财务管理全部答案.doc

CHAPTER 2 B-7CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCEAnswers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions1.Capital budgeting (deciding whether to expand a manufacturing plant), capital structure (deciding whether to issue new equity and use the proceeds to retire outstanding debt), and working capital management (modifying the firms credit collection policy with its customers).2.Disadvantages: unlimited liability, limited life, difficulty in transferring ownership, hard to raise capital funds. Some advantages: simpler, less regulation, the owners are also the managers, sometimes personal tax rates are better than corporate tax rates.3.The primary disadvantage of the corporate form is the double taxation to shareholders of distributed earnings and dividends. Some advantages include: limited liability, ease of transferability, ability to raise capital, unlimited life, and so forth.4.The treasurers office and the controllers office are the two primary organizational groups that report directly to the chief financial officer. The controllers office handles cost and financial accounting, tax management, and management information systems, while the treasurers office is responsible for cash and credit management, capital budgeting, and financial planning. Therefore, the study of corporate finance is concentrated within the treasury groups functions.5.To maximize the current market value (share price) of the equity of the firm (whether its publicly-traded or not).6.In the corporate form of ownership, the shareholders are the owners of the firm. The shareholders elect the directors of the corporation, who in turn appoint the firms management. This separation of ownership from control in the corporate form of organization is what causes agency problems to exist. Management may act in its own or someone elses best interests, rather than those of the shareholders. If such events occur, they may contradict the goal of maximizing the share price of the equity of the firm.7.A primary market transaction.8.In auction markets like the NYSE, brokers and agents meet at a physical location (the exchange) to match buyers and sellers of assets. Dealer markets like NASDAQ consist of dealers operating at dispersed locales who buy and sell assets themselves, communicating with other dealers either electronically or literally over-the-counter.9.Such organizations frequently pursue social or political missions, so many different goals are conceivable. One goal that is often cited is revenue minimization; i.e., provide whatever goods and services are offered at the lowest possible cost to society. A better approach might be to observe that even a not-for-profit business has equity. Thus, one answer is that the appropriate goal is to maximize the value of the equity.10.Presumably, the current stock value reflects the risk, timing, and magnitude of all future cash flows, both short-term and long-term. If this is correct, then the statement is false.11.An argument can be made either way. At the one extreme, we could argue that in a market economy, all of these things are priced. There is thus an optimal level of, for example, ethical and/or illegal behavior, and the framework of stock valuation explicitly includes these. At the other extreme, we could argue that these are non-economic phenomena and are best handled through the political process. A classic (and highly relevant) thought question that illustrates this debate goes something like this: “A firm has estimated that the cost of improving the safety of one of its products is $30 million. However, the firm believes that improving the safety of the product will only save $20 million in product liability claims. What should the firm do?”12.The goal will be the same, but the best course of action toward that goal may be different because of differing social, political, and economic institutions.13.The goal of management should be to maximize the share price for the current shareholders. If management believes that it can improve the profitability of the firm so that the share price will exceed $35, then they should fight the offer from the outside company. If management believes that this bidder or other unidentified bidders will actually pay more than $35 per share to acquire the company, then they should still fight the offer. However, if the current management cannot increase the value of the firm beyond the bid price, and no other higher bids come in, then management is not acting in the interests of the shareholders by fighting the offer. Since current managers often lose their jobs when the corporation is acquired, poorly monitored managers have an incentive to fight corporate takeovers in situations such as this.14.We would expect agency problems to be less severe in other countries, primarily due to the relatively small percentage of individual ownership. Fewer individual owners should reduce the number of diverse opinions concerning corporate goals. The high percentage of institutional ownership might lead to a higher degree of agreement between owners and managers on decisions concerning risky projects. In addition, institutions may be better able to implement effective monitoring mechanisms on managers than can individual owners, based on the institutions deeper resources and experiences with their own management. The increase in institutional ownership of stock in the United States and the growing activism of these large shareholder groups may lead to a reduction in agency problems for U.S. corporations and a more efficient market for corporate control.15.How much is too much? Who is worth more, Jack Welch or Tiger Woods? The simplest answer is that there is a market for executives just as there is for all types of labor. Executive compensation is the price that clears the market. The same is true for athletes and performers. Having said that, one aspect of executive compensation deserves comment. A primary reason executive compensation has grown so dramatically is that companies have increasingly moved to stock-based compensation. Such movement is obviously consistent with the attempt to better align stockholder and management interests. In recent years, stock prices have soared, so management has cleaned up. It is sometimes argued that much of this reward is simply due to rising stock prices in general, not managerial performance. Perhaps in the future, executive compensation will be designed to reward only differential performance, i.e., stock price increases in excess of general market increases.CHAPTER 2 B-13CHAPTER 2FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TAXES AND CASH FLOWAnswers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions1.Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash without significant loss in value. Its desirable for firms to have high liquidity so that they have a large factor of safety in meeting short-term creditor demands. However, since liquidity also has an opportunity cost associated with itnamely that higher returns can generally be found by investing the cash into productive assetslow liquidity levels are also desirable to the firm. Its up to the firms financial management staff to find a reasonable compromise between these opposing needs.2.The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues, and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be “booked” when the revenue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is collected or bills are paid. Note that this way is not necessarily correct; its the way accountants have chosen to do it.3.Historical costs can be objectively and precisely measured whereas market values can be difficult to estimate, and different analysts would come up with different numbers. Thus, there is a tradeoff between relevance (market values) and objectivity (book values).4.Depreciation is a non-cash deduction that reflects adjustments made in asset book values in accordance with the matching principle in financial accounting. Interest expense is a cash outlay, but its a financing cost, not an operating cost.5.Market values can never be negative. Imagine a share of stock selling for $20. This would mean that if you placed an order for 100 shares, you would get the stock along with a check for $2,000. How many shares do you want to buy? More generally, because of corporate and individual bankruptcy laws, net worth for a person or a corporation cannot be negative, implying that liabilities cannot exceed assets in market value.6.For a successful company that is rapidly expanding, for example, capital outlays will be large, possibly leading to negative cash flow from assets. In general, what matters is whether the money is spent wisely, not whether cash flow from assets is positive or negative.7.Its probably not a good sign for an established company, but it would be fairly ordinary for a start-up, so it depends.8. For example, if a company were to become more efficient in inventory management, the amount of inventory needed would decline. The same might be true if it becomes better at collecting its receivables. In general, anything that leads to a decline in ending NWC relative to beginning would have this effect. Negative net capital spending would mean more long-lived assets were liquidated than purchased.9.If a company raises more money from selling stock than it pays in dividends in a particular period, its cash flow to stockholders will be negative. If a company borrows more than it pays in interest, its cash flow to creditors will be negative.10.The adjustments discussed were purely accounting changes; they had no cash flow or market value consequences unless the new accounting information caused stockholders to revalue the derivatives.Solutions to Questions and ProblemsNOTE: All end of chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is found without rounding during any step in the problem.Basic1.To find owners equity, we must construct a balance sheet as follows:Balance SheetCA$5,000CL$4,300NFA 23,000LTD13,000OE ?TA$28,000TL & OE$28,000We know that total liabilities and owners equity (TL & OE) must equal total assets of $28,000. We also know that TL & OE is equal to current liabilities plus long-term debt plus owners equity, so owners equity is:OE = $28,000 13,000 4,300 = $10,700NWC = CA CL = $5,000 4,300 = $700 2.The income statement for the company is:Income StatementSales$527,000Costs 280,000Depreciation 38,000EBIT$209,000Interest 15,000EBT$194,000Taxes(35%) 67,900Net income$126,1003.One equation for net income is: Net income = Dividends + Addition to retained earnings Rearranging, we get:Addition to retained earnings = Net income Dividends = $126,100 48,000 = $78,1004.EPS= Net income / Shares = $126,100 / 30,000 = $4.20 per shareDPS= Dividends / Shares = $48,000 / 30,000 = $1.60 per share5.To find the book value of current assets, we use: NWC = CA CL. Rearranging to solve for current assets, we get:CA = NWC + CL = $900K + 2.2M = $3.1MThe market value of current assets and fixed assets is given, so:Book value CA = $3.1M Market value CA = $2.8MBook value NFA= $4.0M Market value NFA = $3.2MBook value assets= $3.1M + 4.0M = $7.1M Market value assets = $2.8M + 3.2M = $6.0M6.Taxes = 0.15($50K) + 0.25($25K) + 0.34($25K) + 0.39($273K 100K) = $89,7207.The average tax rate is the total tax paid divided by net income, so:Average tax rate = $89,720 / $273,000 = 32.86%.The marginal tax rate is the tax rate on the next $1 of earnings, so the marginal tax rate = 39%.8.To calculate OCF, we first need the income statement:Income StatementSales$13,500Costs 5,400Depreciation 1,200EBIT$6,900Interest 680Taxable income$6,220Taxes (35%) 2,177Net income$4,043OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes = $6,900 + 1,200 2,177 = $5,9239.Net capital spending = NFAend NFAbeg + Depreciation= $4.7M 4.2M + 925K = $1.425M10.Change in NWC = NWCend NWCbeg Change in NWC = (CAend CLend) (CAbeg CLbeg)Change in NWC = ($1,720 1,180) ($1,600 940) Change in NWC = $540 660 = $12011.Cash flow to creditors = Interest paid Net new borrowing = $340K (LTDend LTDbeg) Cash flow to creditors = $340K ($3.1M 2.8M) = $340K 300K = $40K12.Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends paid Net new equity Cash flow to stockholders = $600K (Commonend + APISend) (Commonbeg + APISbeg) Cash flow to stockholders= $600K ($820K + 6.8M) ($855K + 7.6M)Cash flow to stockholders= $600K $7.62M 8.455M = $235KNote, APIS is the additional paid-in surplus.13.Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to stockholders = $40K 235K = $195KCash flow from assets = $195K = OCF Change in NWC Net capital spending = OCF ($165K) 760K = $195K Operating cash flow = $195K 165K + 760K = $400KIntermediate14.To find the OCF, we first calculate net income.Income StatementSales$145,000 Costs 86,000 Depreciation 7,000Other expenses 4,900 EBIT$47,100Interest 15,000 Taxable income$32,100 Taxes (34%) 12,840Net income $19,260 Dividends $8,700 Additions to RE$10,560a. OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes = $47,100 + 7,000 12,840 = $41,260b. CFC = Interest Net new LTD = $15,000 $6,500 = $21,500. Note that the net new long-term debt is negative because the company repaid part of its long- term debt.c. CFS = Dividends Net new equity = $8,700 6,450 = $2,250d. We know that CFA = CFC + CFS, so:CFA = $21,500 + 2,250 = $23,750 CFA is also equal to OCF Net capital spending Change in NWC. We already know OCF. Net capital spending is equal to: Net capital spending = Increase in NFA + Depreciation = $5,000 + 7,000 = $12,000. Now we can use:CFA = OCF Net capital spending Change in NWC $23,750 = $41,260 12,000 Change in NWC. Solving for the change in NWC gives $5,510, meaning the company increased its NWC by $5,510.15.The solution to this question works the income statement backwards. Starting at the bottom: Net income = Dividends + Addition to ret. earnings = $900 + 4,500 = $5,400Now, looking at the income statement: EBT EBT Tax rate = Net income Recognize that EBT tax rate is simply the calculation for taxes. Solving this for EBT yields:EBT = NI / (1 tax rate) = $5,400 / 0.65 = $8,308 Now you can calculate:EBIT = EBT + interest = $8,308 + 1,600 = $9,908. The last step is to use:EBIT = Sales Costs Depreciation EBIT = $29,000 13,000 Depreciation = $9,908. Solving for depreciation, we find that depreciation = $6,092. 16.The balance sheet for the company looks like this:Balance SheetCash$175,000Accounts payable$430,000Accounts receivable140,000Notes payable 80,000Inventory 265,000Current liabilities$610,000Current assets$580,000Long-term debt 1,430,000Total liabilities$2,040,000Tangible net fixed assets2,900,000Intangible net fixed assets 720,000Common stock?Accumulated ret. earnings 1,240,000Total assets$4,200,000Total liab. & owners equity$4,200,000Total liabilities and owners equity is:TL & OE = CL + LTD + Common stockSolving for this equation for equity gives us:Common stock = $4,200,000 1,240,000 2,040,000 = $920,00017.The market value of shareholders equity cannot be zero. A negative market value in this case would imply that the company would pay you to own the stock. The market value of shareholders equity can be stated as: Shareholders equity = Max (TA TL), 0. So, if TA is $4,300, equity is equal to $800, and if TA is $3,200, equity is equal to $0. We should note here that the book value of shareholders equity can be negative.18.a. Taxes Growth = 0.15($50K) + 0.25($25K) + 0.34($10K) = $17,150Taxes Income = 0.15($50K) + 0.25($25K) + 0.34($25K) + 0.39($235K) + 0.34($8.165M)= $2,890,000b.Each firm has a marginal tax rate of 34% on the next $10,000 of taxable income, despite their different average tax rates, so both firms will pay an additional $3,400 in taxes.19.Income StatementSales$850,000COGS 630,000 A&S expenses 120,000Depreciation 130,000EBIT($30,000)Interest 85,000Taxable income($115,000)Taxes (35%) 0 a.Net income($115,000)b.OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes = ($30,000) + 130,000 0 = $100,000c.Net income was negative because of the tax deductibility of depreciation and interest expense. However, the actual cash flow from operations was positive because depreciation is a non-cash expense and interest is a financing expense, not an operating expense.20.A firm can still pay out dividends if net income is negative; it just has to be sure there is sufficient cash flow to make the dividend payments.Change in NWC = Net capital spending = Net new equity = 0. (Given)Cash flow from assets = OCF Change in NWC Net capital spending Cash flow from assets = $100K 0 0 = $100KCash flow to stockholders = Dividends Net new equity = $30K 0 = $30KCash flow to creditors = Cash flow from assets Cash flow to stockholders = $100K 30K = $70KCash flow to creditors = Interest Net new LTDNet new LTD = Interest Cash flow to creditors = $85K 70K = $15K21.a.Income StatementSales$12,800Cost of good sold10,400Depreciation 1,900EBIT$ 500Interest 450Taxable income$ 50Taxes (34%) 17Net income $33b.OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes= $500 + 1,900 17 = $2,383c.Change in NWC = NWCend NWCbeg= (CAend CLend) (CAbeg CLbeg) = ($3,850 2,100) ($3,200 1,800) = $1,750 1,400 = $350Net capital spending = NFAend NFAbeg + Depreciation= $9,700 9,100 + 1,900 = $2,500CFA = OCF Change in NWC Net capital spending= $2,383 350 2,500 = $467The cash flow from assets can be positive or negative, since it represents whether the firm raised funds or distributed funds on a net basis. In this problem, even though net income and OCF are positive, the firm invested heavily in both fixed assets and net working capital; it had to raise a net $467 in funds from its stockholders and creditors to make these investments.d.Cash flow to creditors= Interest Net new LTD = $450 0 = $450Cash flow to stockholders= Cash flow from assets Cash flow to creditors = $467 450 = $917 We can also calculate the cash flow to stockholders as:Cash flow to stockholders= Dividends Net new equity Solving for net new equity, we get:Net new equity = $500 (917) = $1,417The firm had positive earnings in an accounting sense (NI 0) and had positive cash flow from operations. The firm invested $350 in new net working capital and $2,500 in new fixed assets. The firm had to raise $467 from its stakeholders to support this new investment. It accompl