炸力这么大，所有的窗户都被震碎了”10）比较状语从句的有关句型：（1）“The +形容词比较级，（主句）the +形容词比较级” 例如：The sooner you do it, the better it will be.“越早越好”（2）“主语谓语as +形容词原级as +被比较的对象.” 例如：He is as busy as a bee.“他非常忙”（3）“主语谓语the形容词比较级of / between ” 例如：He is the taller of the two.“他们俩人中他高”（4）“主语谓语倍数as形容词原级as被比较的对象.” 例如：This room is three times as large as that one.“这个房间是那个房间的三倍大”（这个房间比那个房间大两倍。）（5）“主语谓语百分数/倍数形容词比较级than被比较的对象.” 例如：This city is twice larger than ours.“这个城市比我们城市大两倍”The early rice output in that commune was 200% more than that of 2000.“那个公社的早稻产量是2000年的两倍”（6）“主语谓语the size / length/ width/ height +of +被比较的对象.” 例如：Our building is twice the height of yours.“我们的大楼比你们的高两倍”11）其它句型（1）“It doesnt matter wh-+从句” 例如：It doesnt matter to me what you will do tomorrow.“你明天做什么与我无关”It doesnt matter whether you will come or not.“你来不来无关紧要”（2）“形容词/ 副词 / 名词（可数单数）+as / though +主语谓语，主句.” 例如：Young as he is, he knows a lot.“虽然他很小，但他知道得很多”Hard he works, I am sure that he cant pass this exam.“虽然他学习很努力，这次考试他肯定不能及格”Child as he is, he knows a lot.“虽然他是个孩子，但他懂得很多”（3）“Were / Should / Had +主语谓语，主句.” 例如Were I you, I would have gone there yesterday.“如果我是你的话，昨天我就去那儿了”（4）“Only +状语特定动词主语谓语” 例如：Only by this means can I do this work well.“只有用那种方式我才能做好此工作”Only because he was ill did he not come to school.“只因为他有病了才没有来上学”Only then did I realize that I had been wrong.“只有那时，我才认识到我错了”（5）“Not only +特定动词主语谓语but also+主语谓语” 例如：Not only did he learned English well but also he spoke French very well.“他不但英语学得好，而且法语讲得很流利”（6）whether.or, neithernor, eitheror（7）“主语doubtwhether + 从句.”/ “主语特定否定词doubtthat从句.” 例如：I dont doubt that he will come this afternoon.“我确信他下午一定能来”五）平时学生书面表达中常见的错误类型及应对策略常见错误：格式错误有的考生不能正确地运用书信或日记的格式。A)书信常有五部分：信头:右上角写上收信人的地址和写信日期; 称谓; 正文; 结束语, 常用的有Yours sincerely/Yours truly/Yours faithfully; 签名。B)日记格式：顶格写上月、日、年和星期，右边写上天气情况。词序错误并列的人称代词做主语时，I没有放在最后。例如：I, you and he are all League members.没弄清英语中真正的主语。例如：Without a friend will feel lonely.修饰语错位。例如：He very likes dancing.时态错误动词时态的错误是高考英语书面表达中最常见的错误之一,也是考生运用语言的能力差的显著标志之一。如2002关于公园收不收门票的讨论的介绍，陈述讨论的语句通常用一般现在时：Sixty of the students of our school think it is unnecessary to charge an entrance fee. They think that不少考生表达为Some people thought that句子不完整在口语中，交际双方可借助手势、语气等来理解不完整的句子，可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，又想加些补充说明时发生例如： There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .应改为：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.内容表达错误这种错误一般说来是审题不清所致。如2003年的书面表达，正确内容是：Ive found a flat for you. Its a small one of 25 square meters with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. The house is near No 11 bus stop on Fang Cao Street and the school is at the next stop.有不少考生表达为:“Ive found a flat of 25 square kilometers. Its in No.11 Fang Cao Street.”句子与句子之间缺少衔接造成意思过渡不平稳例如：把He worked hard. He failed the exam.改为He worked hard. However, he failed the exam.就比较好。习惯用语使用错误如:将 to my surprise 表达为 to my surprised;将in my spare time 表达成 at my spare time; 将He didnt lose heart though he failed.表达为He didnt lose his heart though he failed.没有利用恰当的代词，给人于重复的感觉例如：把My father is a worker. My father works in a big company. 改为My father is a worker. He works in a big company. 就比较好。单词运用错误写作中常见考生因分不清单词的词性而产生错误。大致有：a.将vi.用成vt.如:come the city/return the placeb.将adj.用成vt.如:Please present on time. Dont absent!c.将u.n.用成c.n.如:a good news/many informationsd.将adj./adv.使用错误.如:in the recently years/study hardly;e.将prep.用成v.如:Many overpasses arounded the city. The road throughed the city.f.将名词的单/复数使用不当。如：There are lots of high building. / Most of the people have private car. 句中building应改为buildings；句中car应改为cars。g.句子的主谓不一致:如:A large number of beautiful buildings has been built. 句中has应改正为have。h.常用词拼写错误:如:beautiful写成beautful; believe写成belive; money写成monenyi.在叙事文中通常会运用一般过去时态,所以就出现了动词的过去式,尤其是不规则动词的过去式的拼写错误很普遍的现象。如：visitted/ hurted/ writed/.j.不定冠词的使用错误:如:send a e-mail to you(an)/ Even a overpass has been built(an)/ He graduated from an university.(a)k.虚词错误：冠词的漏用和误用, 如：My father is worker. 缺必要的连结词或连结词多余, 如：He likes swimming, I like climbing.不间断句子，即几个句子连在一起，看起来似乎是一个句子例如：There are many ways we get to know the outside world.应改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或 There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.应对策略：我们知道，英语书面表达是对英语语言知识的积极运用。它包括两大方面：一是内容，即写什么；二是表述，即如何用语言把内容表述出来。为了避免所存在的问题并提高英语书面表达能力，宜从以下几方面去努力。强化英语基本句型。句子是文章的基本框架，在文章中起着桥梁的作用。对学生来说，英语书面表达最基础的还是选词造句，使句子正确通顺，符合英语表达习惯。分析并诵读课文。课文是句型的延伸与扩展，分析课文的选词造句、连接手段、篇章结构等，并有意识地诵读课文，这有利于学生对基本句型的巩固与运用，有利于他们提高语言组织能力以及写作素材的积累和语感的形成。加强听说训练。听力与口语训练能促进学生用英语进行思维，为学生写出地道的英语打下坚实的思维基础。参加英语兴趣小组活动。英语兴趣小组能为学生提供运用英语的机会，丰富写作素材，从中也可以培养对英语的兴趣，而兴趣是学习的最好的老师，它能帮助你学好英语，当然也包括书面表达。坚持用英语写日记。把自己当天的所见所闻、所感所悟用英语记下来，坚持不懈，这样熟能生巧，必有利于英语书面表达的提高。如何提高书面表达的档次，争取得高分甚至满分？不少同学们可能很不理解：考试时，写出的书面表达要点齐全，表达也正确，可就是不知道为什么打不上高分。是啊，为什么呢？今天，我们就来研究如何解决这个问题。首先让我们来看近年来全国高考英语书面表达的评分标准：第五档（很好）：“覆盖所有主要内容；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；达到了预期的写作目的。”可见，高考书面表达评分标准在语言的运用上对考生提出了更高的要求。也就是说在考查考生语言准确性的基础上，进一步强调了用词的得体性、表达方式的多样性。如果同学们仅运用基础的词汇和基本的句型，不能体现出较强的语言运用能力，即使要点齐全，表达没有语法错误，也不能给人一种含金量高的审美享受，因此很难在考试的评分中得到较高档次。评分标准给我们传递了另外一个信息，如果有意识地使用较高级词汇或复杂结构，即使有些错误，也不扣分，仍属于最高档次。因此要使一个平淡的文章变得丰富起来，从而提高书面表达的档次。我认为同学们应着力于从以下三个方面来增强书面表达的效果。学会使用较高级的词汇词汇反映你知识贮存量的多少，也是衡量英语水平的一个重要标志。从评分标准可知，运用高级的词汇对提高书面表达的分数至关重要。大家先来看下面这些句子：Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.Thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable.We all think he is a great man.think highly of him.Suddenly I thought out a good idea. came upon A good idea occurred to me. /A good idea suddenly struck me.The students there neednt pay for their books.Books are free for the students there.As a result the plan was a failure.The plan turned out (to be) a failure.When she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow.At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow.She went to Austria in order to study music.She went to Austria for/with the purpose of studying music.When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.The more he spoke, the more excited he felt.In our school, there are twentysix classrooms.Our school is made up of twentysix classrooms./Twentysix classrooms make up our school.You can find my house easily.Youll have no trouble/difficulty finding my house.学会使用较丰富的句式在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句型，要灵活运用各种语法结构，运用得当的句子结构可以给文章增色不少，从而使整篇文章因此而生辉。例如：When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）On his arriving/ arrival, please give me an e-mail.To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名词性从句）What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.(That the littler girl knows so many things surprises him.It surprises him that the littler girl knows so many things .)Though Im weak, Ill make the effort. (使用倒装句)Weak as I am, Ill make the effort.He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用强调句型 .It was .not until)It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.Not until he had read the news in the newspaper did he know what had happened.I passed the physics exam because of your help.（使用虚拟语气）I could not have passed the physics exam but for your help.If you had not helped me, I could not have passed the physics exam.She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (用过去分词)Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)Singing and laughing, they went back to school.I wont believe what he says. （使用状语从句）