《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件.ppt

Metaphor暗喻 Objectives Toknowwhatmetaphoris Toknowthethinkingmodereflectedbymetaphor Toknowtheclassificationsofmetaphor Toknowthesignificanceoflearningmetaphor Metaphor 1 Whatismetaphor Metaphorisacomparisonoftwounlikethingsfromdifferentdomains Unlikesimile thecomparisonisimpliedratherthanclearlyexpressed 2Whatismetaphorcomposedof thesubject 本体 thereference 喻体 AisB Theworldisastage Aromancewasbudding Theeconomyisoverheating Sheexploded Thetemperaturefelltoamurderous 40 C Embarrassedatournoisychildren wesheepishlytriedtosneakintothediningroom hopingnottobenoticedbyothers 3Theformula AisB Forabetterunderstandingofmetaphor Thenouns verbs adj s oradv sareusedtoindicatethereference 喻体 Theromancewasaplant Theeconomyisamachine Sheisacontainer Thetemperaturewasamurderer Weweresheep 4 Thethinkingmodeinvolved AISB isaplant Aromancewasbudding Thebrilliantfoundersbranchedintomanyareas isabuilding tocementone spopularity theshatteredfoundationsofone slife Thetheorywastotallybasedonsolidfoundation 4 Thethinkingmodeinvolved AISB Theeconomyisamachine Theeconomyisoverheating tofine tune 微调 inflation Theeconomyisarocket anairplane aspacecraft Theeconomysoared skyrocketed Theeconomyplunged Ineconomics asoftlandingisasituationinwhichtheeconomystopsgrowingbutthisdoesnotproducearecession 衰退 4 Thethinkingmodeinvolved Thenouns internetstockmarketstockmarketbubblesbullettrainsolarstormPittsburghsummit 峰会 Onlyafewwouldgothatfarandcommitcrimes Thereferences netmarketbubblesbulletstormsummitgothatfar 4Thethinkingmodeinvolved abstractwhatweareunfamiliarwith concretewhatwearefamiliarwith Weuseaconceptthatwearefamiliarwithtodescribeorunderstandanotherconceptthatwearenotsofamiliarwith Themindisamachine Heisstillgrindingoutasolution Hismindisn toperatingtoday Heisalittlerustytoday Ican tthink Iamrunningoutofsteam losingvigor Howcouldanymaneverunderstandtheworkingsofawoman smind ThecoffeewasperfectandbythetimeIwashalfwaythroughmyfirstcupmybrainwastickingovermuchmorebriskly Anargumentiswar Yourclaimsareindefensible Heattackedeveryweakpointinmyargument Hiscriticismisrightonthetarget Idemolishedhisargument I veneverwonanargumentwithhim Ifyouusethatstrategy he llwipeyouout Heshotdownallofmyarguments Ideasarefood Allthispaperhasinitarerawfacts half bakedideas andwarmed overtheories Therearetoomanyfactshereformetodigestthemall Ijustcan tswallowthatclaim Letmestewoverthatforawhile That sfoodforthought Shedevouredthebook Up Down Orientationalmetaphor Moreisup Speakup please Consciousisup Wakeup Controlisup I montopofthesituation Happyisup I mfeelinguptoday Lessisdown Keepdownyourvoice Unconsciousisdown Hesankintoacoma Lackofcontrolisdown Heisundermycontrol Sadisdown Heisreallylowthesedays Up Down Orientationalmetaphor Virtueisup She sanupstandingcitizen Rationalisup Hecouldalwaysriseabovehisemotion Lackofvirtueisdown Thatwasalow downthingtodo Nonrationalisdown Thediscussionfelltoanemotionallevel Conclusion Metaphoricallanguageisnotarbitrary Metaphorplaysamajorroleinhowhumanbeingsthink Metaphorhasprovideduswithabetterunderstandingofourlanguage 5 Theclassificationsofmetaphor nominal n metaphor verbalmetaphor adjectivemetaphor adverbialmetaphor WhentheformulaAISBisnotavailable then v adj oradv alwayshelpsustofindoutwhatAis 5 1Nominal n metaphor MotherTeresaispartofthechromosome 染色体 ofKolkata Google snewlydevelopedsoftwarecouldchallengetheSeattlegiant sdesktopdominance CharlesDowputusontheworld sgreatestrollercoaster Welaughnervouslyallthewayupandwescreamlikehellallthewaydown Microsoftisagiant Thestockmarketisarollercoaster 5 2Verbalmetaphor Thefollowingistakenfromapieceofsportsnews SINGAPORE Chinahasdeliveredastingingslapinthefacetobadminton sworldgoverningbodybypullingallofitsplayersfromthismonth sseason endingfinale China spullingitsplayersfromthefinaleisastingingslap aslapintheface 5 2Verbalmetaphor Scienceoftenthriveswhileadvancingalongcircuitouspathwaystowardunpredictabledestinations propelledprimarilybyhumancuriosity Scienceisavehicle 5 3Adjectivemetaphor Thiseveningwhenmyfatherburstin hismoodseemedevenmorethunderousthanusual Starbucksisnotimmunetocompetition theimperial 帝王般的 chiefexecutiveunalloyedsuccessMyfather smoodisathunder Competitionissomethingdangerous TheCEOsareemperors 帝王 Thesuccessisametalwithoutmixingothertypesofmetal 5 4Adverbialmetaphor Theideaofbecomingawriterhadcometomeoffandonsincemychildhood butitwasn tuntilmythirdyearinhighschoolthatthepossibilitytookhold offandon fromtimetotimeOffandoncanbebelievedtodescribealightbulb whichisconnectedtotheelectricalsupplyfromtimetotime 6 Theparticularsentencestructuresusedinmetaphor 6 Theparticularsentencestructuresusedinmetaphor ThelatestwaveofscandalsrockedWallStreet Myill consideredmountainofrealestatetumbled 我因考虑不周而购置的房产猛跌了 Onehundredyearslater theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity Thescandalsareawave Therealestateisamountain Povertyisalonelyisland materialprosperityisavastocean 7 Comparison contrastbetweenmetaphorandsimile Happinessislikesunshine Happinessissunshine thesunshineofhappiness Simileonlyindicatesthatthetwothingsarecomparable butmetaphoralsoindicatesthatthetwothingsareONE So metaphorisregardedas compressed condensedsimile 8 MetaphorinEnglishidioms Chineseidioms tokilltwobirdswithonestonetoteachafishtoswimtofeatherone snesttocastpearlsbeforeswine 把珍珠丢在猪面前 toholdthecandletothedeviltocryupwineandsellvinegar 中饱私囊对牛弹琴助纣为虐班门弄斧挂羊头 卖狗肉一箭双雕 9 Thenamesofanimalsusedinverbalmetaphors He downhisbreakfastbeforeitwastoolateforclass They togetherinameanhut Don t me Passengersonthebus theirheadsoutofthewindowstoseewhatwashappening Tonysawapolicemancoming and behindacar Hewolfeddownhisbreakfastbeforeitwastoolateforclass Theypiggedtogetherinameanhut Don tfoxme Passengersonthebuscranedtheirheadsoutofthewindowstoseewhatwashappening Tonysawapolicemancoming andduckedbehindacar Torenderyourwritingmorevivid PlainlanguageIabsolutelylovedbargainsandwilltakethetroubletofindthem Ourvoiceswerecoveredupbytheroarsofapplause Heshoutedloudlytohisaudiences Metaphorthunderedgoalotoutofmywaydrownedout NounMetaphors 名词性隐喻 1 作主语1 Henarrowedhiseyesasthebluelightsofthepolicecarfilledthecab Sensingthegamewasup hepulledover 当警车蓝色的灯光照亮那辆出租汽车的内部时 他眯起了眼睛 他感到戏该收场了 于是把车停了下来 2 Therecipeforsuccessinsuchmarriagesseemstobethatthemanshouldhaveacareerwhichhasabsolutelynothingtodowithhiswife s在这类婚姻中 成功的处方似乎是男人应该有事业 而这个事业与他妻子的钱财绝对没有任何关系 NounMetaphors 名词性隐喻 3 Universitiesdependlessongovernmentgrants asignificantsliceoftheirincomeisfromtheprivatesector 大学对政府拨款的依靠更少了 他们的收入中有一大部分来自私人捐赠 4 Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt Werefusetobelievethatthereareinsufficientfundsinthegreatvaultsofopportunityofthisnation 但是我们绝不相信正义的银行已经破产 我们绝不相信 在这个充满机会的国家里 它的巨大金库会资金不足 NounMetaphors 名词性隐喻 2 作表语5 Heisawalkingdictionary 它是一本活字典 6 Lifeisajourney 人生是一次旅行 7 Heisabagofwind 他只说不干 8 Heisanoldwoman 他是一个婆婆妈妈的人 NounMetaphors 名词性隐喻 9 Experienceisthemotherofwisdom 经验是智慧之父 10 Alltheworldisastage 整个世界是个大舞台 11 Praiseisnotpudding 恭维不能当饭吃 12 Heisadoginthemanger Heholdsontoapostwithoutdoinganywork 他占着茅坑不拉屎 13 Shewastheappleofhiseyes Helovedherdearly 她是他的掌上明珠 14 Thatismycupoftea Thatismyfavoriteoccupation 那是我的爱好 15 Yourcaseisahorseofanothercolor Yoursisquiteadifferentcase 你的情况完全是另外一回事 16 Theyarebirdsofafeather Thearepeopleofthesamesort 他们是一丘之貉 17 Heisabearwithasorehead Heisahot tempered 他是个火性子 18 Heisanall purposebasket 他是一个多面手 19 Itellyouthepastisabucketofashes 我告诉你 往事是一片灰烬 20 Rosemaryhasbeenatowerofstrength Shelikestostayinthebackgroundbutsheisdetermined 罗斯玛丽一直是个可信赖的人 她不喜欢抛头露面 21 Habitisacable everydayweweaveathread andsoonwecannotbreakit 习惯乃绳缆 我们每天编进一根线 很快他就结实不断 22 Beautyisbutflower whichwinkleswilldevour 美丽只是鲜花 皱纹将之吞下 23 Lifeisnobriefcandletome ItisasortofsplendidtorchwhichIhavegotholdofamoment andIwanttomakeitburnasbrightlyaspossiblebeforehandingitontofuturegeneration 生命对于我来说 不是瞬间熄灭的烛 而是耀眼夺目的火炬 手持辉煌 火炬 的一刻 我要让它发出最明亮的光芒 然后再传给下一代 3 作宾语24 Ihadalump afellingofpressure inmythroatandalotofthoughtsonmymind 我喉咙哽咽 愁思连绵 25 Practiceyourspeechoutloudsoyoucanhearwhatitsoundslikeandcanaddcolortoitbyvaryingyourtoneofvoice 大声练习你的演讲 这样你就能听出来 这个演讲听起来如何 并能借助改变你的语调使它更生动 26 Americanbusinessmenaskforalevelplayingfieldwhentheycompetewithforeigncompanies 美国商人在与外国商人竞争时要求竞争公平 27 Hehadrecentlyescapedtheemotionalpressurecookerofthecommunalflat 最近她已经逃离了公用公寓这个使人情绪压抑的地方 28 Evenmoreenjoyableisadaytrip givingyouaflavorofFranceinjustafewhours 更让人愉快的是一次白天的旅行 它让你在几个小时里就对法国有所领悟 29 Wehadbeensingingallnightinthetavern NextmorningIhadafroginthethroat 我们在酒馆里唱了一整夜的歌 第二天我的嗓子就嘶哑了 30 TherewerenomorebutterfliesinmystomachwhenIopenedupanabdomenorachest 当我切开病人的腹部或胸腔时 我不再紧张得瑟瑟发抖了 4 名词 A of 名词 B 结构31 Helivesinapalaceofahouse Helivesinapalace likehouse 他住在宫殿一般的房子里 32 Theboatdisappearedinamountainofwave 船在一股如山高的大浪中消失了 33 Whomighthebe thatblackpillarofaman 那个黑柱般的人 会是谁呢 34 Hersonisshyofpersons heisagirlofaboy 她儿子见人就害臊 像个少女似的 35 Shewasanangleofawife 他是天仙般的妻子 36 ThishugelunaticwarrenofaLondon 这个巨大狂人收容一般的伦敦 Ifalluponthethornsoflife Ibleed 我落入生活的荆棘中 我流血 Hiseyescameoutofhisheadlikeaprawn s andoncemorehismoustachefoamupagainsthisbreakwaterofnose 他的眼睛像对虾一样鼓出来 胡子再一次泡沫似地向上翘了起来 抵住他那防波堤般的鼻子 动词性隐喻 1 来自自然现象的隐喻43 Iwassnowedunderbywork 我工作忙得不可开交 44 Thecorridorwasflooredwithboysandgirls 走廊里挤满了男孩女孩 45 Webubbledoverwithquestions 我们提出了一连串的问题 46 Then inthelastcoupleofyears themovementfordemocracybegantoheatup 然后 在最后的几年内 民主运动开始迅速发展 47 Thestarlaidhiscardsonthetableyesterday claimingthathundredsofthousandsofpoundsoflicensepayers moneyisbeingwasted 昨天那位明星摊了牌 他宣称 成千上万镑执照付款人的钱正在被浪费掉 48 Shewasbright learnedlanguagesquicklyandsailedthroughherexams 她很聪明 语言学得快 轻而易举地通过了考试 49 Passionswhichhavesimmeredthroughouttheyearcanbubbleover 压抑了整整一年的愤怒情绪有可能喷发出来 50 ThecasesnowballedintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU S history 这个案子像滚雪球似的 最终成了美国历史上最著名的审判之一 51 TheBible hethunderedinhissonorousorgantones isnotgoingtobedrivenoutofthiscourtbyexpertswhocomehundredofmilestotestify 圣经 他扯开洪亮的嗓音喊道 是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的专家们赶出法庭的 52 Therewasnoexplanationofwhatmightbewrong Iwentthroughtheroofandslammeddownthephone 我没有听到任何关于可能出错的说明 我怒火中烧 狠狠地摔下了电话筒 53 Shemeltedintotears 她感动得留下了眼泪 2 来自动物隐喻55 Hewolfeddownhissupper 他狼吞虎咽地吃完了晚饭 56 Don tmonkeywiththenewradio 不要乱动新收音机 57 Thechildrenpiggedtogether 孩子们像猪一样地挤在一起 58 IamstillverycarefulaboutwhatIeatbutifIdopigoutattheweekendordrinkalcohol Iwillbecarefulallthefollowingweek 我对自己吃东西仍然很小心 但是 如果我在周末吃得过多或喝了酒 在随后一个星期里我就会始终小心谨慎 59 Misfortunedoggedhimateveryturn 灾难老是折磨着他 3 来自人的名称隐喻60 Hismiserybeggareddescription 他的苦难无法形容 61 Themilkwasdoctored 这牛奶已经掺了假 有时隐喻并不直接借此代彼 而是把原来适用于描写B的词语来描写A 表面上那个B并没有出现 似乎不是比喻 实际上却暗含着一个比喻在内 这种隐喻常和拟人结合在一起 例如 Evenwiththemosteducatedandthemostliterate theKing sEnglishslipsandslidesinconversation HenryFairlie 甚至最有教养和最有文化的人 在谈话中也有用词不当的不合乎标准英语规范的时候 句中把King sEnglish拟人化了 用slips 滑跤 slides 滑倒 来隐喻 说错 形象 生动 新颖 Theoneplacenottohavedictionariesisinasittingroomoratadiningtable lookthethingupthenextmorning butnotinthemiddleoftheconversation Otherwiseonewillbindtheconversation onewillnotletitflowfreelyhereandthere HenryFairlie 有一个地方不应该带字典 那就是在客厅里或餐桌上 你可以次日早晨再查 但不要在谈话中间去查字典 否则你会把谈话捆住了 使它不能自由舒畅 句中willbind 将捆住 原是用于描写绳子的 现用以描写谈话中查字典 表面上绳子没有出现 似乎不是比喻 实际上却暗含着一个比喻在内 把 谈话中查字典 比作了 绳子 小小的一个willbind意义是这么丰富 把道理又说得这么形象 Also hehadmoneyinhispocket and asintheolddayswhenapayday hemadethemoneyfly J London 还有 当他钱袋里有钱的时候 像过去发薪的日子一样 他挥金如土 句中用f1y 飞 来隐喻挥霍 钱花得之快 此外 为了加强语气取得修辞上的特殊效果 有时人们还运用前后不一致的隐语 mixedmetaphor 这种隐语 人们把它称做 美人鱼 即上半身是人 使人产生一种联想 下半身是鱼 另一种联想 这类修辞用法在现代英语里亦屡见不鲜 例如 Hewassuchamarvelousteacherthatwheneverherecognizedasparkofgeniusyoucouldbesurehe dwaterit 他是一个了不起的教师 如果他发现了一点天才的火花 你可以相信他一定会把它浇灭 句中asparkofgenius 天才的火花 指的是初露锋芒的人才 water 灌浇 原是培育幼苗的意思 但作者却把它与spark 火花 用在了一起 于是真相大白 那位老师原是一个扼杀人才的刽子手 可谓言简意赅 总的说来 隐喻比明喻简练 含蓄 更有余味 因而表现力比明喻更强 使用得也更多 同样 许多文学作品中创造出来的隐喻性词语 由于广泛使用的结果变成了常用词语 丧失了描绘力 例如 seedsofevil 邪恶的种子 arootedprejudice 根深蒂固的偏见 aflightofimagination 幻想的飞翔 toburnwithdesire 燃烧着热望 等等 Toteachafishtoswim 鲛鱼游泳 班门弄斧Featherone snest 往自己巢里铺羽毛 中饱私囊Bearthelioninhisden 狮穴拔须 虎口拔牙Addinsulttoinjury 伤害后加以侮辱 雪上加霜Castpearlsbeforeswine 把珍珠丢在猪面前 对牛弹琴 Holdthecandletothedevil 给魔鬼举烛火 助纣为虐Cryupwineandsellvinegar 吆喝的是酒卖的是醋 挂羊头卖狗肉Fishintheair 空中钓鱼 水中捞月 TheEndThanksalot