2019-2020年高中英语必修8Module5TheConquestoftheUniverse-GrammarandUsage.doc

2019-2020年高中英语必修8Module5TheConquestoftheUniverse-GrammarandUsage Goals To review the use of the noun clauses To practise using noun clauses and master them ProceduresStep 1: Introduction to noun clauses在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1.主语从句 主语从句在从句中作主语。一、由what（whatever，whoever）等代词引导的主语从句。What they are after is money. 他们追求的是金钱。Whatever was said here must be kept secret. 这里说的话都应当保密。二、由连词that引导的主语从句。其中that一般不可省略，但若用it作形式主语， that从句后置时，则可省略。为避免头重脚轻，我们倾向用it开头，后接be，seem等。如果句子是疑问形式，就只能用带it的结构。That money doesnt grow on trees should be obvious.金钱不能从树上长出来是显而易见的。It is obvious（that）money doesnt grow on trees .显而易见，金钱是不能从树上长出来的。Has it been announced when the planes are to take off？飞机什么时候起飞宣布了没有？注意：1）选用what还是用that引导主语从句要根据关联词在从句中是否担任成分而定。且what（以及whatever，whoever等）引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语。What he said is true.他说的是真的。（what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语。）That China is a great socialist country is well known.（=Its well known that）众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。（that在其引导的主语从句中不作任何成分，也无词义，只起连接作用。）2）it引导的强调句与it作形式主语的复合句不可混淆。it引导的强调句是用来对句中某一成分加以强调，其结构为：“It is（或was）+强调部分+that（或who）”强调句去掉It is（或was）that（或who）框架后，剩余部分为一个完整的句子。It was I that(who) met Mary in the street yesterday.是我昨天在街上遇见了玛丽。(强调主语)3）常见的用it作形式主语的复合句结构：*It is+形容词（necessary，strange，important，wonderful，possible，likely，等）+that从句，从句中常用虚拟语气。Its necessary that he write something in English.他用英语写点东西是必要的。Its strange that she did not go to school yesterday.奇怪的是她昨天没去上学。*It is+名词（a fact，a pity ，no wonder，good news，等）+that从句Its a pity that she should have said so.真遗憾她竟然会这么说。*It is+过去分词（said，reported，decided，unknown等）+that从句Its said that our English teacher will go abroad next week.据说我们英语老师下周要去出国。*It +不及物动词（seems，appears，happens， matters等）+that从句It seems that she is in great need of help.看来她急帮忙。4）主语为从句时，一般要用单数谓语动词形式；但如果引导的从句作主语、代表复数概念（常可从表语上看出）时，谓语动词则常用复数形式：What we need is water. 我们需要的是水。What we need are useful books. 我们需要的是有用的书。三、由连接代词或连接副词（或if, whether）引导的主语从句。When they will e hasnt been made public.他们什么时候回来还没有宣布。Whether Ill attend the meeting hasnt been decided.=It hasnt been decided whether(if) Ill attend the meeting.我是否参加会议还未决定。注意：1) 连词that, whether在从句中不担任句子成分，只起连接作用，不能省略。whether引导主语从句时不能用if代替。 2) who, which, how, when, where, why在所引导的主语从句中可担任主语，宾语，状语，不能省略。可以用形式主语it引导。 3) who, whom, which, what等可以和ever构成合成词，引导主语从句和宾语从句。此类主语从句不能用it引导，引导词在句中担任句子成分，不能省略。 4) 有的“It 主语从句”已成为固定结构。如： a. It is +名词从句 It is a pity that we cant go. b. It is 形容词从句 It is clear that Tom has returned. c. It is 过去分词从句 It is said / reported / believed / known 5) 注意下列结构中主语从句的位置。(1) It is said /reportedIt is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. (2) It happens/occursIt occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (3) It doesnt matter how/whether It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (4) Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (5) Does it matter if he cant finish the job on time?2.宾语从句 在复合句中用作宾语的从句是宾语从句 （1）主句的谓语是make，find，see，hear等，且带有复合宾语时，可把宾语从句置于宾补之后，用it作形式宾语。I find it necessary that we practice spoken English every day.我发现每天练习英语口语是必要的。（2）许多描述情感的形容词（happy，glad，afraid，pleased，sorry，surprised等），或表示确信无疑的形容词（certain，sure等）后可带宾语从句。Im afraid （that）weve sold out of tickets.对不起，我们的票已经卖完了。（3）在表思想和感觉的动词（believe，imagine，suppose，think，expect等）之后，可以把从句上的否定形式转移到这些谓语动词上来。I dont believe shell arrive before 7. 我不相信她会在7点以前到达。（4）在suggest, insist, demand, order, require 等表示建议，命令，要求的动词后，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。3.同位语从句 如果担任同位语的是个句子，则这个句子是同位语从句。同位语从句表示先行名词的具体内容，能跟同位语从句的名词常见的有news, idea, belief, doubt, fact, rumour, question, order, hope, thought, reply, problem, reason等。 引导同位语从句常用连词that，它在句中不担任句子成分，没有词意。除that外，还有whether, when, where, who, what, which, why, how等。可以引导同位语从句。同位语从句与先行名词有时也可以分开。1. The rumour that there will be an earthquake soon spread all over the area. 2. They have no hope that he will recover. 3. I have no idea where they have gone. 4. Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind. 比较：The news that our team won the game is true. The news that you have heard isnt true. The news is that our team won the game. 注：同位语从句与定语从句的区别： (1)同位语从句的先行名词极为有限，而定语从句的先行词则不计其数。 (2)引导同位语从句的连词that在句中不担任句子成分，而引导定语从句的that则在从句中作主语，宾语等。引导同位语从句的wh一词多具有疑问意义，而引导定语从句的wh一词则没有疑问意义。 (3)同位语从句与先行名词是等同关系，一个具体，一个抽象，两者常可以转述为主表关系，而定语从句与先行词是修饰与被修饰关系。(4)when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则则为同位语从句。如：They put forward the question where they could get the money.This is the place where the accident happened.4.表语从句在句子中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。它常位于句中联系动词或是起联系动词作用的动词之后.1. be, seem, look等动词后均可跟表语从句：It seems that it is going to rain.It looks as if it is going to rain.2. as if, because 也可引导表语从句。It was because I got up late. Step 2:名词性从句难点强化1名词性从句谓语动词的时态。(1)若主句谓语动词为一般现在时和一般将来时，从句的动词可根据句意用任何时态。Will you tell me how you learned English well？告诉我你怎么学好英语的好么？I think he ll be back in an hour.我想一小时后他会回来的。(2)若主句谓语动词为过去时时，从句的动词需用跟过去有关的时态。I thought they were having lessons我想他们正在上课。She said she had done her homework她说她已做完作业。（3）从句表达客观真理，不论主句是什么时态，从句都用一般现在时。The teacher told us light travels faster than sound老师告诉我们光的速度比声音快。4.that 的省略that引导名词性从句时只起连接从句的作用,本身没有任何意义,因此在从句中不充当任何句子成分,它的使用须注意以下几点:1)主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。如：That they are good at English is known to us all.The problem is that we dont have enough money.She expressed the hope that they would e to China one day.2)宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：a.当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可省略；b.当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，that不能省；c.当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。如：He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wine.Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. 3)that从句作主语和宾语时，可以用it 来替换成以下几种结构表达。a. It is clear/certain/likely/true/surprising that b. It is a pity/shame/good idea/no wonder that.c. It is said/reported/ believed/known/thought/suggested that d. It seems/happens that。如：It happened that I went out last night.It is said that China will win in the World Cup.that引导主语从句位于句首时不可省略.如果it作形式主语,而that从句置于句末, 这时that可以省略。例如: That he has lost his work is not true. 他丢了工作不是真的。=It is not true (that) he has lost his work. 5. who, whoever, whom和whomever 在引导名词性从句时,在句中作主语时用who,意思是“谁”,含有疑问意味,whoever是它的强语势“无论谁”,不含有疑问意味。表示.的人，相当于the person who,或anyone whoWhoever breaks the law will be punished. 注意区别：疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的部分。如：Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.You can choose whatever you like in the shop.疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：Whatever you do, you must do it well.(= No matter what you do, you must do it well.)Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,(=No matter who breaks the law, he will be punished.)(让步状语，意为无论谁） no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。作宾语时用whom, 其相应强语势为whomever。判别时要根据句意以及在句中的语法功能来决定该用哪个引导词。例如: Who has taken away my bag is unknown.谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用Whoever显然句意不通) Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight. 无论谁想看这部电影今晚可以和我们一起去.(Whoever wants 相当于Anybody who wants,意为凡是想的人。这里不可换为Who。) Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁作候选人了? You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。 6.because引导的表语从句because 可以引导表语从句，但通常只用于“This/That/It is/was because”结构中注意：why引导的名词性从句或 reason作主语时，引导表语从句的引导词用that而不用because, 即the reason is that; the reason (why) is that; Why is that如:The reason was that he didnt catch the early bus. 原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。The reason why he is absent from work is that he is seriously ill.Why farmland here is being lost is that farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years. Step 3: 走出名词性从句的“误区”1.误区之一：混淆that 与what的用法That they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world. （ 误 ）What they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world. （ 正 ）解析：that在引导名词性从句时本身没有意义，也不在句子中充当句子成分；what则表示“什么”或“的东西或事情”，在从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语等。本句中的what充当discuss的宾语。2.误区二：混淆if与whether的用法Whether可以用于所有的名词从句中，if常用于宾语从句中，两者都不能省略。If the famous scientist will e to attend the agricultural conference is not known yet.（ 误 ）Whether the famous scientist will e to attend the agricultural conference is not known yet. 正）解析：if 与whether引导宾语从句时经常可以互换。但在下列情况下常使用whether:1. 从句中提出两种选择时,或句中有or not时；He was not sure whether he ought to laugh or cry.2. 作介词时的宾语时; I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.We worried about whether he was in good health or not.3. 从句提前时; Whether he will e or not I dont quite know.4. 引导主语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句时；The question is whether you can do it yourself. Whether they will win is all the same to me. The question whether he should e himself or send another one hasnt been decided. 5. 放在不定式前,与不定式组成词组时; She hasnt decided whether to go or not.6. 作discuss等词的宾语时; We discussed whether we should close the shop. I dont know whether / if I can e. = I dont know whether I can e or not. I havent decided whether to go there or not.3.误区三：混淆no matter who/ what与whoever / whateverNo matter who destroys the forest will be punished.（ 误 ） Whoever destroys the forest will be punished. （ 正 ）解析：whatever, whoever, whichever等一些连词既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；而no matter who / what只能引导让步状语从句而不能引导名词性从句。Step 4: 名词性从句考点归纳 1. 考点之一：考查that 与what_we cant get seems better than _we have. (1996NMET)A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what分析：在名词性从句中that 与what 的区别是：that 在名词性从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用；而 what 在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用，而且充当句子成分。句子的意思是：我们得不到的似乎比我们已经拥有的要好。此题考查了两个名词性从句：主语从句和宾语从句，what 在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语。2. 考点之二：考查it 作形式主语或形式宾语_ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (1995NMET)A. There B. This C. That D. It 分析：为了保持句子的平衡，往往用it 作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是that 引导的主语从句往往用it 作形式主语。此句也可以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. 3.考点之三：考查名词性从句的语序The photographs will show you _. (1989MET)A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like分析：名词性从句应用陈述语序；再根据句型what does sb. / sth. look like?, 所以选B.4. 考点之四：考查whether 与if 1._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (1996NMET)A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where分析：句意为：我们明天是否去野营要看天气而定。whether 与if 的区别是：在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换，但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟or not 时，常用whether , 而不用 if。 2. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (xx上海）A. when B. how C. whether D. why 分析：句意为：医生真正怀疑的是我母亲是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。 whether 引导的是表语从句。5. 考点之五：考查 whatever, whoever. 与 no matter what / who.Sarah hopes to bee a friend of _ shares her interests. (1995上海）A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 分析：句意为：Sarah 希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。注意：whatever, whoever. 既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；而no matter what / who .只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D，从句中需要的是主语，所以whomever错。高考链接1. These wild flowers are so special I would do _ I can to save them. (xx全国)A. that B. which C. whichever D. whatever2. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (xx全国)A. That; what B. What; why C. What; because D. Why; that3. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (xx全国)A. when B. how C. whether D. why4. _ is no possibility _ Bob can win the first prize in the match. (xx全国)A. There; that B. It; that C. There; whether D. It; whether5. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the money exactly _ he wants. ( xx上海 )A. what B. which C. when D. that 6. Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? Oh, thats _. (xx 北京春)A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited7. We cannot figure out _ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out. (xx 北京)A. that B. as C. why D. when8. I think Father would like to know _ Ive been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note. ( xx 湖南)A. which B. why C. what D. how9. Parents are taught to understand _ important education is to their childrens future. ( xx广东 )A. that B. how C. such D. so10. The road is covered with snow. I cant understand _they insist on going by motor-bike. (xx全国) A. why B. whether C. when D. how11. After Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, _ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. (xx上海)A. where B. what C. that D. how12. A story goes _ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. (xx上海)A. when B. where C. what D. that13. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this ing Christmas. (xx上海春)A. which B. that C. what D. whether14. Danby left word with my secretary _ he would call again in the afternoon. (xx 浙江)A. who B. that C. as D. which15. The way _he did it was different we were used to. (xx 江西)A. in which B. in what C. from what D. from which 16. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize _ silly mistakes I had made. (xx 湖南)A. what B. that C. how D. which17. With his work pleted, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _ he was a man of action. (xx湖南)A. which B. that C. what D. whether18. We havent settled the question of _ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (xx江苏)A. if B. where C. whether D. that19. _makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.(xx辽宁)A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever20. See the flags on top of the building? That was _we did this morning. (xx全国I)A. when B. which C. where D. what21. Please remind me _he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. (xx全国I)A. where B. when C. how D. what22. - What did your parents think about your decision?- They always let me do _ I think I should. (xx全国III)A. when B. that C. how D. what23. I just wonder _ that makes him so excited. (xx山东)A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is24. One advantage of playing the guitar is _ it can give you a great deal of pleasure. (xx上海)A. how B. why C. that D. when25. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning _ his teammates had done. (xx上海)A. what B. which C. why D. while26. - Its thirty years since we last met.- But I still remember the story, believe it or not, _ we got lost on a rainy night. (xx四川)A. which B. that C. what D. when27. There is much chance _Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (xx天津)A. that B. which C. until D. if28. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class was _he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (xx重庆)A. why B. that C. where D. because29. These shoes look very good. I wonder _. (xx上海春)A. how much cost they are B. how much do they costC. how much they cost D. how much are they cost30. Doriss success lies in the fact _ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others. (xx上海)A. which B. that C. when D. whyKeys: 1-5 DBCAA 6-10 ACCBA 11-15 BDBBC 16-20 ABCAD21-25 BDDCA 26-30 BAB CB