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虚拟语气在表示一种纯假想的情况或主观愿望时,动词需用一种特殊形式,称为虚拟语气。虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. (如果我是你,我就学英语了。)May you succeed! (祝您成功!) 那在什么情况下用虚拟语气? 在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时,用虚拟语气;表示主观愿望或表示某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。虚拟条件句的三种基本类型条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的,而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想,与事实相反或不大可能会发生,即如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。:If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有时间,我就同他们去。(陈述语气)If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你,我就同他们去。(虚拟语气)虚拟条件句的三种基本类型:一、与现在事实相反若与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”:If you took a taxi,youd get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去,你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐)If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码,我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道)二、与过去事实相反若与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”:If Id left sooner,Id have been on time. 要是我早点动身,我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话,我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了)三、与将来事实相反若与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”:If he went,would you go too? 如果他去,你也去吗?(大概他不会去)If I asked him,Im sure hed help us. 如果我向他提出要求,肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做)注:几点特别说明 主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could的大致区别是:would表示结果,might表示可能性,could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较:If you tried again you would succeed. 要是你再试一试,你就会成功的。(would表结果)If you tried again you might succeed. 要是你再试一试,你可能会成功的。(might表可能)If you tried again you could succeed. 要是你再试一试,你就能成功了。(could表能力) 条件从句的谓语动词为be时,不管其主语为单数还是复数通常都用were,但在口语或非正式文体中的单数第一人称和第三人称后,也可用was,不过在 If I were you这样的表达中,通常还是以用were为宜。 有时条件从句用would表示愿意:If he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 要是他还愿意跟我过,我仍会做他的妻子。 对于与将来事实相反的情形,请注意以下几点:一是这里说的与将来事实相反,实为对将来情况的推测;二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外,有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小,常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设);三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时,主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气或祈使语气:If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 万一明天下雨,就不要等我了。I should see him, Ill tell him. 万一我见到他,我就告诉他。使用虚拟语气的几类从句1. wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气要表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时,表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词,表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用would (could)动词原形。如:I wish he were more careful. 你是你更仔细点就好了。I wish I hadnt said that. 我要是没有说那话就好了。I wish I could speak your language. 但愿我能讲你们国家的话。2.if only后的句子用虚拟语气if only 与 I wish一样,也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同。如:If only I werent so nervous. 但愿我不这样紧张。If only I had listened to your advice! 我要是听了你的劝告就好了!3. as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气,若表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;若表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;表示将来的可能性不大,用would (might, could)+动词原形。如:I love you as if you were my son. 我爱你就像你是我的儿子。注:若从句所内容可能为事实,也可用陈述语气。如:t seems as if we shall have to walk. 似乎我们得步行了。4. Its time后的从句用虚拟语气从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来,有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见,且should不能省略),其意为“(早)该干某事了”。如:Its time we ordered dinner. 现在该叫菜了。I think its time you made up her mind. 我想你该拿定主意了。注:time前有时有about和high修饰。5. would rather后句子用虚拟语气通常用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表过去的愿望。如:Id rather you didnt do it. 你宁愿你别这样做。I would rather you didnt mention the price. 我宁愿意你没提价钱。6. 某些用虚拟语气的宾语从句在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”、“要求”等后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。这类动词有人归纳为“一个坚持(insist)、两个命令(order, command)、三个建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四个要求(demand, require, request, ask)”,这类虚拟语气由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生劝他换工作。注:动词insist, suggest后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若从句内容尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若从句内容已经成为事实,则用陈述语气。比较:He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。7. 某些用虚拟语气的主语从句形容词important, impossible, necessary等后的主语从句通常用虚拟语气。如:It is impossible that he should leave here. 他不可能会离开这儿。It is necessary that he be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。要注意题中的虚拟语气请看下面两道题,虽然不是考查虚拟语气,但其中的虚拟语气对做题至关重要:题1:It looks as if he were drunk.So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinkingB. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drinkD. I wonder why he is always doing so【分析】此题最佳答案为D,但A、B、C均有可能误选,主要是受题中 drunk 一词的影响。做此题的关键是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的关键词were,因为它表明此句的谓语为虚拟语气,也就是说,“他喝醉了”不是事实,只是他的言行好像是喝醉了,所以此题的最佳答案是D。另外注意,句中的 so it does 表示强调,意为:他看上去的确像是喝醉了。类似用法:The building looks beautiful. 这房子看上去很美。Yes, so it does. 是的,看上去的确很美。此句中的 so it does 也表强调。题2:I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _ too busy.A. wasB. had beenC. would beD. would have been【分析】此题容易误选B或D,认为前句用了had hoped,所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。正确答案为A:前一句谓语用had hoped,表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算,可以译为“本想”,而后一句说“我太忙”,这是陈述过去的一个事实,所以要用一般过去时。请看类例(答案均为A):(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _ it was gone.A. foundB. had foundC. would findD. would have found(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _.A. didntB. hadntC. would notD. would not been(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we _ no time.A. hadB. had hadC. would haveD. would have had(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone _ and I couldnt get away.A. calledB. had calledC. would callD. would have called
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