动词时态与被动语态.ppt

动词的时态 用play的正确形式填空 Tom footballoften Tom footballthisafternoon Tom footballlastSunday Tom footballnow Tom footballatfiveyesterday Tom footballforanhour Tom footballbeforeIcalledhim 高三英语总复习语法系列训练 被动语态详解 ChangethefollowingsentencesintothePassiveVoice 1 TheymakeTVsetsinthatfactory 2 NorthwestChinagrowsthebestcotton 3 TheyusethisroomforplayingPingpong 4 Bellinventedthetelephonein1876 TVsetsaremadeinthatfactory ThebestcottonisgrowninNorthwestChina ThisroomisusedforplayingPingpong ThetelephonewasinventedbyBellin1876 5 Themanagermadethemwork10hoursaday 6 Chinahassentupman madesatellitesintospace 7 Youshouldwatertreesoften 8 Youmustnotplanttreesinverydryearth Theyweremadetowork10hoursaday Man madesatelliteshavebeensentupintospace Treesshouldbewateredoften Treesmustnotbeplantedinverydryearth 一 语态分类 英语动词有两种语态 主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者 如 Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver 主动 Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver 被动 汉语中常用 被 给 由 受 等词用来表示被动 而英语用 助动词be 及物动词的过去分词构成 二 被动语态的时态 人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上 其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样 以give为例 列表如下 一般现在时 am is are given一般过去时 was were given现在进行时 am is are being given过去进行时 was were being given现在完成时 have has been given过去完成时 had been given一般将来时 shall will be given过去将来时 should would be given将来完成时 shall will havebeen given过去将来完成时 should would havebeen given 注 被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时 三 被动语态常用的八种时态1 一般现在时 Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry Theschooldoesn tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher 2 一般过去时 Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth Thestudentsdidn tforgethislessonseasily Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten 3 一般将来时 Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool leavers 4 过去将来时 Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible Carswillbesentabroadbysea Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool leavers Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible 5 现在进行时 TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons Wearepaintingtherooms 6 过去进行时 Whydidn ttheydrivethereontime Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio Theroomsarebeingpainted Becausetheroadwasbeingmended Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear 7 现在完成时 Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff Wehavebroughtdowntheprice 8 过去完成时 WhenIgottothetheatre Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown WhenIgottothetheatre Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader 9 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动语态是由 情态动词 be 及物动词的过去分词 构成 Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim 四 被动语态的使用1 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时 常用被动语态 这时往往不用by短语 Mr White thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass 只是告诉老师杯子坏了 不知是谁弄坏的 或不想说出谁弄坏的 2 突出或强调动作的承受者 如果需要说出动作的执行者 用by短语 TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver 3 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者 也不是动作的承受者时 这时常用in 名词作状语 而代替by短语 ThesecarsweremadeinChina 15 000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory 五 主动语态变被动语态的方法 1 Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty 主语谓语宾语 Iwasinvited bymyaunt toherdinnerparty 主语谓语宾语 2 Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool 1 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语 2 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be 过去分词 时态要与原句保持一致 3 把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语 放在被动语态里谓语动词之后 by短语可以省略 如果原句主语是地点名词 在被动语态中用in 地点名词作状语 六 语态转换时要注意的问题1 把主动语态变为被动语态时 其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致 其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致 Wehaveboughtanewcomputer Anewcomputerhasbeenbought 正确 Anewcomputerhavebeenbought 错误 2 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时 可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语 另一个不动 一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多 Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday 如果把直接宾语 指物 改为主语 则在间接宾语 指人 前加适当的介词 如上句还可以说 Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday 保留宾语 注意 一般在下列动词后 常在间接宾语前用介词to 如 bring give hand lend offer pass pay promise sell show take teach tell等 Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass Mybikewaslenttoher 一般在下列动词后 间接宾语前用介词for 如 build buy cook cut choose do fetch find fix get keep make order paint play sing等 Mothermademeanewskirt Anewskirtwasmadeforme Themeatwascookedforus Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus 有些既不用to也不用for 根据动词与介词的搭配关系 Heaskedmeaquestion Aquestionwasaskedofme PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld 不用by短语 3 由动词 介词或副词构成的短语动词 要把它们作为整体看 即把它们看成一个及物动词 介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉 这类动词有 不及物动词 介词 如 agreeto askfor laughat operatedon listento lookafter thinkof talkabout等 Thepatientisbeingoperatedon Theproblemissolved Itneedn tbetalkedabout 及物动词 副词 如 bringabout carryout findout giveup handin makeout passon pointout putaway putoff thinkover turndown workout turnout等 Hisrequestwasturneddown Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather 4 带复合宾语 宾语 宾补 的动词改为被动语态时 一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语 而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面 如 Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean Shetoldustofollowherinstructions Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions 注意 在see watch hear notice listento lookat make feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to 但改成被动语态后都带to 这时不定式为主语补足语 也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题 Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar 注意 带有复合宾语的句子 如果宾语补足语是名词 变被动句时 应将宾语变为主语 不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语 如 TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples 误 Loveappleswerecalledthem 正 Theywerecalledloveapples 5 还有一种短语动词由动词 名词 介词构成 变被动语态有两种形式 如下 1 Wetakegoodcareofthebooks Thebooksaretakengoodcareof Goodcareistakenofthebook 2 Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto 用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有 catchsightof makeuseof payattentionto setfireto takecareof takeholdof takenoticeof keepaneyeon等 6 当主动句的主语是nobody noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时 被动句中将其变为anybody 作by的宾语 并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态 如 Nobodycananswerthisquestion 误 Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody 正 Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody 7 当否定句中的宾语是anything anybody anyone等不定代词时 在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing nobody noone作主语 并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态 如 Theyhaven tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean 误 Anythinghasn tbeendonetomaketheriverclean 正 Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean 8 以who为主语开头的疑问句 变被动时 用bywhom放在句首 Whowrotethestory 误 Whowasthestorywritten 正 Bywhomwasthestorywritten 9 有些动词既是及物又是不及物 当它们和well badly easily等副词连用时 表示主语内在品质或性能 是不及物动词 用主动表示被动 这时不用被动语态 常见的有 write read clean sell wash cook等 如 Theclothwasheseasily 这布很好洗 Thenewproductsellswell 这新产品很畅销 Thepenwritessmoothly 这支笔写字很流畅 对比 Thebookssellwell 主动句 Thebooksweresoldout 被动句 Themeatdidn tcookwell 主动句 Themeatwascookedforalongtimeoverlowheat 被动句 10 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句 第一 感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义 如 feel look seem taste sound remain等 Doyoulikethematerial Yes itfeelsverysoft 误 Itisfeltverysoft Thefoodtastesdelicious 误 Thefoodistasteddelicious Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful 误 Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful 第二 谓语是及物动词leave enter reach suit have benefit lack own等 如 Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook 误 Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot Shehadherhandburned 误 Herhandwashadburned 第三 一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态 如 takeplace breakout belongto loseheart consistof addupto等 如 Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding 误 Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding 第四 不及物动词没有被动语态 如 rise happen succeed remain lie等 Whenwegottothetopofthemountain thesunhadalreadyrisen 误 Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen Aftertheearthquake fewhousesremained 误 Aftertheearthquake fewhouseswereremained 第五 宾语是反身代词 相互代词 同源宾语 不定式 v ing形式及抽象名词等 不能变为被动句子的主语 如 ItaughtmyselfEnglish 误 MyselfwastaughtEnglish Weloveeachother 误 Eachotherisloved 11 在汉语中 有一类句子不出现主语 在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示 例如 据说 Itissaidthat 据报导 Itisreportedthat 据推测 Itissupposedthat 希望 Itishopedthat 众所周知 Itiswellknownthat 普遍认为 Itisgenerallyconsideredthat 有人建议 Itissuggestedthat 1 Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow 2 ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp 在英语语言中 被动语态是极常见的语言现象 人们进行语言交际 离不开对被动语态的使用 熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础 在动词 ing形式 不定式等结构中 都有被动式 都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解 高考题点击 1 Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection 94N A hascompletedB completesC hasbeencompletedD iscompleted2 Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget bythehour 98N A payB payingC paidD topay 说明 集邮册只能被完成 且在before从句中没有将来时 故只能选D 说明 该句的意思为 在大城市中清洁女工的工资通常是按小时支付的 很明显该用被动语态 D C 3 Booksofthiskind well 99上海 A sellB sellsC aresoldD issold4 Hundredsofjobs ifthefactorycloses 01北京春 A loseB willbelostC arelostD willlose 说明 sell既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词 当用作 销售情况如何 时 sell为不及物动词 故没有被动语态 类似的词还有 wash translate write等 说明 losejob为 失业 job只能被失去 且动作应该发生在将来 A B 5 Anewcinema here Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth 2001北京春季 A willbebuiltB isbuiltC hasbeenbuiltD isbeingbuilt6 Thenewsuspensionbridge bytheendoflastmonth 2001上海 A hasbeendesignedB hadbeendesignedC wasdesignedD wouldbedesigned 说明 从后句可知电影院应该正在修建 需要注意的是现在进行时态的被动语态的动词形式 说明 bytheendof短语一般都与过去完成时或将来完成时连用 D B 7 ThisisTed sphoto Wemisshimalot He tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake 2002北京春季 A killedB iskilledC waskilledD waskilling8 Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho forthespoiledchild 2002上海 A istoblameB isgoingtoblameC istobeblamedD shouldblame 说明 不要被前面使用的现在时所蒙蔽 在地震中抢救小孩并献身的动作只能在过去 说明 betoblame是固定结构 不能用被动语态 该句是一个强调句型 C A 9 Rainforests andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture 2002上海春季 A cutB arecutC arebeingcutD hadbeencut 说明 该句的意思为 雨林正在以如此快的速度被砍伐和烧毁以至于在不久的将来它们就会消失 从语境中可以看出应该使用现在进行时 况且进行时可以表达出说话人的一种特殊的情感 说话人是想呼吁人们停止乱砍乱烧雨林 给人们提出的一种警告 C 写作假如你校英语俱乐部正在组织 抽烟有害 的大讨论 请你根据下列内容 用英语写一篇短文 准备贴在英语墙报栏上 叙述抽烟害处 坏习惯 有损本人及他人健康 导致多种疾病 浪费 可能引起火灾等 劝告年轻人不要抽烟 写作要求1 必须使用5个句子介绍全部所给的内容 2 将5个句子组织成连贯的短文 3 可适当增加情节 使表达连贯 NoSmoking Please Smokingisnotonlyabadhabitbutalsobadforthehealthofsmokersthemselvesandthepeoplewhoarearoundthem Infact manykindsofdiseasesarecausedbysmoking asaresult millionsofsmokersdiefromsmokingtobacco Smokingitselfisawasteofmoneyanditcostsonesomuchmoney Besides manyfiresareoftencausedbycarelesssmokers Youngpeople don tjointhegroupofpeopleinhospital thegroupofdyingpeople becausetheysmoke