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英语重点语法网络图一名词（结合book 1 第18页-20页和38-40 页复习）I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格（在句中表示所有关系 ）： 所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词通常省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二形容词和副词（ 结合book 1第62-67页复习）I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。三冠词（分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词, 结合book 1第88 页复习）I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals. 四代词（ 结合book 1第113页复习：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.五介词I. 介词分类：1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including6形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区别：1表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since, fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through, acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示“关于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六动词的时态与语态：I. 动词的时态（ 结合book 1第6-11课课后语法复习）：1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2.一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.时态练习题1) Our team _every match so far this year, but we still have three more games to play.A) was winning B) has won C) had won D) wins2) He _for three years. A)has joined the army B) has been in the armyC) has been serving in the army D) joined the army3) The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows4) The company _a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. A) is promised B) is promising C) has been promising D) promised5) No sooner had he sat down than the telephone_. A) rings B) was ringing C) rang D) hand rung6) Mr. James _a city bus for over twenty-five years before retirement. A) is driving B) drove C) has driven D) drives7) I _a radio talk on Shakespeare when my uncle came home and started shouting at the top of his voice. A) was hearing B) heard C) was listening to D) listened to8) He _novels, whenever his wife goes shopping. A) is reading B) reads C) has read D) has been reading9)I am not sure whether tomorrow he _the meeting or not, as he has not been here lately. A) attend B) attends C)will attend D) attended10) I _that she will pass the final examination. A) expect B) have expected C) had expected D) was expected11) They thought it _fun to take the car. A) can be B) would be C) will be D) has been12) She reminded me that Bangkok _the capital of Thailand. A)is B)was C)had been D)have been1现在完成时和一般过去时的区别A) 现在完成时所表示的动作虽然在过去业已发生，但必须与现在相关；一般过去时所表示的动作仅表明 在过去某一时间发生，与现在无关。例如：1）I have seen the film（与现在相关，现已知道电影内容）。我已看过这部电影。2）I saw a film yesterday（与现在无关，只是昨天做的一件事。）我昨天看了一部电影。B) 两种时态需用的时间状语亦有所不同。现在完成时的时间状语必须与现在相关，而一般过去时的时间状语与现在无关。现在完成时常用的时间状语有：since，ever since，so far，up to now，already， yet，in the past few years，for a long time，from then on等。一般过去时常用的时间状语有：three years ago，in 1960，in the past，just now， yesterday，last nightweek，when he was six years old等。2. 怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时 (关键在于对现在完成进行时的基本概念是否理解)现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。简单的比较如下：（1）现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如： We have heen cleaning the classroom（a） We have cleaned the classroom（b） （a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教 室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。（2）现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如：They have been widening the road（a） They have widened the road（b）（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如：Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978（a） Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979（b）（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。（3）但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：My mother has been teaching English for twenty years（a） My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）（a）句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。又，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续并将延续下去，（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。（4）现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如：Have you been meeting her lately？（a） Have you met her lately？（b）（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。（5）现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如：What have you been doing？（a） What have you done？（b） （a）句表示惊异。（b）句只是一个问题。I have been wanting to meet you for long（a） I have long wanted to meet you（b）（a）句比（b）句更亲切，更有礼貌。3现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时的区别现在完成时表示截止到现在所完成的动作，过去完成时表示截止到过去某一时间所完成的动作，而将来完成时则表示截止到将来某一时间所完成的动作。例如：1）By the end of last month，they had finished the work到上月底他们已完成这项工作。2）By the end of next month，they will have finished the work到下月底他们将完成这项工作。3）I suppose they have finished the work by now我想他们现在已完成这项工作。4瞬间动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用， 常见的瞬间动词有arrive，begin，die，join， graduate，leave，reach，start等，这些动词都不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：误：His wife has died for three years（die为瞬间动词）正：His wife has been dead for three years（be dead表示状态。）他的妻子已去世3年。5表示状态的动词一般不用于进行时， 如常见的表示状态的动词有have，hate，know，like， dislike，love，possess，prefer，understand等，这些动词一般不用于进行时。动词be一般也不用于进行时。6在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时表示将来的动作，用过去时表示过去将来的动作。例如：When he comes I shall have a talk with him等他来时，我找他谈一谈。应当注意的是，这一规则只适用于时间状语从句和条件状语从句。倘若是名词从句，则不受此限制，我们不能笼统地认为when从句都不能用将来时。例如：I dont know when he will come我不知道他什么时候来。when从句在这一例句中是名词从句（宾语从句），而不是时间状语从句或条件状语从句，因此仍需用将来时。II. 动词的被动语态（ 结合book 1第12课课后语法复习）：常用被动语态构成（以invite为例）常用被动语态构成（以invite为例）1一般现在时6过去进行时2一般过去时7现在完成时3一般将来时8过去完成时4过去将来时9将来完成时5现在进行时10含有情态动词的注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，如： Trees should not be planted in summer.短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be，如： The boy was made fun of by his classmates.going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.翻译：1.这淋浴感觉好极了_ 2.这咖啡味道好极了_ 3. 那鱼臭了 _ 4. 尼龙内衣很好洗 _下面词或短语没有被动态：（比如一些表状态的动词，等等）leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that人们认为 It is generally considered that It is said that据说It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted that 必须承认 It is hoped that 注意非谓语动词的被动语态：（不定式to do sth.动名词doing和分词doing/done） 翻译1.I am afraid of _(被跟着) by a robber. 2.When he awoke , he found himself _(被照顾)by an old woman. 3.At first， Im not used to _(被批评)，and would find excuses for my mistakes. 注意 :be done结构不一定表示被动，还可表现为： 系动词+表语（由过去分词充当）， 如：Dont be worried about him. He is interested in music翻译： 1：听到这个消息，他很吃惊。_ 2: 他对我的答案很满意 _Multiple choices: 1. Once environment damage _, it takes many years for the system to recover.A) has done B)is to do C) does D) is done2. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday. A) being robbed B) having been robbed C) to have been robbed D) rob七定语从句（ 结合book 1第13-14课课后语法复习）I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I
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