资源描述
动词的时态和语态,知识梳理,常用时态归纳,1一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征,句中常用often,usually,everyday等时间状语。e.g.Hegoestoschooleveryday.(经常性动作)Heisveryhappy.(现在的状态),时态的基本用法,(2)表示按计划、规定要发生的动作,(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词。如begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等。e.g.Thetrainstartsatnineinthemorning.,(3)书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。e.g.Ximeetsjournalists.(4)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用现在时代替将来时。e.g.Ifyoucomethisafternoon,wellhaveameeting.,2.一般过去时的用法(1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。e.g.HesawMr.Wangyesterday.Heworkedinafactoryin1986.,(2)表示过去经常发生的动作(也可用“usedto”或“would动词原形”代替)。e.g.DuringthevacationIoftenswam/wouldswiminthesea.Iusedtosmoke.注意:usedto表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。,3.一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其表达形式除了“will或shall动词原形”外,还有以下几种。(1)“begoingto动词原形”,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。e.g.Itisgoingtorain.Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.,(2)go,come,start,move,sail,leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。e.g.Imcoming.(3)“beto动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见,也可以表示命令、禁止等。e.g.Arewetogoonwiththiswork?,(4)“beaboutto动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。e.g.Theplaneisabouttoleave.(5)某些表示位移、停留等的动词其现在进行时可表示按计划或不久之后肯定发生的动作或将要做的事。这类动词有go,come,stay,leave,start等。,4.现在进行时的用法(1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作,由“be现在分词”构成。e.g.Whatareyoudoing？(2)与always,constantly等连用,表示感情色彩。e.g.Heisalwayshelpingothers.,另外“系动词介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。e.g.Thebridgeisunderconstruction.,注意：下列动词不宜用进行时感觉类：look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等；感情类：like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear等；所有类：have,contain,own,hold,belongto等。,5.过去进行时的用法(1)表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,由“was(were)现在分词”构成。e.g.HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.(2)与always,forever,constantly连用,表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。e.g.Hewasalwaysthinkingofothers,neverthinkingofhimself.,6.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：(1)表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体时间状语。e.g.HehasgonetoFuzhou.(说话人认为他不在此地)HehasbeentoFuzhou.(说话人认为他在此地),(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与for.和since.等表示一段时间的状语或sofar等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。e.g.HehasstudiedEnglishfor5years.HehasstudiedEnglishsince1985.注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。,(3)还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动作先于主句动作发生。e.g.IllgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Dontgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.,7.过去完成时的用法(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。e.g.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbeguntomakealivingbyhimself.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.,(2)表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。e.g.Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.,8.过去将来时的用法表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。由“should或would动词原形”构成。第一人称用should,其他人称用would。e.g.Theyweresurethattheywouldsucceed.,时态的比较1.一般过去时与现在完成时一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况。如：Westayedtheretwoweeks.Theshiphassailedfortwoweeks.一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用；现在完成时常和一些不明确的或包括“现在”在内的时间状语或表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的“一段时间”的状语连用，而不与明确的、具体,的过去时间状语连用。如：Tomsuddenlyfellillyesterday.Ithasbeenfreezingcoldsincelastweek.2.过去完成时与一般过去时过去完成时以过去某时间为起点，表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态；一般过去时以现在时间为起点，表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。如：Hetoldmethathehadseenthefilmthedaybefore.Hediedthreeyearsago.,表示某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间时，用过去完成时；表示两个或两个以上的动作，用and(then),then或but等连接，按照动作发生的顺序表达时，用一般过去时。如：Hesaidhehadworkedinthatfactorysince1984.Hehadlunchandthencontinuedhiswork.3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时在表示“未完成”且与“一段时间”连用时，两者可互换。如：Wehavelived/havebeenlivingherefortwoyears.,在没有表示“一段时间”的状语时，现在完成进行时强调继续进行，表示“未完成”，而现在完成时强调结果，表示完成。如：Ihavebeenreading.Hehasturnedoffthelight.,英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词或含及物意义的短语动词才能转换成被动语态。,动词的被动语态,一、被动语态的用法：当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。e.g.Suchbooksarewrittenformiddleschoolstudents.Englishisspokeninmanycountries.,二、被动语态的构成：被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，be随主语的人称、数和时态的变化而变化。被动语态可以用于各种时态。,1.几种形式的被动语态(以动词give为例)一般现在时am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时was/were+及物动词的过去分词一般将来时shall/will/begoingto+be+及物动词的过去分词一般过去将来时should/wouldbe+及物动词的过去分词现在进行时am/is/arebeing+及物动词的过去分词过去进行时was/werebeing+及物动词的过去分词现在完成时has/havebeen+及物动词的过去分词过去完成时hadbeen+及物动词的过去分词将来完成时shall/willhavebeen+及物动词的过去分词过去将来完成时should/wouldhavebeen+及物动词的过去分词,2.特殊结构的被动形式(1)双宾动词的被动结构双宾动词变为被动结构时,一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,直接宾语不变。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。(2)带复合宾语的动词的被动结构带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语)。,(3)带情态动词的被动语态，由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。e.g.Theproblemmaybesolvedinanumberofdifferentways.Inourschool,librarybooksmustbereturnedintwoweeks.,(4)“be过去分词不定式”式的被动结构e.g.Heisreportedtohavebrokenaworldrecord.Sheissaidtoknowthreelanguages.,(5)“itbe过去分词从句”式的被动结构e.g.Itssaidthatshehassomesupernaturalpowers.Itsreportedthattheyhavediscoveredanewstar.常见的结构还有：Itisknownthat.众所周知Itissuggestedthat.有人建议Itisbelievedthat.人们相信,(6)“getdone”构成被动语态此种形式用来表示状态或情况,常考的形式如下：getmarried结婚；getengaged订婚；gethurt/wounded受伤；getlost迷路；getdrunk喝醉了；getcaught/stuck/trapped被困；getdressed穿好衣服；getrunover被(车)轧等。,3.主动形式表示被动意义一些感官动词，如feel,sound,smell,look,taste等用作系动词时。如：Ittastesstronglyofmint.说明主语的性质、特点的动词，如read,write,cut,sell,wash,wear,lock等，其主语往往是物。如：Thepenheboughtyesterdaywritessmoothly.在“be+形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系时。用于此结构的形容词常见的有：difficult,hard,easy,light,heavy,expensive,cheap,pleasant,interesting,fit,comfortable等。如：Themanisveryeasytogetalongwith.当want,need,require表示“需要”时，其宾语用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义。如：Thehousehisgrandmotherlivesinneedsrepairing.在be(well)worthdoing,betoblame中。如：Thebookheborrowedfromthelibraryyesterdayiswellworthreading.,在have,find,lend,give等动词后的宾语有不定式作定语，不定式与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系，但是在句子中又有不定式动作的执行者时。如：Hehasfoundnothingtoeatsincehelefthomeandcameintotheforest.,4.不能用于被动语态的情况谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,benefit,lack等。谓语是不可拆开的takeplace,consistof,loseheart,belongto等短语动词。宾语是无实意的代词it。宾语是表示身体的某一部分的名词。宾语是某些抽象名词。have不论在什么情况下都不能用于被动语态。,一般来说，当动词的宾语是动词-ing形式或者是不定式时不能变成被动语态。将来进行时和完成进行时没有被动语态。如果遇到这种情况时，可以用一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态来代替。,考点归纳,高考中对动词时态和语态的考查经常集多个考点于一题，如把动词的时态与语态、主谓一致等结合起来考查。常见考点主要有以下几种情况：一、题干中用了标志性的时间状语或某种句式时间状语代表动作发生的时间点或时间段，不同类型的时间状语分别对应不同的时态。其次，注意一些常用句式中要用固定的时态。,二、题干所用时间状语或特殊句式有较强迷惑性虽然题干中用了某个时间状语或某种特殊句式,但这些线索不足以构成判断动词时态的依据。这时,考生需要通过分析题意及其它逻辑关系,并挖掘隐含的时间信息,最后得出正确的选项。,三、时态与语态的组合考查四、时态与倒装结合考查五、一些特殊动词或短语不用被动语态有些及物动词或短语动词不能用于被动语态，如：cost,fit,have,wash,belongto,cometrue,consistof,comeintobeing,datebackto,takeplace,turnout,runout,breakout等。六、主动形式表示被动意义,巩固练习,I.用括号内单词或短语的正确形式填空。1.Thismountainousareainmyhometown_(name)anationalwildlifereserveseveralyearsago.2.Themeatdidnttasteverygood.It_(cook)toolong.3.Hewillstopshowingoff,ifnonotice_(take)ofhim.4.Insomeofthemuseums,visitors_(request)nottotakephotosthere.,wasnamed,hadbeencooked,istaken,arerequested,5.Youvefailedtodowhatyou_(expect)toagainandImafraidyourmotherwillblameyou.6.Bythetimeyougraduatefromcollege,greatchanges_(takeplace)inyourhometown.7.Thedumplingsweresodeliciousthatthey_(sell)innotime.8.Allthedrivers_(make)todrivemorecarefullyafterthenewHighwayCodetakeseffect.,wereexpected,wereexpected,willhavetakenplace,weresold,willbemade,9.AllthepreparationsforthetriptoBeijing_(complete),andwerereadytostartoff.10.Aboyonabike_(catch)myattention.Hewasridingbesidethebusandwavinghisarms.,havebeencompleted,caught,II.根据括号内的汉语提示补全下列句子。1.Thefather_(一直在告诉他儿子如何正确书写)since9am.2.Ithinkyoumustbemistakenaboutseeingourteacheratthetheatre;Imsurehe_(整个星期都在国外).3.Thethieftriedtobreakawayfrom_(正抓着他的警察),butfailed.,hasbeentellinghissonhowtowriteproperly,hasbeenabroadallweek,thepolicemanwhowasholdinghim,4.Theywontbuyanynewclothesbecausethey_(正在攒钱买新车).5._(你带客人参观我们的村子了吗？)Yes.Wehadagreattimethereandenjoyedthefreshair.,aresavingmoneytobuyanewcar,Haveyoushowntheguestaroundourvillageyet?,6.DuringmystayinBeijing,Ivisitedalmostalltheplacesofinterest_(朋友们推荐的).7.ThemomentIgothome,IrealizedI_(把钱包落在电影院了).8.Youngpeople_(在损害他们的健康)becausetheyspendtoomuchtimeplayingcomputergames.,myfriendshadrecommended,hadleftmypurseinthecinema,aredamagingtheirhealth,9.Marywillpassthefinalexamforshe_(一直在准备)foritformonths.10.She_(定期打排球)formanyyearswhenshewasyoung.11.Mymobilephone_(一直在响),butbythetimeIfoundit,ithadstopped.12.Whenherealizedhe_(走进一个深谷),hewastoofrightenedtoknowwhattodo.,hasbeenpreparing,playedvolleyballregularly,wasringing/hadbeenringing,hadwalkedintoadeepvalley,13.Iftheweatherhadbeenbetter,wecouldhavegonetothecountry.But_(整天都在下雨).14.I_(在等比赛结果).15.Wehavesomanyproblemstodealwithbuttime_(快用完了).,itrained/wasrainingallday,amwaitingfortheresultofthecompetition,isrunningout,III.用括号内动词的正确时态填空。Johnhasalwaystravelledalot.Infact,whenhewasonlytwoyearsoldhefirst1._(fly)totheUS.HismotherisItalianandhisfatherisAmerican.JohnwasborninFrance,buthisparents2._(meet)inCologne,Germanyaftertheyhadbeenlivingthereforfiveyears.TheymetonedaywhileJohnsfather3._(read)abookinthelibraryandhismother4._(sit)downbesidehim.Anyway,John5._(travel)alotbecausehisparentsalsotravelalot.,flew,hadmet,wasreading,sat,travels,Asamatteroffact,John6._(visit)hisparentsinFranceatthemoment.HelivesinNewYorknow,but7._(stay)withhisparentsforthepastfewweeks.HereallyenjoyslivinginNewYork,buthealsolovescomingtovisithisparentsatleastonceayear.Thisyearhe8._(fly)over50,000milesforhisjob.HehasbeenworkingforJackson&Co.foralmosttwoyearsnow.Hesprettysurethathe9._(work)forthemnextyearaswell.,isvisiting,hasbeenstaying,hasflown,willbeworking,Hisjobrequiresalotoftravel.Infact,bytheendofthisyear,he10._(travel)over120,000miles!Hisnextjourney11._(be)toAustralia.HereallydoesntlikegoingtoAustraliabecauseitissofar.Thistimehe12._(fly)fromParisafterameetingwiththecompanysFrenchpartner.He13._(sit)forover18hoursbythetimehearrives!,willhavetravelled,willbe/isgoingtobe,isgoingtofly,willhavebeensitting,John14._(talk)withhisparentsearlierthiseveningwhenhisgirlfriendfromNewYorktelephonedtolethimknowthatJackson&Co.15._(decide)tomerge(合并)withacompanyinAustralia.Thetwocompanies16._(negotiate)forthepastmonth,soitreallywasntmuchofasurprise.Ofcourse,this17._(mean)thatJohnwillhavetocatchthenextplanebacktoNewYork.Hellbemeetingwithhisbossatthistimetomorrow.,wastalking,haddecided,hadbeennegotiating,means,1.Sincethetimehumankindstartedgardening,we_tomakeourenvironmentmorebeautiful.A.tryB.havebeentryingC.aretryingD.willtry2.Tony,whyareyoureyesred?I_uppeppersforthelastfiveminutes.A.cutB.wascuttingC.hadcutD.havebeencutting,真题再现,3.HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheYouthOlympicGamestobeheldinNanjing?Well,themedia_itinavarietyofforms.A.coverB.willcoverC.havecoveredD.covered4.Whattimeisit?Ihavenoidea.Butjustaminute,I_itforyou.A.checkB.checkedC.willcheckD.wouldcheck,5.Wheneveryou_apresent,youshouldthinkaboutitfromthereceiverspointofview.A.boughtB.haveboughtC.willbuyD.buy6.Hi,letsgoskating.Sorry,Imbusyrightnow.I_inanapplicationformforanewjob.A.fillB.havefilledC.amfillingD.willfill,7.Ifoundthelecturehardtofollowbecauseit_whenIarrived.A.startedB.wasstartingC.wouldstartD.hadstarted8.Theymadeuptheirmindthatthey_anewhouseonceLarrychangedjobs.A.boughtB.wouldbuyC.haveboughtD.hadbought,9.Haventseenyouforages!Wherehaveyoubeen?IwenttoNingxiaand_thereforoneyear,teachingasavolunteer.A.stayedB.stayC.hadstayedD.amstaying10.She_someone,soInoddedtoherandwentaway.A.phonedB.hadphonedC.wasphoningD.hasphoned,11.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidntknowhe_untilyesterday.A.willcomeB.wascomingC.hadcomeD.came,
展开阅读全文