资源描述
TaoYuanming,SujieLiSchoolofEnglish,BISU2016-11-2,Historicalbackground,TheculturalsceneoftheEasternJin（317-420）TheterritoryoftheEasternJinwasmuchdiminished,withtheNorthfallenundertheruleofrivalstates,andthesouthwest(modernSichuan)dominatedbytheCheng-Hankingdomuntil347;butterritorialreductionisnotnecessarilyproportionatetointellectualvigorandculturalsplendor.TheEasternJinandtheensuingfourdynastiesintheSouthSong,Qi,Liang,andChenrepresentarichnessofculturalaccomplishmentonascaleunparalleledinpre-TangChina.,Jiankang（建康）wastogrowintoathrivingmetropolis,theworldsmostpopulatedcityintheearlysixthcentury,withapopulationtwicethatofConstantinople,and,aboveall,adazzlingculturalandintellectualcenterthatlasteduntilanortherndynasty,theSui,unitedChinain589andorderedthecityrazedtotheground.六朝时期的建康城是世界上第一个人口超过百万的城市，以建康为代表的南朝文化，与西方的古罗马被称为人类古典文明的两大中心，在人类历史上产生了极其深远的影响。建康城规模极其庞大，以建康皇宫（建康台城）为中心，无外郭城，东西各四十里，人口众多。Thesouth,forthefirsttimeinChinesehistory,ceasedbeingaperipherytotheheartlandintheYellowRivervalley.,Thewideuseofpaper:Bythefourthcentury,paperwasbecomingthemostimportantwritingmedium.Lightweightandeasytouse,itcontributedtotheproliferationofwriting.（140writersrecordedin隋书，almosttwicethatofHanwriters）Theconvergenceofdiverseinfluences:arcanediscourseonLaoziandZhuangzi(Daoism),Buddhism,practicalityRelativepeaceandsocialstability:Duringthesecenturies,thesouthremainedmostlyfreefromlarge-scalewaranddestruction,offeringanopportunityforliteraryandscholarlyundertakings.,Importantliterarydevelopment,Poetry:atransitionfromfour-characterlinestofiveProse:Evenmorethanpoetry,proseplayedaprominentroleinthesocialworld.Fu(赋），history(史）Zhiguai（志怪)，“strangetales”or“anomalyaccounts”，thatgaveaccountofsupernaturalphenomena,exoticlocales,andfantasticfloraandfauna（paradoxography）.ThisnewgenrecameintomaturityintheEasternJin,withGanBaosInSearchoftheSupernatural(Soushenji，干宝，搜神记)asitsrepresentativework.landscaperepresentationinprose,poetry,andpainting山水诗，山水画，（曹操）、陶渊明、谢灵运，王羲之twomaintopics:“wanderinglikeanimmortal”,“becomingarecluse”Thesouthernyuefusongs南朝乐府民歌木兰诗,InthehandsofthelateEasternJinpoetTaoYuanming(365?427,alsoknownasTaoQian),theconventionalvocabularyandimagesofpoemsonreclusionweretransformedintoamuchmorepersonalizedpoetrynotonlyaboutthepoetsdecisiontowithdrawfrompublicservice,but,moreimportantly,abouthowhelivedandstruggledwithhisdecisionfromdaytoday.TaoYuanmingswritingswereatestimonytodiscoveringandjustifyingthevaluesofprivatelifeasopposedtothedemandsofthepublicworld;thisaspectofhisworkwasdeeplyembeddedintheculturalandintellectualcontextsofhisage.,TaoYuanming,Abriefintroduction,陶渊明（352或365年427年），字元亮，又名潜，字渊明，自号“五柳先生”，去世后友人私谥“靖节”，世称“靖节先生”、“陶靖节”，浔阳柴桑（今江西省九江市）人。东晋末至南朝宋初期伟大的诗人、辞赋家。曾任江州祭酒、建威参军、镇军参军、彭泽县令等职，最末一次出仕为彭泽县令，八十多天便弃职而去，从此归隐田园。他是中国第一位田园诗人，被称为“古今隐逸诗人之宗”，著有陶渊明集。ThecareerofTaoYuanmingorTaoQianwasdividedbetweentheJinandSongdynasties.HewasbornatChaisanginXunyang,nowJiujianginJiangxi,becameaminorofficialat29andthenresignedtotilltheland.Unabletosupporthisfamily,hewaspersuadedtoacceptthemagistracyofPengze.When80dayslateritwassuggestedhesprucehimselfupforavisitfromhissuperiorheretorted,“Iwillnotbowdowntoacountryboyforfivepecksofrice,”andimmediatelyleftforhome,abandoninghispost.Eveninseclusionhewashoundedbymisfortune.Hishouseburneddownwhenhewas44,andhislasttwodecadeswerepassedindestitution,thoughherefusedofficialaidwithcontempt.,饮酒其五,结庐在人境，而无车马喧。问君何能尔？心远地自偏。采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。,PoemsonDrinkingWine杨宪益戴乃迭译,Ihavebuiltmycottageamongstthethrongofmen,Andyetthereisnonoiseofhorseandofcarriage.Youaskme,howcanitbe?AndIreply:Whenmyheartisabsentthelaceitselfisabsent;ForIpickchrysanthemumsundertheeasternhedge,AndfarawaytothesouthIcanseethemountains,Andthemountainsmistsarelovelyatmorningandevening,Whilebirdskeepflyingacrossandbackagain.Inallthesethingsthereliesaprofoundmeaning.IwasgoingtoexplainbutnowIforgetwhatitwas.,DrinkingWine(V)许渊冲译,InpeopleshauntIbuildmycot;OfwheelsandhoofsnoiseIhearnot.Howcanitleaveonmenotrace?Secludedheartmakessecludedplace.Ipickfencesideastersatwill;CarefreeappearstheSouthernHillThemountainairsfreshdayandnight;Togetherbirdsgohomeinflight.Whatrevelationatthisview?WordsfailmeifItrytotellyou.,桃花源记,AmongTaoYuanmingsprosepieces,“TheRecordofPeachBlossomSpring”(Taohuayuanji)isoneofthemostbelovedtextsinclassicalChineseliterature.Itdescribesautopiancommunitywheretherearenousualsocialconstraintssuchastaxationandhierarchy,andeveryonelivesincontentment.Hiddenawayinthemountains,thecommunityisaccidentallydiscoveredbyafisherman.Later,thefishermantriestoretracehissteps,buthecanneverfindthecommunityagain.ThestoryofthePeachBlossomSpringhasinspirednumerouswritingsinlatertimesandbecomeaminorliterarytraditioninitself.,桃花源记,晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。复前行，欲穷其林。林尽水源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光。便舍船，从口入。初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人。黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。具答之。便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人，咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉，遂与外人间隔。问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻，皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食。停数日，辞去。此中人语云：“不足为外人道也。”既出，得其船，便扶向路，处处志之。及郡下，诣太守，说如此。太守即遣人随其往，寻向所志，遂迷，不复得路。南阳刘子骥，高尚士也，闻之，欣然规往。未果，寻病终，后遂无问津者。,ATaleoftheFountainofthePeachBlossomSpring,IntheyearofTaiyuanoftheJinDynasty,therelivedamaninWulingjunwhoearnedhislivingbyfishing.Oneday,herowedhisboatalongastream,unawareofhowfarhehadgonewhenallofasudden,hefoundhimselfinthemidstofawoodfullofpeachblossoms.Thewoodextendedseveralhundredfootstepsalongbothbanksofthestream.Therewerenotreesofotherkinds.Thelushgrasswasfreshandbeautifulandpeachpetalsfellinriotousprofusion.Thefishermanwassocuriousthatherowedon,inhopesofdiscoveringwherethetreesended.,Attheendofthewoodwasthefountainheadofthestream.Thefishermanbeheldahill,withasmallopeningfromwhichissuedaglimmeroflight.Hesteppedashoretoexplorethecrevice.Hisfirststepstookhimintoapassagethataccommodatedonlythewidthofoneperson.Afterheprogressedaboutscoresofpaces,itsuddenlywidenedintoanopenfield.Thelandwasflatandspacious.Therewerehousesarrangedingoodorderwithfertilefields,beautifulponds,bamboogroves,mulberrytreesandpathscrisscrossingthefieldsinalldirections.Thecrowingofcocksandthebarkingofdogswerewithineveryonesearshot.Inthefieldsthevillagerswerebusywithfarmwork.Menandwomenweredressedlikepeopleoutside.Theyall,oldandyoung,appearedhappy.,Theyweresurprisedatseeingthefisherman,who,beingaskedwherehecamefrom,answeredtheireveryquestion.Thentheyinvitedhimtovisittheirhomes,killedchickens,andservedwinetoentertainhim.Asthewordsofhisarrivalspread,theentirevillageturnedouttogreethim.Theytoldhimthattheirancestorshadcometothisisolatedhaven,bringingtheirfamiliesandthevillagepeople,toescapefromtheturmoilduringtheQinDynastyandthatfromthenonwards,theyhadbeencutofffromtheoutsideworld.Theywerecurioustoknowwhatdynastyitwasnow.TheydidnotknowtheHanDynasty,nottomentiontheWeiandtheJindynasties.Thefishermantoldthemallthethingstheywantedtoknow.Theysighed.Thevillagersofferedhimonefeastafteranother.Theyentertainedhimwithwineanddeliciousfood.Afterseveraldays,thefishermantookhisleave.Thevillagepeopleentreatedhimnottoletothersknowoftheirexistence.,Onceout,thefishermanfoundhisboatandrowedhomeward,leavingmarksalltheway.Whenhecamebacktothejun,hereportedhisadventuretotheprefect,whoimmediatelysentpeopletolookfortheplace,withthefishermanasaguide.However,themarkshehadleftcouldnolongerbefound.Theygotlostandcouldnotfindtheway.LiuZijiofNanyangjun,alearnedscholarofhighrepute,wasexcitedwhenheheardthefishermansstory.Hedevisedaplantofindthevillage,butitwasnotcarriedout.Liudiedsoonafterwards,andafterhisdeath,nooneelsemadeanyattempttofindit.,桃花源的重要影响,1.早期乌托邦。基于现实运用想象勾勒出的一副理想社会的图景。“直于污浊世界中另辟一天地”。在桃花源中，只有父子无君臣，人人劳动无剥削，大家平等无压迫，和平幸福无战乱，这些都是对当时社会的不满和否定，“世外桃源”成为人们心目中理想社会的代称，对后世影响深远。Anearlyformoftheutopia.2.以渔夫和桃花源中的人进行对比，肯定了桃花源中人的淳朴热情，婉讽了世俗的背约寡信和邀名号利。3.文章还在虚构的情节中杂以真人姓名，以增强其真实感，似早期的报告文学。4.叙述简洁明畅，语言清新省净，文风真率自然，毫无雕饰，体现了陶渊明文章疏朗清淡的风格。,SignificanceofTaoYuanming,ThepersonalizedvoiceofapoetTaoYuanmingiscertainlynotthefirstChinesepoettowritepoemsonreclusion,buthisuniquenessliesinthefactthathetransformstheconventionalvocabularyandstockimagesofpoetryonreclusionintoahighlypersonalizedpoetry,andcombinestraditionalthemesandformswithacomplexindividualvoice.Morethananyonebeforehim,hispoetryalludestotheparticularcircumstancesofthepoetinthehistoricalhereandnowratherthantoagenericgentleman-recluse.Suchgesturesofindividuationcanbeseenaspartofalargerdiscursivetendencyfromthethirdcenturyon.TaoYuanming,however,integratesthenarrativeelementintohispoetryitself,makingiteffectivelyapoetryofautobiography,evenifthisautobiographyisahighlyconstructedself-imageratherthanan“objective”documentary.,Simplicityinlanguageandstyle:Incontrastwiththeformalsocialversewrittenbyhiscontemporaries,TaoYuanmingusedasimple,unpretentiouslanguagetorecordtheeventsofdailylifeaswellashisthoughtsandfeelings.Thesimplicityofhisstyleshouldnot,however,obscurethepoetsself-consciousnessandsophistication,whicharerarelyfoundinhiscontemporariesrhetoricallymoreelaborate,butemotionallylesscomplicated,writings.,InnovationinsubjectmatterTaoYuanmingintroducednewtopicsintohispoetry,suchasbegging,movinghouse,encounteringafire,andharvestingdryrice.Hewasthefirstknownpoettoextensivelyusecalendardatesinhisoftenlengthyanddescriptivepoemtitles,whichbecameacommonpracticeinlatertimes.,MorecomplexthansimplyapastoralpoetTaoYuanmingissometimesdescribedaswritingapoetryof“fieldsandgardens.”Ifso,thisisnoinnocentpoetryextollingpastoralpleasuresortheharmonybetweennatureandman:inhispoems,weedsareforeverthreateningtooverwhelmthefragilehumanorderimposedonfarmland,andafarmermustremainvigilanttokeeptheforcesofnatureatbay.Hemustalsoconservehisresourcesandtakestock.Hispoemsareinmanywaysadefenseofprivatevaluesagainstpublicvalues,thepersonalfulfillmentandhappinessofanindividualagainsttheclaimsofpubliclife.,在他的170首中国诗集里，阿瑟威利称陶渊明为“中国隐士中最突出的隐士”(thegreatestofChinesehermitpoets)（ArthurWaley,AHundredandSeventyChinesePoems(1918)北大教授王瑶评价陶渊明在中国文学史上的地位，认为“昭然在人耳目。仅由陶集注本之多一点而言，及足见此。”Apoetphilosopher,TheEnd,
展开阅读全文