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2016高考导航适用于全国卷,专题五 语法填空,专题五 语法填空,语法填空答题技巧 语法填空就设题类型主要分为有提示词类和无提示词类两 种,这两种情况的解题方法不尽相同,下面分别就这两种情况做以下介绍。 一、无提示词填空题的解题技巧 无提示词填空题需要考生在不给出提示词的情况下填出符合 上下文逻辑、语法、句法的单词,主要考查代词、名词、冠 词、介词、情态动词、并列连词、复合句、特殊句式等。解 题时要注意以下5大原则。,(2014高考全国卷,节选)Maybe you are facing an impossible situation.Maybe you have a habit _is driving your family crazy. 【解析】 分析句子的结构可知,_67_is driving your family crazy为定语从句,修饰先行词habit,定语从句中缺少主语且指物,故用关系代词which/that。,which/that,2缺少宾语 如果空前为及物动词、及物动词短语或者介词,要考虑填代词,主要有以下三类: (1)人称代词:作宾语的人称代词有him,her,them,it等。 (2)关系代词:在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词有that,which,whom等。 (3)连接代词:名词性从句中作宾语的引导词有what,whomever等。,(2014高考辽宁卷,节选)Raise your leg and let_stay in the air for seconds. 【解析】 由let可知,空处作宾语,结合句意可知,此处用it代指前面的your leg。,it,(2015高考广东卷,节选)Mr.Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children.He owned _ farm,which looked almost abandoned. 【解析】 farm为可数名词,其前挖空,应考虑限定词,此处第一次提到农场,故用不定冠词。,a,2填介词 名词或代词前面是空格,而该名词或代词在句中不是作主 语、表语,也不是作动词的宾语时,很可能是填介词。此 时要特别关注与其空前动词等可能构成的固定搭配。,(2015高考广东卷,节选)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby _ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left. 【解析】 名词短语other food前是空格,且与exchange构成固定搭配,因此应填介词。exchange.for.“用交换”。,for,(2014高考全国卷,节选)But the river wasnt changed in a few days _even a few months. 【解析】 根据句意可知in a few days和even a few months为选择关系,故用or。,or,(2014高考全国卷,节选)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,_ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed. 【解析】 由句意可知,前后分句为并列关系,故用and。,and,(2014高考辽宁卷,节选)Unbelievable! Oh., _you dont mind,Ill stop and take a deep breath. 【解析】 根据句意“如果你不介意,我要停下来深呼 吸”,if表示假设。,if,(2014高考全国卷,节选)Then the driver stood up and asked,“_ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” 【解析】 句尾的问号提示该句为一般疑问句,“丢失”是发生在过去的动作,故用Did。,Did,二、有提示词填空题的解题技巧 有提示词填空题要求使用括号内单词的正确形式填空,主要考查谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级、词性转换这四种情况。 1给出动词原形 当设空处后面给出动词原形时,设空处一般会考查动词的时态(即考纲上要求掌握的一般现在时、现在完成时、现在进行 时、一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、将来进行时及现在完成进行时)、几种常见时态的被动语态或非谓语动词。 (1)考查时态或语态,分析句子结构,确定句中是否缺谓语。如果缺谓语动词,则是考查动词的时态或语态。,(2015高考全国卷,节选)It was raining lightly when I _(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care. 【解析】 考查时态。分析句子结构可知该句为when引导的时间状语从句,在状语从句中I作主语,arrive作谓语动词,且与主语之间为主动关系,由主句中的was和后一句中的didnt可知,这里使用一般过去时。,arrived,看主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系,以 确定用主动语态还是被动语态,同时还要根据语境考虑用哪 种时态。,(2014高考辽宁卷,节选)Be patient! Tai Chi _ (call)“shadow boxing” in English.It asks you to act like water: to be flexible as well as strong. 【解析】 考查时态和语态。分析句子结构可知,句子缺谓语动词,根据语境用一般现在时;由于主语Tai Chi与动词call之间为被动关系,所以用一般现在时的被动语态。,is called,要注意主谓一致。,(2015济南二模)And one thing most participants eventually realize_(be)that the grass is not always greener of the other side. 【解析】 考查主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,句子缺谓语动词,该句的主干是:And one thing_(be)that.,而most participants eventually realize为定语从句,修饰先行词one thing。由the grass is not always greener可知应用一般现 在时,主语one thing为单数,故应填is。,is,(2)考查非谓语动词 若句中已有谓语,且设空处不是作并列谓语,应考虑该空考查非谓语动词。 根据非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分、句式的特 殊要求及某些词语的特殊要求,确定用哪种非谓语动词形 式。如作目的状语一般用不定式,而作原因、伴随、时间等 状语时,需用现在分词或过去分词;如作主语或宾语用动名 词或不定式;如作动词enjoy,finish等的宾语,需用动名 词;如作动词decide,refuse等的宾语,需用不定式。如设空前为系动词,需用现在分词(令人的)或过去分词(感到 的)作表语。,根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系确定用主动形式还是被动形式。 根据非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般时还是用完成时。,(2015高考全国卷,节选)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _ (cool) the house during the hot day;at the same time,they warm up again for the night. 【解析】 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,该句含有when引导的时间状语从句,主句中已有谓语动词are且设空处不作并列谓语,应考虑用非谓语动词。“beadj.enough”后需用不定式作状语。,to cool,(2015高考全国卷 ,节选)A study of travelers _(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. 【解析】 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,该句子主干为A study of travelers names Yangshuo as.,谓语动词为 names,且设空处不是作names的并列谓语,而是作后置定 语,应考虑用非谓语动词。因study和conduct之间为被动关 系,所以使用过去分词作定语。,conducted,2给出形容词或副词 当给出形容词或副词时,往往要求写出形容词或副词的比较级或最高级形式;有时也考查形容词与副词之间的转换。 确定是否需要改变词性。分析结构,确定所给词在句子中作定语、表语还是状语。如果作定语或表语常用形容词,如果作状语常用副词。 如果词性不需要改变,则要根据句子结构和句意确定是填比较级还是最高级。,(2015高考全国卷,节选)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it _(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 【解析】 考查形容词与副词之间的转换。分析句子结构, 确定所给词在句子中作状语,修饰动词arranges,故用副 词。,regularly,(2014高考全国卷,节选)Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is _(clean) than ever. 【解析】 考查形容词比较级的用法。分析句子结构可知,空处作表语,应用形容词,再由后面的than可知,此处填提示词的比较级形式。,cleaner,3词性转换 词性转换多以派生词变化为主,如:形容词与名词间的相互 转换,形容词与动词间的相互转换,动词与名词间的相互转 换等。 分析结构,确定要填的词在句中充当哪种句子成 分。比如,修饰动词、形容词或副词或修饰整个句子作状 语,用副词;作主语或宾语,用名词;在冠词、形容词性物 主代词或名词所有格后,用名词。 根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词类。,(2015河北衡水中学二模)He sank into_ (depress) when both his parents left him and went to the south in search of a betterpaid job. 【解析】 空处有介词into的宾语,故用名词。,depression,特别注意 (1)有时不但要注意词性转换,而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀,其逻辑意义才通顺;而且要特别注意所填词的正确的拼写形式。,(2015洛阳高三二模)People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is,no knowledge is_(use) 【解析】 作表语要用形容词;又由句意可知,作者是表达“没有知识是无用的”,故填useless。,useless,(2)括号中所给词为名词时,有可能不是考查词性转换,而是考查名词的单复数。 (2014高考全国卷,节选)for most of us the _(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river. 【解析】 由定冠词the可知,此处应填名词;再由谓语动词are和require可知,此处应用复数形式。,changes,语法填空解题流程 语篇型语法填空题的最大特点是在语篇中考查语法知识。准确理解短文是做好该题型的前提。这就要求考生要重视提高阅读理解能力,平时可以选择一些难度中等的文章进行精 读、细读,研究文章的写作思路、组织结构特点等,从而强 化语篇意识。 1通读全文,了解大意,把握特征,弄清文脉。篇章层面的理解主要包括文章的主旨大义,作者的观点、意图、立场,句与句之间的关系以及时态变换四个方面。,2巧用已知,降低难度,铺平道路。有提示词的空格可视为已知条件,充分利用。所以,可先着手填有提示词的空格,注意时态、语态和名词单复数。所剩的空格越少,文章的大意越清晰,难度也会相对降低。 3理解句意,分析结构,大胆推测,各个击破。理解了文章整体意思后,必须要看清各个句子的意思,尤其是含空格的句子的意思。分析句子结构是答题过程中很关键的一步。做题时,首先确定句子的“主谓宾”成分,看看该句子缺不缺谓语动词,然后再考虑其他成分。此时,要借助上下文的暗示或明示,确定需要填的单词的词性、形式和功能。,4重读全篇,仔细核查,语法正确,语意连贯。做完题后,应该静下心来,仔细复读全文,关注所填的词语是否符合文意。从语意连贯、逻辑合理的角度认真复查答案的合理性和正确 性,尤其注意动词、连词、介词的搭配以及名词的形式等。 5拼写准确,书写规范。大小写正确,对于接触到的题,力求吃透每个知识点,并通过练习来进行强化和巩固。,A (2015高考全国卷) Yangshuo,China It was raining lightly when I 1._(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours 2._,Id been at home in Hong Kong,with 3._(it) choking smog.Here,the air was clean and fresh,even with the rain.,arrived,before/earlier,its,Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4._ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 5._(painting)Instead,Id headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin,its only an hour away 6._ car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.,that/which,paintings,by,Yangshuo 7._(be) really beautiful.A study of travelers 8._(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it 9._(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people 10._ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 【解题导语】 本文是一篇游记,记述了作者游览阳朔的所 见、所闻、所感。,is,conducted,regularly,living,1解析:考查时态。由主句中的was和后一句中的didnt可知,这里使用一般过去时态。 2解析:考查副词。根据句意和Id been at home的时态可 知此处表示“几个小时前,我待在香港的家里”,“待在家 里”应该是发生在过去动作arrived之前,故此处填before或 earlier均可。 3解析:考查代词。因为smog是名词,所以需要用it的形容词性物主代词形式。 4解析:考查定语从句的引导词。根据句意和句子结构可知此处是一个定语从句,因为先行词是物,且引导词在定语从句中作主语,所以用that或which引导从句。,5解析:考查名词的单复数。因为该词由so many修饰,所以用复数形式。 6解析:考查介词。乘坐交通工具可用by表达,而且名词原形前不用冠词。 7解析:考查主谓一致和时态。根据后文的时态可知这里使用一般现在时,介绍客观情况,又因为Yangshuo是第三人称单数,所以这里使用is。 8解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此句的主干为A study of travelers names Yangshuo as one of the top.。study和conduct之间为被动关系,所以使用过去分词作定 语。,9解析:考查形容词变副词。此处需要一个副词修饰动词 arrange,表示“经常安排快捷的短假”。 10解析:考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,空格处为 非谓语动词,因为people与live之间为主动关系,所以用现在分词形式作后置定语,此处表示“经常为生活在上海和香港的人安排快捷的短假”。,B (2015高考全国卷)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) 1._ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 2._ most modern of architects and engineers.In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 3._ (able) to “air condition” a house without 4._ (use) electric equipment.Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 5._,built,the,ability,using,slowly,(slow) during cool nights,thus warming the house.When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 6._(cool) the house during the hot day;7._ the same time,they warm up again for the night.This cycle 8._ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.As 9._ (nature) architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 10._ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.,to cool,at,goes,natural,how,【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国西南 部的普韦布洛印第安人修建的土坯房,这些房子白天吸收热 量,晚上释放热量,从而使得房间内的温度适宜。这些房子 让现在的建筑师和工程师都赞叹不已。,1解析:考查过去分词用法。由谓语动词are admired可知此处填非谓语动词, adobe dwellings与build是被动关系,故用过去分词短语作后置定语。 2解析:考查冠词用法。 根据句意可知此处为形容词最高 级,故应该在most前加the。 3解析:考查词性转换之形容词变为名词。空格前的their 是形容词性物主代词,其后应该接名词。 4解析:考查动名词用法。由空格前的介词without可知空格处应该使用动名词形式。 5解析:考查副词用法。根据空格前的give out that heat可 知,这里应使用副词修饰动词短语,指缓慢地(slowly)释放白天吸收的热量。,6解析:考查动词不定式用法。beadj.enoughto do sth.是固定结构,意为“足够,能够做某事”。结合空格前的cold enough可知后面应使用动词不定式。 7解析:考查介词用法。 at the same time意为“同时”,是一个固定词组。 8解析:考查时态。此处指前面提到的循环不断地持续下 去。这种情况是客观事实,故用一般现在时。 9解析:考查词性转换之名词变为形容词。 结合空格后的 architects可知应该用形容词作定语,修饰名词,因此填natural。 10解析:考查连词用法及理解语境的能力。空格后面的 thick是一个形容词,填how引导宾语从句,从句作figured out 的宾语。,C (2014高考全国卷)Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix? In 1969,the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland,Ohio.It 1._(be)unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.The river was so polluted that it 2._(actual)caught fire and burned.Now,years later,this river is one of 3._most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.,was,actually,the,But the river wasnt changed in a few days 4._ even a few months.It took years of work 5._(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 6._ (clean) than ever. Maybe you are facing an impossible situation.Maybe you have a habit 7._is driving your family crazy.Possibly you drink too much or dont know how to control your credit card use.When you face such an impossible situation,dont you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?,or,to reduce,cleaner,that/which,While there are 8._(amaze) stories of instant transformation,for most of us the 9._(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.Just be10._(patience) 【解题导语】 曾经重度污染的河流再次清澈。当你感觉什么事情是不可能实现的时候,继续努力,耐心些,你就一定会成功!,amazing,changes,patient,1解析:考查时态。事情发生在1969年,是一个过去的时间,故此处要用一般过去时。 2解析:考查词性变换之形容词变为副词。空格处修饰动词caught和burned,故用副词形式actually。 3解析:考查定冠词的用法。后面的most outstanding是最高级,其前面要用定冠词the。 4解析:考查并列连词。句意:但是河流不是几天或几个月就改变了的。a few days和a few months为并列关系,且此句是否定句,因此要用or连接。,5解析:考查非谓语动词之动词不定式。句中it是形式主 语,真正的主语是动词不定式,故用to reduce。该句结构为It takes时间to do sth.。句意:减少工业污染和清理水需要数年的工作。 6解析:考查形容词比较级。从后面的than可知此处要用比较级,因此要用cleaner。 7解析:考查定语从句的引导词。定语从句的先行词为前面的habit,而该定语从句缺少主语,因此要用that或which引导。,8解析:考查词性转换之动词变为形容词。此处用形容词修饰名词stories。amaze的形容词有两个,一个是amazing,另一个是amazed。修饰物(stories)当然用amazing。 9解析:考查名词复数。前面是定冠词the,因此后面要用名词,再由谓语动词are可知此空要用其名词的复数形式,故填changes。 10解析:考查词性转换之名词变为形容词。此处用形容词作be的表语。名词patience(耐心)的形容词形式是patient(有耐心的)。,D (2014高考全国卷)One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about 1._ (be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 2._ some of them looked very anxious and 3._(disappoint)When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board.I got a place next 4._ the window,so I had a good view of the sidewalk.A boy on a bike 5._(catch) my attention.He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused 6._(stop) until we reached the next stop.Still,the boy kept 7._(ride),being,and,disappointed,to,caught,to stop,riding,He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.Finally,when we came to the next stop,the boy ran up to the door of the bus.I heard an excited conversation.Then the driver stood up and asked, “8._ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear! It s 9._ (I)”She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully.Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done,and the crowd of strangers 10._ (sudden) became friendly to one another.,Did,me/mine,suddenly,【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者主要叙述了有一次乘车的时候,很多乘客都非常焦虑、失望地等待。当汽车来了并且前行的时候,一个骑车的男孩儿在后面追着汽车,并且大声地叫嚷,但是司机没有停车。直到到了下一站,男孩儿终于追上来,和司机交谈之后,人们才知道刚才有人丢失了手提箱,他是来给送箱子的。人们都被这个孩子的行为感动了。,1解析:考查非谓语动词之动名词。空格前面是介词about,后面的动词应使用v.ing形式,因此应填being。 2解析:考查前后句的语意逻辑关系。结合前后句可知,此处是并列关系,故填并列连词and。 3解析:考查词性转换之动词变为形容词。本句的主语是some of them,此处and连接两个并列成分,再结合前面的形容词anxious可知,此处也应该填一个形容词。故此处用disappointed表示他们中有些人感到失望。,4解析:考查固定短语中的介词。此处是一个固定短语 next to,意为“挨着”。 5解析:考查时态。结合上下文的时态,全文以一般过去时为主,同时分析句意“一个骑自行车的男孩儿吸引了我的注 意”可知,应填caught。 6解析:考查非谓语动词之动词不定式。refuse后接动词 作宾语时,要用其不定式形式,即refuse to do sth.“拒绝做 某事”。 7解析:考查非谓语动词之动名词。根据空格前面的kept可知,此处是keep doing sth.结构,意为“继续做某事”。故后面应使用v.ing形式,因此需将ride变成riding。,8解析:考查一般疑问句式的使用。分析语境,此处指司机问“有人在上一站丢失手提箱吗?”。这是一个问句,同时丢失东西的动作已经发生,应用一般过去时,因此填Did。注意首字母要大写。 9解析:考查代词。此题答案不唯一,要根据语境仔细揣 摩。此处的It如果指前面的suitcase的话,那么此空需要使用名词性物主代词mine,表示“那个箱子是我的”;如果指前面的anyone的话,那么此空需要用I的宾格形式me,表示“是我在上一站丢失了手提箱”。 10解析:考查词性转换之形容词变为副词。由空格后面的动词became可知,此处应用sudden的副词形式来修饰动词,因此填suddenly。,
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