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Module 4 Great Scientists(一)课前自主学习.阅读单词知其意1biochemistry n生物化学2botany n. 植物学3genetics n. 遗传学4zoology n. 动物学5nickname n. 绰号6breeding n. 培育7species n纵联1 (动物或植物的)种8yield n. 产量9hybrid n. 杂交种10bestseller n. 畅销书(或唱片等)11relativity n. 相对论12rocket n. 火箭13millennium n. 千年14gunpowder n. 火药 15arrow n. (弓)箭.重点单词写其形1leading adj. 主要的2figure n. 人物3publish vt. 出版4breakthrough n纵联2 突破5support vt. 支持6convert vt. 改变；转换7replace vt. 取代；以代替8victim n. 受害者9partly adv. 部分地；在一定程度上10escape vi. 逃跑；逃避；逃脱11clear vi. (烟雾)消散12quantity n纵联3 数量13quality n. 质量14staple adj. 主要的；重要的15brilliant adj. 聪颖的；才华横溢的16biology n. 生物学.拓展单词通其变1producer n生产者produce vt.生产production n生产；产量product n产品2educate vt.教育education n教育educator n教育工作者educated adj.受过教育的educational adj.教育的3agriculture n农业agricultural adj.农业的4original adj.原来的；最初的origin n起源originate vi.起源5export vt.出口(反义词) import vt.进口纵联46brief adj.简短的；简洁的briefly adv.简短地；简洁地7graduate vi.毕业 n毕业生graduation n毕业8personal adj.个人的personally adv.就个人而言personality n个性；性格9explode vi.爆炸explosion n爆炸；爆炸声纵联1.以s结尾的单复数同形名词species(动物或植物的)种series系列means方法 crossroads十字路口remains剩余物 works工厂arms武器 papers论文纵联2.“v.adv.”合成名词大观园breakthrough突破 breakdown故障；破损breakup破裂；瓦解 takeaway外卖食物warmup热身运动 gettogether联欢会；聚会纵联3.“数量”有很多quantity数量 amount数量number数量 mass大量plenty大量 abundance大量纵联4.“经济生活”常用到export出口 import进口invest投资 bid出价；投标distribute分配；分布 discount打折单元话题伟大的科学家子话题1各类科学家physicist n物理学家 astronomer n天文学家chemist n化学家；药剂师 technologist n技术专家mathematician n数学家 biologist n生物学家inventor n发明家 geographer n地理学家zoologist n动物学家 botanist n植物学家子话题2工作职责与资格certificate n证明；证(明)书 qualification n资格；学历qualify vt.&vi.(使)具有资格 invent vt.发明；创造qualified adj.有资格的 responsibility n责任；负责undertake vt.承担；从事；负责 charge vt.负责；主管学考对接活学活用高考采撷(一)阅读中的词汇应用1(2018江苏高考阅读C) If you want to disturb the car industry, youd better have a few billion dollars: Momandpop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car panies.But in agriculture， small farmers can get the best of the major players.By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生态系统), small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys.As the cofounder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC，美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself, I have a frontrow seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.写出agriculture的形容词形式：agricultural。相对应的词industry意为“工业，制造业”写出major在本单元中的近义词：leading/staple。major的名词形式为majority，意为“大多数；大半”写出transforming在本单元中的近义词：converting2(2017江苏高考阅读B) This (educate) method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.用educate的正确形式填空：educational写出biologist在本单元中的同根名词：biology写出superb在本单元中的近义词：brilliant。其近义词还有wonderful, excellent, great等高考采撷(二)写作中的词汇应用(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)1(2017北京高考书面表达)几天后，当这段视频在毕业典礼上播放时，它得到了很好的反响。(graduation)Several_days_later,_when_the_video_was_played_on_the_graduation_ceremony,_it_was_well_received.2(2016北京高考书面表达)关于我在中国历史上最喜欢的人物，一定是晚清伟大的思想家魏源。(figure)As_for_my_favorite_figure_in_Chinese_history,_it_must_be_Wei_Yuan,_a_great_thinker_in_the_late_Qing_Dynasty.3(2016江苏高考书面表达)这与普通的投票活动没有任何区别，在这些活动中，候选人四处寻找支持。(support)It_makes_no_difference_from_ordinary_voting_events,_in_which_candidates_go_around_to_seek_supports.(二)课堂重点释疑1support vt.& n支持；拥护；支撑；供养记牢(1)support sb.in sth.在某方面支持某人support a (ones) family/oneself 养家糊口/自力更生(2)e to ones support 来支持某人with ones support 在某人的支持下in support of 支持；拥护offer support to sb. 给某人提供支持练通单句语法填空My parents always support me in what I want to do.With the support of the government, many patients in poor areas can afford to go to hospital.Our government offers support to the graduates who plan to run their own businesses.Several members spoke in support of the volunteers at the meeting yesterday.写美翻译句子(2017天津高考书面表达)在您的支持下，我成功地成为第13届全国运动会的志愿者。With_your_support,_I_have_successfully_got_admitted_as_a_volunteer_for_the_13th_National_Games.2quantity n数量；大量记牢a large (good)/small quantity of大/少量的large quantities of 大量的；许多的in quantity 大量地in quantity and quality 在数量和质量上练通单句语法填空A large quantity of money has_been_collected (collect) to help those suffering from the floods.Quantities of food and tents were (be) sent to earthquakestricken areas from Shandong yesterday.We can offer you a better price if you can buy it in quantity.用准a quantity of, large quantities of既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词的复数形式，但当它作主语或其修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般根据quantity的单复数形式而定。写美补全句子(2017全国卷书面表达)首先，最令人期待的活动是一年一度的乒乓球比赛，会有大量有天赋的球员参与。To begin with, the most expected activity is the annual table tennis petition that_involves_a_large_quantity_of_talented_players.3escape v& n逃跑，逃脱；避开；(气体、液体等)漏出；被遗忘辨清写出下列句中escape的含义Without thinking he started to run and luckily escaped the cats paw.逃脱Seeing the poisonous gas escaping from the broken pipe, he sounded the alarm.漏出The two officers were extremely lucky to escape serious injury.避开Bob looked back only to find an old classmate whose name escaped him for the moment.被遗忘记牢(1)escape (doing) sth.逃脱(做)某事escape from/out of . 从逃跑/逃走escape sb./ones attention/notice 被某人遗忘/逃过某人的注意(2)narrowly escapea narrow escape 死里逃生；幸免于难练通单句语法填空To their relief, their students narrowly escaped from the shaking building.That was a narrow escape all right when our car turned over!He escaped being_killed (kill) in the blast because he had not gone to work.用准(1)escape本身即为“离开”的意思，后面不需加away或off等。(2)escape意为“被遗忘；没有被注意到”时，用sth.escape sb.结构表示，而不是用sb.escape sth.结构。写美补全句子非常幸运，他设法从快速上升的洪水中逃脱。With the greatest of luck he_managed_to_escape_from the rising flood waters.4clear vi.(烟雾)消散；变清澈；(天)变晴vt.使清澈；使清楚；消除；扫清adj.清澈的；晴朗的；清晰的；畅通的记牢(1)clear away清除；驱散；拿走；收拾clear up(天)放晴；消散；整理；清理；消除(误会)clear ones throat (说话前)清嗓子(2) 阐明；明确表示It is clear that . 显然练通单句语法填空It was a fine day once the mist had cleared up.It really seemed ages before the police came on the scene and cleared away the damaged cars.Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.写美翻译句子显然，手机在青少年中变得流行并且改变了他们的生活方式。It_is_clear_that_mobile_phones_have_bee_popular_among_teenagers_and_changed_their_way_of_life.词汇过关综合训练.单词拼写1Just as I was wondering what to do next, I saw a familiar figure (人物) passing by our classroom.2The city council is taking steps to replace (取代) its street cars with buses.3Surgeons have made a great breakthrough (突破) in the kidney transplant.4He published (出版) his first novel when he was eighteen years old.5Every year, India exports (出口) a lot of tea and cotton to many different countries.6Most of the flood victims (受害者) had to leave all their things behind.7We have to deal with the emotional and physical (身体的) problems that go along with obesity.8He let out a long sigh, mainly of relief, partly (部分地) of sadness.9Tell the story briefly (简短地) and then explain why you do or do not enjoy it.10Local people have given us a lot of support (支持) in our campaign.单句语法填空1After my graduation (graduate), Dads business was getting back on track.2The murderer tried to escape being_caught (catch) by the police but in vain.3It is said that he was forced to resign as Transport Minister because of the underground explosion (explode)4They have converted the spare room into a study, where children can read or do their homework.5Most people hold the belief that education (educate) can change ones fate.6The US wants big cuts in European agricultural (agriculture) export subsidies, but this is meeting resistance.7This is a copy of the famous picture, and the original (origin) work is now in the British Museum.8All the leading (lead) newspapers reported the trade talks between China and the United States.9Its said that increased oil production (produce) can account for the drop in oil prices.10These measures are strongly supported (support) by environmental groups.根据提示补全句子1像北京这样的城市遭受着严重的雾霾，雨水可以帮助清除空气污染。(clear)Cities like Beijing suffer from terrible smog, and rain can help clear_away_air_pollution.2本学期你的工作在数量和质量上都有所提高。(quality, quantity)Your work has improved in_quantity_and_quality this term.3一些专家表示支持酒后驾车的禁令。(support)Some experts have spoken in_support_of the ban of drunk driving.4你很幸运的逃脱了惩罚。(escape)You are lucky to escape_being_punished.5他决心在事业上取得突破，在公司里夜以继日地工作。(breakthrough)Determined to make_a_breakthrough in his career, he works day and night in the pany.(一)课前自主学习1bring_up培养；养育2the_key_to_(doing)_sth. 串记1 (做)某事的关键3experiment_with 对进行实验4bring_in 引进5carry_out 串记2 实施；履行；完成(任务)6as_a_result_of 由于的结果7be_known_for 串记3 因而出名/闻名8be_diagnosed_with 被诊断患有(疾病)9earn_ones_living 谋生10e_to_power 掌权同根短语串记串记1.由the key to想到的the key to的关键 the access to的通道the answer to的答案 the notes to的注释the entrance to的入口 the approach to的方法串记2.carry相关短语多棱镜carry out 实施；履行；完成(任务)carry on 继续；开展；维持carry through 贯彻到底；成功完成carry away 拿走；带走；运走carry back 带回；使回想起串记3.“be knownprep.”短语小结be known for 因而闻名be known as 作为而出名be known to 为熟知be known by 被所知1a leading figure一位杰出人士2give sb.a nickname 给某人起绰号3make a breakthrough 取得突破4different types of 不同类型的5from all over China 来自中国各地6jump out of 从中跳出来7in the field of science 在科学领域8the voice of science 科学的代言人9physical disability 身体残疾10in space 在太空中11in a straight direction 以笔直的方向12theory of relativity 相对论1In Stephen Hawkings case it_was_discovered_that he was a brilliant scientist.就史蒂芬霍金的情况来说，人们发现他是一个卓越的科学家。2The tubes were attached to a long stick which helped keep_the_rocket_moving in a straight direction.这些管子被绑在一根长木棍上，这根木棍能使火箭直线前进。3Or was he carried miles into space, being_the_worlds_first_astronaut?或者他被带到了太空中数英里的地方，成为世界上第一个宇航员？学考对接活学活用高考采撷(一)完形中的短语(补全句子)1(2018江苏高考完形填空) To make matters worse, Moth was_diagnosed_with (被诊断患有) a serious disease.2(2012全国卷完形填空) Indeed, what is called body language is so much a part of us that its actually often unnoticed.And misunderstandings occur as_a_result_of (由于的结果) it.高考采撷(二)写作中的短语和句式(补全句子)1(2015浙江高考书面表达)我选择的主要原因是在一种强调集体的文化中长大，我往往会为了集体的利益而牺牲个人的利益。The main reason for my choice is that being brought_up in a culture emphasizing collectivism, I tend to sacrifice my own interest for the group benefit.2(2014江西高考书面表达)其次，你应当创造一个好的学习氛围，这能使你受益匪浅。实现这个的关键就是与他人和睦相处。Secondly, you should create a good learning atmosphere, which can benefit you a lot.The_key_to_this is to get along well with others.3(2018全国卷书面表达)说到餐桌礼仪，请在用餐时保持低的、令人愉快的声音。(keep宾语宾语补足语)Speaking of table manners, keep_your_voice_low_and_pleasant during the meal.4(2014四川高考书面表达)众所周知，中国的高考每年都从6月7日到8日举行。(Its过去分词that从句)Its_widely_known_that the College Entrance Examination in China falls from June 7th to 8th each year.(二)课堂重点释疑短语集释1earn ones living谋生记牢make a livingearn ones living谋生earn ones own living 自食其力earn extra money/a fortune 挣取额外收入/大钱earn sb.praise/a good reputation 为某人赢得赞扬/好名声练通选用上述短语填空Im trying to persuade him to give up the attempt to earn_his_living/make_a_living by writing.Since his parents died early, he had to earn_his_own_living when he was a teenager.The pany has earned_a_good_reputation for reliability.Sometimes they may play to passersby in the street or subway so that they can earn_extra_money for themselves or to pay for their instruments.写美翻译句子我曾经向我的父母承诺，我将在毕业后努力自食其力。I_once_made_a_promise_to_my_parents_that_I_would_try_to_earn_my_own_living_after_graduation.2e to/into power掌权；上台；执政记牢in power当权；掌权beyond ones power 不能胜任；超过了某人的能力within/in ones power 有能力；力所能及练通选用上述短语填空Though he has been in_power for two years, he hasnt found an effective solution to the countrys economic problems.Not that I dont want to help you, but that its beyond_my_power to do so.When did the labour government e_into_power in the UK?写美翻译句子我将尽我所能帮助你。I_will_do_everything_in/within_my_power_to_help_you.联想“e into名词”构成的短语还有：e into being形成，产生e into existence 开始存在，建立，产生e into effect/force 生效e into use 开始使用e into sight/view 看见；进入视野e into fashion 开始流行句式集释keep宾语宾语补足语教材原句The tubes were attached to a long stick which helped keep_the_rocket_moving in a straight direction.悟拓展例句(1)The question kept_me_wondering for the rest of the night.这个问题让我在接下来的晚上一直在想。(2)It is necessary that we keep_the_young_generation_informed of the current affairs.我们有必要让年轻一代了解时事。(3)It can prevent us from getting shortsighted and it can keep_us_physically_healthy.它能够使我们预防近视，而且能使我们身体健康。析用法规则用法归纳(1)keepn./pron.现在分词(2)keepn./pron.过去分词(3)keepn./pron.形容词/副词/名词/介词短语注意事项在“keep宾语宾语补足语”结构中，现在分词与宾语之间为主谓关系，过去分词与宾语之间为动宾关系。背写作佳句(1)For another, spending too much time on entertainment will only keep us away from our studies.(要点句)(2)We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.(要点句)词块、句式过关综合训练.选词填空bring in， carry out， earn ones living， the key to， be diagnosed with， as a result of， be known for， e to power1The 21st Century Chinese Training School is_known_for providing training for foreign learners of Chinese.2As_a_result_of the big fire, thousands of people lost their homes.3At thirteen, he was_diagnosed_with kind of attention disorder.4Some uneducated and unskilled people earn_their_living by doing manual labor.5New technology has been brought_in since China was open to the outside world.6Scientific farming is the_key_to the further development of agriculture.7The artists had little faith in the political leader who came_to_power after the war.8A successful person always lays out plans carefully and lays aside all the other things to carry_out his plans.根据提示补全句子/句型转换1据报道，在这次事故中没有乘客受伤。(It is过去分词that从句)It_is_reported_that no passengers were injured in the accident.2岛上的大多数人主要靠捕鱼谋生。(earn)Most people on the island earn_their_living mainly by fishing.3这完全超出了我的能力。我决定要放弃它。(power)It is quite beyond_my_power.Im determined to give it up.4政府应该采取有效措施来保持交通的平稳运行。(keep宾语宾语补足语)The government should take effective measures to keep_the_traffic_running smoothly.5More highways have been built in China, which makes it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.(用分词短语作结果状语改写)More highways have been built in China, making_it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.应用文分步写作假定你是李华， 请根据下列表格中的内容提示，为校报的英语园地写一篇英语短文， 介绍你最崇拜的一位中国科学家。姓名梁建英出生年份1972年职务中国高铁总设计师主要经历(1)1995年大学毕业后开始从事高铁研究工作(2)研制出时速300350千米高速动车组(3)2015年获奖注意：1.词数80左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：高速动车组highspeed EMU第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点本文属于人物介绍类文章，时态以一般过去时为主，人称为第三人称。文章应分两个层次：一是介绍梁建英(要点1)，二是表达看法(要点2)。在介绍梁建英时应依据题目所给的表格进行构思，先介绍梁建英的职务、出生年份，再介绍其主要经历；注意题目所给要点要齐全，不要有遗漏或省略；最后表达自己对人物的看法。要点1：梁建英是中国高铁总设计师。她出生于1972年。Liang_Jianying_is_general_designer of_the_China_highspeed_EMU.She_was born_in_1972.要点1：梁建英1995年毕业。她一直致力于中国高速列车发展的研究。(devote .to)Liang_Jianying_graduated_in_1995.She_has_been_devoting_all_her_time_to_researching_into_the_development_of_the_China_highspeed_railway.要点1：她研制出时速300350千米高速动车组。She_invented_the_300350km/h_highspeed_EMU.要点1：她在2015年获奖。(award)She_was_awarded_in_2015.要点2：梁建英给我们树立了好榜样。从她身上，我意识到我们应该不断努力直至实现我们的梦想。Liang_Jianying_has_set_a_good_example_to_us.From_her,_I_realize_that_we_should_keep_on_trying_until_we_realize_our_dreams.第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼句式丰富多彩，要点齐全是高分的基础，因此需要对句式进行升级拓展，使文章表达更充实，内容更丰富。如要点1可合并升级为名词短语作同位语；要点 1升级为since引导的时间状语从句；1增添她研制出时速300350千米高速动车组给人们出行带来便利，使用make复合结构；要点1拓展说明她对国家做出的杰出贡献以及她获奖后的表现。升级要点1：梁建英是中国高铁总设计师，出生于1972年。(合并升级为名词短语作同位语)Liang_Jianying,_general_designer_of_the_China_highspeed_EMU,_was_born_in_1972.升级要点1：自从她1995年毕业，她一直致力于中国高速列车发展的研究。(合并升级为since引导的时间状语从句)Since_she_graduated_in_1995,_she_has_been_devoting_all_her_time_to_researching_into_the_development_of_the_China_highspeed_railway.拓展要点1：她研制出时速300350千米高速动车组， 使我们快速出行更加便利。(make itadj.for sb.to do sth.)She_invented_the_300350km/h_highspeed_EMU,_making_it_more_convenient_for_us_to_get_around_quickly.拓展要点1：正是因为她对我们国家做出的杰出贡献，中国在全世界的高铁领域占据着领先地位。她在2015年获奖。她从未骄傲过。(强调句型， play a leading role)It_is_because_of_her_outstanding_contributions_to_our_country_that_China_is_playing_a_leading_role_in_highspeed_railways_all_over_the_world.She_was_awarded_in_2015.She_never_shows_any_signs_of_pride.第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡本文可分为两段来写，第一段介绍梁建英，第二段表达自己的看法。结合要点，根据上下文之间的逻辑关系，可添加过渡性词汇afterwards, as a consequence, however 使文章衔接紧密，过渡自然。Liang_Jianying,_general_designer_of_the_China_highspeed_EMU,_was_born_in_1972.Since_she_graduated_in_1995,_she_has_been_devoting_all_her_time_to_researching_into_the_development_of_the_China_highspeed_railway.Afterwards,_she_invented_the_300350km/h_highspeed_EMU,_making_it_more_convenient_for_us_to_get_around_quickly.It_is_because_of_her_outstanding_contributions_to_our_country_that_China_is_playing_a_leading_role_in_highspeed_railways_all_over_the_world.As_a_consequence,_she_was_awarded_in_2015.However,_she_never_shows_any_signs_of_pride.Liang_Jianying_has_set_a_good_example_to_us.From_her,_I_realize_that_we_should_keep_on_trying_until_we_realize_our_dreams.理清段落结构之(四)呼应所谓呼应是指在开头和结尾的内容上有极其密切的关系，是对同一情况做出解释、说明、交代的。呼应可以使文章浑然一体，更具有突出的作用。呼应之处一般是文章要重点强调的内容，也是文章主旨所在，利用这种呼应关系，可解阅读类题目中的主旨及前后照应型题目。高考典例12018全国卷D篇文章开头用描述现象引出“small talk”的重要性文章结尾以研究报告的结论再次强调了“small talk”的重要性1Weve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the unfortable silence.2Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have promised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.3Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social munication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk，” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just municate with them.”4In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband，” says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) membe
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