虚拟条件句的三种基本类型.doc

虚拟语气在表示一种纯假想的情况或主观愿望时，动词需用一种特殊形式，称为虚拟语气。虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. （如果我是你，我就学英语了。）May you succeed! （祝您成功！） 那在什么情况下用虚拟语气? 在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时，用虚拟语气；表示主观愿望或表示某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。虚拟条件句的三种基本类型条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生，即如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。：If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有时间，我就同他们去。(陈述语气)If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他们去。(虚拟语气)虚拟条件句的三种基本类型:一、与现在事实相反若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”：If you took a taxi，youd get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐)If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道)二、与过去事实相反若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：If Id left sooner，Id have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了)三、与将来事实相反若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”：If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去)If I asked him，Im sure hed help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做)注：几点特别说明 主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could的大致区别是：would表示结果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较：If you tried again you would succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。(would表结果)If you tried again you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。(might表可能)If you tried again you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力) 条件从句的谓语动词为be时，不管其主语为单数还是复数通常都用were，但在口语或非正式文体中的单数第一人称和第三人称后，也可用was，不过在 If I were you这样的表达中，通常还是以用were为宜。 有时条件从句用would表示愿意：If he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 要是他还愿意跟我过，我仍会做他的妻子。 对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：一是这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设)；三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气：If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。I should see him, Ill tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。使用虚拟语气的几类从句1. wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时，表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词，表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)动词原形。如：I wish he were more careful. 你是你更仔细点就好了。I wish I hadnt said that. 我要是没有说那话就好了。I wish I could speak your language. 但愿我能讲你们国家的话。2.if only后的句子用虚拟语气if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同。如：If only I werent so nervous. 但愿我不这样紧张。If only I had listened to your advice! 我要是听了你的劝告就好了!3. as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气，若表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；若表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用would (might, could)+动词原形。如：I love you as if you were my son. 我爱你就像你是我的儿子。注：若从句所内容可能为事实，也可用陈述语气。如：t seems as if we shall have to walk. 似乎我们得步行了。4. Its time后的从句用虚拟语气从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来，有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见，且should不能省略)，其意为“(早)该干某事了”。如：Its time we ordered dinner. 现在该叫菜了。I think its time you made up her mind. 我想你该拿定主意了。注：time前有时有about和high修饰。5. would rather后句子用虚拟语气通常用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表过去的愿望。如：Id rather you didnt do it. 你宁愿你别这样做。I would rather you didnt mention the price. 我宁愿意你没提价钱。6. 某些用虚拟语气的宾语从句在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”、“要求”等后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。这类动词有人归纳为“一个坚持(insist)、两个命令(order, command)、三个建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四个要求(demand, require, request, ask)”，这类虚拟语气由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生劝他换工作。注：动词insist, suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若从句内容尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若从句内容已经成为事实，则用陈述语气。比较：He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。7. 某些用虚拟语气的主语从句形容词important, impossible, necessary等后的主语从句通常用虚拟语气。如：It is impossible that he should leave here. 他不可能会离开这儿。It is necessary that he be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。要注意题中的虚拟语气请看下面两道题，虽然不是考查虚拟语气，但其中的虚拟语气对做题至关重要：题1：It looks as if he were drunk.So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinkingB. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drinkD. I wonder why he is always doing so【分析】此题最佳答案为D，但A、B、C均有可能误选，主要是受题中 drunk 一词的影响。做此题的关键是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的关键词were，因为它表明此句的谓语为虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是喝醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D。另外注意，句中的 so it does 表示强调，意为：他看上去的确像是喝醉了。类似用法：The building looks beautiful. 这房子看上去很美。Yes, so it does. 是的，看上去的确很美。此句中的 so it does 也表强调。题2：I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _ too busy.A. wasB. had beenC. would beD. would have been【分析】此题容易误选B或D，认为前句用了had hoped，所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。正确答案为A：前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想”，而后一句说“我太忙”，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。请看类例(答案均为A)：(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _ it was gone.A. foundB. had foundC. would findD. would have found(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _.A. didntB. hadntC. would notD. would not been(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we _ no time.A. hadB. had hadC. would haveD. would have had(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone _ and I couldnt get away.A. calledB. had calledC. would callD. would have called