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初中英语总复习知识点归纳一、冠词(一)a/an的用法a用于辅音音素前ausefulbook,auniversity,a“u”Onceaweekhaveaswim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/resthaveacold/headache/fever/coughhaveagoodtimehaveatryinahurryafterawhilekeepadiarygoforawalkinaminuteinawordinashortwhilean则用于元音音素前anhour,anhonestboy,an“AEFHILMNORSX”keepaneyeon(二)定冠词the的用法:1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Givemethebook.2)上文提到过的人或事:-Doyouknowtheladyinblue?Yes,sheisateacherofauniversity.3)指世上独一物二的事物thesun(sky/moon/earth/world/nature/universe)4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:thedollar美元;Thelionisawildanimal.或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:therich/poor/blind/aged/living/impossible5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:Iliveonthesecondfloor.6)用在表示身体部位的名词前:Shecaughtmebythearm.7)用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前:SheplaysthepianoviolinguitarinthenorthofChina8)用在普通名词构成专有名词前:thePeoplesRepublicofChinatheUnitedStatestheGreatWalltheSummerPalace9)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:theGreensareplayingthepiano.10)intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),inthemiddle(of),intheend,allthetimeatthesametimeonthewhole,bytheway,gotothecinemaatheageofsixatthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcenturyontheothersideofatthemomentthedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country)inthedark,intherain,(三)不用定冠词的情况1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:China,Europe欧洲LeiFeng雷锋2)物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母。3)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;ChildrensDayMothersDayFathersDay4)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;Heiscaptainoftheteam.5)在三餐、四季,球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:havebreakfast/supper/lunch,playbasketball/football/volleyball/chess,inspring/summer/autumn/winter6)当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;bybus/train/taxi/bus/ship7DayandnightfacetofacesidebysidestepbystepwatchTVatschool/work/homeatfirst/lastindangerintroubleonfootondutyonwatchinbedontimeintimegotoschoolgotoworkbytaxi/bikeatnoonatnightonTVattown(四)部分词组有无冠词的区别inhospital生病住院inthehospital在医院里infrontof在-的前面inthefrontof在-内部的前面gotoschool上学gototheschool到学校去anumberof=alotof许多,谓语动词用复数。Thenumberof-的数目,-的总数,谓语动词用单数(第三人称单数)2、 名词:专有名词和普通名词(个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词) (一)可数名词的单数变复数一般情况加s以s,xshch,等结尾的词加-esbus-buseswatch-watches以o结尾的名词,无生命的加s,如:photo-photospiano-pianos有生命的es,如:potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes均可,如:zero-zeros/zeroes以f或fe结尾的名词,去f,fe加ves,如:half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves(加s,如:belief-beliefsroof-roofssafe-safesgulf-gulfs;)以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i,再加esbaby-babies不规则:a.单复数形式一样。Sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese.People,police,scissors,trousersb.其他的。footfeettooth-teethchildchildrenmouse-miceman-menwoman-womenbusinessman-businessmenGerman-Germanswomendoctors(2) 集体名词:People,police,(一般表示一个整体,谓用复数)class,family,glasses(三)不可数名词:常见的不可数名词有:information,news,room(空间),work,work,weather,advice,bread,food,milk,tea,ice,glasses,meatAlittle,abitof,some,much,alotof,quitealotof常修饰不可数名词.不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如果用and连接两个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Timeandmoneyare-AcupglassbottleboxkilogroupcrowdclasspairofTwoandahalfkilosof=twokilosandahalfof(四)名词所有格在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateachersbook。名词所有格的规则如下:1)单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如theboysbag,mensroomChildrensDayMothersDayFathersDay2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加,如:TeachersDayladiesroomtwentyminuteswalk3)凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字;Apictureoffamily;amapofChina4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarbers理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。JohnsandMarysroom(两间)JohnandMarysroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,s加在最后一个词的词尾。如:amonthortwosabsence7)双重所有格afriendofmine/hers/his/theirsafriendofMarysmothers三、代词、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词Imemyminemyselfyouyouyouryourself(yourselves)hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselfweusouroursourselvestheythemtheirtheirsthemselves人称顺序you,he,she,Iwe,you,they主格作主语;宾格作宾语,动词和介词之后通常作宾格;形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,通常放在名词之前;名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词,“of名词性物主代词”表示所属关系。Afriendofmine我的一位朋友;teacherofhers她的老师代词it的用法:指代前面提到过的事物。表天气。表距离。指婴儿和不明身份的人。-John,someoneinyourclassphonedyouthismorning.-Oh,whowasit?用作形式主语。Itskind/good/nice/clever/polite/foolishofsb.todosth.Itsimportant/necessary/possible/easy/difficultforsbtodosth,Itstimetogetup.Itstimeforlunch.ItsonesturntodoItseemsthatIttakessb.sometimetodosth.用作形式宾语。Find/think/feel+it+adj+todosthItone的区别It特指上文提到的同一对象,同一事物。one同类而不同一。that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。反身代词构成规则:一、二物主,三为宾。运用:hurt/teach/wash/buy/enjoyoneselfby/Helponeself(oneselves)to-/Lookafteroneself/Saytooneself/Cometooneself、不定代词little,alittle,few,afew=several(some),some,anymuch,toomuch,muchtoo,morethen=over,lessthan=nearlysomething某事,某物,用于肯定句。注意:由复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。Everyoneishere.修饰不定代词的形容词后置。Ihavesomethingimportanttoanything任何事物,某事物,用于否定句、疑问句。everything每件事,一切事物,用于各种句型。nothing没什么,没有任何东西。=not-anythingtellyou.在反意疑问句中,表示人的复合代词在陈述句中作主语时,附加问句中的主语用he或they,表物的用it。somebody某人,有人=someoneanybody任何人(用于否定句、疑问句,条件从句中)nobody没有人little,几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰不可数名词。Alittle一点点,表示肯定,用以修饰不可数名词。Onlyalittle仅一点点.也可修饰形容词和副词。一点点,放在动词、动词宾语后。few几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰可数名词。afew=several几个,一些,表示肯定意思,用以修饰可数名词。some一些,修饰可数名词,后跟复数形式名词或ones,也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中,常用some.Couldyougivemesomeapples?any一些,任何一些。一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和IF引导的条件句中。much许多。修饰不可数名词,放在不可数名词前,可用alotof替换。toomuch太多的,用法相当于much,放在不可数名词前。Heathisveryimportanttous.Weshouldeatmorevegetablesandfruitinsteadoftoomuchrichfood.muchtoo太,用法相当于too,放在形容词和副词前。Keepquiet!Itsmuchtoonoisyhere.morethan超过,多于。=overmoreorless或多或少,差不多。=aboutatleast至少alot许多,修饰动词。Thanksalot.alotof=lotsof许多的,可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。anumberof许多的,=many只用于修饰复数形式名词,放在可数名词复数前。every用于三个或三个以上,着眼于整体。后可跟数词。词组有everytenminuetseach用于两个或两个以上,着眼于个体。词组有eachofeither两个中任何一个either-orboth两个都both-and-bothof-neither两个中一个也没有e.g.-Doyouliketalkingwithyourfriendsonthetelephoneormobilephone?-Neither,IenjoyusingQQ.neither-nor-any三个以上中任何一个all三个以上中全部none三个以上中一个也没有。Noneof-中没有一个,表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个,表否定,作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。others表示“泛指”除自己外,别的人。Some-,others-theother表示两个中的另一个。One-,theother-theothers表示特指的另一些。another后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词,表示“再,还要”的意思。other别的,另外的,一般后跟复数名词或ones,在other前可加some,many或数词,表示“几个,一些别的”Suchatallbuildingsuchanexcitingfootballmatchsomanypeopleeachother相互,彼此,指两个或两个物时。oneanother相互,彼此,指三者或三者以上的彼此。oneanothers相互的,彼此的。四、数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。1)基数词写法和读法:百位与十位,用and,十位与个位,写时用“”先确定分节号,从右至左,每隔三位数是一个分节号。第一个分节号是千位thousand4第二个分节号是千位million第三个分号节是十亿位billion.1,234,567,892onebilliontwohundredandthirty-fourmillionfivehundredandsixty-seventhousandeighthundredandninety-two2)分数表示法构成:分子基,分母序,分子大于1时,分母在序数词后加S:1/2ahalf1/3one-third;2/3twothirds3/4threequarters=threefourths2-3/4twoandthreefourths3)表示年代,用in+the+数词复数;inthe1980s(20世纪80年代)4)表某人几岁时:in+物主代词+数词的复数形式inonestwenties5)HelivesinRom88.Oneplustwoisthree.Threetimesfiveisfifteen.6)hundred,thousand,million等词前有具体的数字时,不能加S如threehundreds这种说法是错误的7)hundredsofthousandsofmillionsof8)a21-year-oldgirlthreedaysandahalf=threeandahalfdaysoneandahalfhours=onehourandahalfwellhavetwoweeksholiday(two-weekholiday)9)(基数词变序数词的口诀)一、二、三特别记,th从四以上记;怎么加很容易,八减t,九减e;f来把ve替,见y变ie;若是遇到几十几,变换个位就可以。One-firsttwo-secondthree-thirdfive-fiftheight-eighthnine-ninthtwelvetwelfththirteen-thirteenthfifteen-fifteentheighteen-eighteenthtwenty-twentiethtwenty-one-twenty-firstthirty-thirtiethforty-fortiethfiftyfiftiethsixty-sixtiethseventy-seventietheighty-eightiethninety-ninetieth序数词的缩写形式:first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st五、形容和副词修饰something,anything,everything,anybody等不定代词的形容词,形容词要放在不定代词之后。IhaveSomethingimportanttotellyou.enough修饰形容词、副词时,enough要放在形容词和副词之后。Farenoughbebusydoingsth.忙于做某事beworthdoingsth.值得做某事feellikedoingsth=wanttodosth.想要做某事spend-(in)doingsth花费时间做某事stop/prevent/keep-fromdoing阻止某人做某事havetroubleproblem/ahardtimedoingsth.做某事很困难Havefundoingsth.=haveagoodtimedoingsth.做某事很快乐goondoingsth接着做原来做着的事goshopping/swimming/skating/surfing-dosomerunning/washing/cooking-介词(for,with,without,about-)后跟动词原形:whydontyouwhynotyoudbetter(not)wouldyouplease(not)makelethave注意:在被动语态中,to要加上后跟ing和TO的区别developingcountry发展中国家developedcountry发达国家stoptodosth.停下手中的事而去做另外的事(事情有两件)Stopdoingsth.停止正在做的事情(事情只有一件)Remembertodosth.记住要去做某事(事情没有做)Rememberdoingsth.记得曾经做过某事(事情已经做)Forgettodosth.忘记去做某事(事情没做)Forgetdoingsth.忘记曾经做过的事情(事情已经做)Trytodosth.努力去做某事Trydoingsth.试着去做某事Goontodosth.做完一件事,接着改做另外一件事Goondoingsth.继续不停地做某事See/hearsbdoing/do情态动词Can能,可能,表示能力,猜测。过过式could可能,也许。主要用在疑问句、否定句中,表示怀疑、估计,不用肯定句中。对could的委婉语气回答一般不直接用yes和no,要用certainly,ofcourse.Ok.Sure.wouldyoupleasenotdo-?wouldyouliketoplayfootballwithmetonight?Yes,Idloveto.Sorry,Iambusy.Yes,Idloveto.But-wouldyoulikesomebananas?Yes,please.No.thanks.在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中,常用some.Couldyougivemesomeapples?May可以,表许可。mayI-?回答:Yes,youmay.Yes,ofcourse.No,youmaynot.No,youdbetternot.也许,可能。表猜测,但把握性不是很大。maybe=perhaps是副词,放在句首或句末。Maybe和Maybe不同。MustMustI-?否定回答用No,youneednt.No,youdonthaveto.必须。应该。mustnt禁止,绝对不能。must表主观。Haveto表客观。Donthaveto=needntmust一定。用于表推测。表示有很大的把握时用,只用于肯定句、不用疑问句。否定句中cant有不可能之意。Needdonthavetodosth.=needntdosth.肯定回答Yes,-must.否定回答No,-neednt.不定式不定式常跟在以下及物动词后面作宾语:want,like,wish,hope,try,ask,start,begin,forget,remember,learn,choose,agree,tell,decide,needE.g.Wanttodosth.Asksb.(not)todosth.Tellsb.todosth.Decidetodosth.Wouldliketodosth.Setouttodosth.Warnsbtodosth.Helpsb.(to)dosth.动词不定式还可用在某些表示感情的形容词之后:glad,happy,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid不定式作宾语的有:somethingtodrinkeat;havesthtodo;thewaytodosth.不定式作宾语:特殊疑问词(what,where)-+不定式wheretogo主谓一致1邻近和靠近原则由therebe,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybut(also)连接两个并列的主语,谓语动词遵守就近原则。2Eitherof,neitherof,eachof作主语,谓语动词用单数。3Each,every,manya,no修饰并列单句时,谓语动词用单数。4在百分数、分数等后,如跟可数名词,谓语动词用复数。如跟不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。5表示时间、重量、长度、价值等名词作为主语,谓语动词用单数。6动词不定式或动名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。7算术题中主语是数词,谓语动词用单数。8.Thenumberof+名词复数,谓语动词用单数。Anumberof+名词复数,谓语动词用复数。9Oneandahalf+名词复数,谓语动词用单数。单词的词性变化单词的词性变化动词变为名词+er(r)cleaner,sellerplayersurfersingerownerjumperspeakertravelerteacherworkerpainter,farmerdiverdriver,writerwaiter(waitress)Runnerwinnerrobber+orVisitorinventorconductorinspector(检查员)Actor(actress)+ingcrosscrossingwashwashingmeetmeetingparkparkingpackpacking(包装)surfsurfingmeanmeaninghikingbreathingBeginningShoppingdescribe-descriptioninvent-inventiondiscuss-discussiondisappear-disappearanceenter-entranceknow-knowledgelive-lifedie-deathplease-pleasuresit-seatfly-flightrob-robberydevelop-developmentdecidedecision二、动词变为形容词Close-closedexcitedexcitedfrustratefrustrated(挫败的)interestinterestedsurprisesurpriseddiedeadfrightenfrightenedfryfriedworryworriedbreakbrokenenjoyenjoyableloselostamazeamazingmissmissingfollowfollowing(下列的)exciteexcitinginterestinterestingmovemovingsleepasleepwakeawakewonderwonderfulthankthankfulforgetforgetful三、名词变为形容词carecarefulcolorcolorfulhelphelpfulPainpainfuluseusefulsuccesssuccessfulheathhealthyluckluckynoisenoisycloudcloudyrainrainymistmistyshowershowesnowsnowywindwindyryfogfoggysunsunnysouthsouthernnorthnorthernwoolwoolenconfidenceconfidentdangerdangerouspersonpersonalpostpostalfriendfriendlyAmericaAmericanAustraliaAustralianCanadaCanadianItalyItalianchinaChineseJapanJapaneseBritainBritishEnglandEnglishFranceFrenchGermanyGerman四、形容词变为名词goodgoodnessbusybusinessdifferentdifferenceforeignforeignerdifficultdifficultysafesafetytruetruthproud-Pridedrydroughtimportant-improtanceconfidentconfidence(信心)五、形容词变为副词+lyuseful,wide,strong改y为,再加lyhealthy,heavy,happy,lucky,noisy,goodwellterrible-terriblyprobable-probably六形容词和副词同形。七、否定的八、其它。crossacrosspasspastsciencescientistlibrarylibrarianfriendfriendshipearlyenoughfastfarfirsthardhighlatemuchrightstraightunluckyunknownunlikeunhappyunusualunfriendlydiscoverdisappearimpossiblecarelesshomeless
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