资源描述
111Unit 1 Living wellPart 2: Teaching Resources第二部分：教学资源Section 1: Discourse studies of Martys storyType of writing and summary of Martys storyType of writingAn emailSummary of the emailMartys storyThere are not many people in the world like me. I have a muscle disease that sometimes makes me very weak. I have learned to adapt to my disability. My motto is: live one day at a time.Up until I was about 10 years old, I was the same as everyone else in my class. One of the worst things about my disease is that I dont look any different from other people. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up. In many ways my disability has made me grow stronger and more independent. Section 2: Background information for Unit 1 Living well1. 残疾怎样分类?残疾是指生理上或心理上的缺陷，包括躯体残疾和精神残疾两大类。躯体残疾又包括感觉器官残疾(如视力残疾的盲、听力残疾的聋)、运动器官残疾(如肢体残疾、言语器官残疾)和内脏器官残疾(如严重的心、脑疾病)等。精神残疾则包括智力残疾、行为与人格残疾和精神病等。按照世界卫生组织的统计，残疾人约占世界总人口的10，据此推算，全世界残疾人约5亿。我国于1987年4月进行的全国29个省、直辖市、自治区的残疾人抽样调查结果表明，我国残疾人占总人口的490，据此推算，全国五类残疾人总数约为5164万人，其中约有听力言语残疾者1770万人，智力残疾者1017万人，肢体残疾者755万人，视力残疾者755万人，精神残疾者194万人，综合残疾者673万人。现在全国人口已达12亿多人，按490推算，残疾人也达到了6000多万人，而且由于自然环境和社会环境的变化，每天都会增加新的残疾人，这些人的心理康复问题也就关系着全社会的文明与进步。2. Infinitive (动词不定式) 小结As Subject and Predictive (用作主语和表语) 做主语，如：To master a foreign language is no easy job.但在当代英语中，不定式做主语置于句首的不多，常用先行词it 作形式主语，而将真实主语不定式移置谓语之后，即用句型It +(be)+ adj./n.+ to v，如：It is foolish to make a decision without knowing all the facts.Its a pleasure to talk with you.如果是疑问句或感叹句，则只能用上述句型，如：How much did it cost you to repair the car?What a magnificent view it was to overlook the valley at the top of the mountain!作表语，如：The most important thing is to put theory into practice.不定式作表语通常要带to，但当主语部分含有do的某种形式时，to可省略，如：All we have to do is push the button.As Object (用作宾语)动词的宾语：能以不定式作宾语的动词很多，常用的有afford, agree, ask, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, decide, demand, desire, dislike, like, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, love, manage, mean, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, refuse, remember, start, threaten, want, wish等，如：Laser science began to develop in 1958.如作宾语的不定式后有补足语时，用先行词it作形式宾语，而将真实宾语不定式移置补足语之后，即用V + it + Co + to V句型，如：I find it a pleasure to talk with you.Do you think it possible to finish the work today?介词的宾语：介词but, except, besides (= except)和than可用不定式作宾语，如：The enemy had no choice but to surrender.在谓语动词中含有do的一定形式时，或cant but和cant help but后接不定式时，不定式符号to省略，如：She did nothing but (except) weep.Whenever he asks me for help, I cant (help) but go.As Complement (用作补足语)动词宾语的补足语，如：The doctor warned me not to smoke and drink.在表示感觉的动词如see, look at, watch, hear, listen to, feel, notice等，以及在使役动词如make, have, let后的宾语补足语要省略to; help和find后的可省也可不省to，如：I saw him enter the store.He helped me (to) move the chairs.介词宾语的补足语，如：It is right for them to leave now.It was kind of you to help us.He shouted to them to stop arguing.主语的补足语，如：Everybody is expected to do his duty.John was appointed to be in charge of the sales department.主语补足语的to不省略，如：Marys father was seen to return after dark.I was made to feel at easeIndicating Purpose/Result(表示目的和结果)不定式修饰动词表示目的，如：One should eat to live, not live to eat.为了更加突出或明确表示目的，不定式还可放在句首或用in order to, so as to的结构，如：To catch up with the advanced nations, we must make still greater efforts.We started early in order to catch the first train.We should do physical and chemical experiments so as to know the properties of molecules and atoms.不定式修饰动词、形容词和副词表示结果: 修饰形容词和副词时常用too to, (not) enough to, so as to, such as to结构，如：What have you done to hurt her so much?He knows too little to speak on the subject.Im not familiar enough with him to ask him for help.The temperature is so high as to change water into steam.The solution has reached such a temperature as not to need to be heated any more.不定式前面和only连用表示没有意想到的结果，如：They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.Modifying Adjective(修饰形容词)不定式修饰表示心情状态的形容词表示原因，如：He was grieved to hear that his old friend was seriously ill.不定式修饰一些形容词表示范围、情况，这类形容词主要有clever, comfortable, considerate, cruel, difficult, easy, foolish, (un)fortunate, free, good, hard, interesting, lucky, pleasant, proud, quick, right, rude, slow, (un)wise, wrong等，如：You were foolish not to follow her advice.上述的某些形容词（如easy, difficult, good, hard, interesting）作表语，其后的不定式被视为省略了逻辑主语，因此不定式用主动形式表被动意思，如： English is hard (for me) to learn. (不用to be learnt)Mary is easy (by someone else) to deceive. (不用to be deceived)修饰上述形容词的不定式如与句子主语呈动宾关系，不定式是不及物动词时要带介词，但介词后不能再带宾语，如：Alice is easy to get along with. (不能去掉with，也不能在with 后加her)不定式修饰形容词作宾语，这类形容词常见的有：(un)able, afraid, anxious, content, determined, eager, (un)fit, impatient, ready, (un)willing, worthy等，如：He is eager to become a policemanAs Postmodifier in a Noun Phrase (后位修饰名词)不定式作定语都应放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。only, last, next, 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语，如：She is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.That will be the only thing to do now.That is the shortest way to go to the station.不定式常用作下列名词（大多为抽象名词）或代词的定语：ability, ambition, anything, attempt, capability, chance, courage, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something, tendency, time, way, wish等，如：This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience.All substances have some ability to conduct electricity.不定式作定语如果与修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，应注意不及物动词的不定式后要带介词， 并且不定式后不能再带宾语，如：There is nothing to worry about. (不能掉about)The teacher assigned us some exercises to do.（不能在do后加them)Wh-Words + to Verb (Phrase) (疑问词+不定式短语)作宾语：在advice, ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, forget, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, see, teach, tell, think, understand, wonder等动词后常用疑问词和带to的不定式作宾语，如：I didnt know whether to go or not.He asked me how to solve the problem.Ill tell you what to do next tomorrow.做主语或表语，如：When to do the experiment has not been decided yet.The problem is how to maintain the quality.To Be + V-ed, to Have + V-ed, to Be V-ing (不定式的被动式、完成式和进行式)被动式：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态（有时逻辑主语省略），如：The meeting is to be held next Monday.This is a common method to be adopted for plastic making.To be invited to the party is a great honor.完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前用完成式，如：I am sorry to have troubled you.I believed the book to have been translated into Chinese.进行式：不定式动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时用进行式，如：Her health seems to be improving.She is said to be studying in London.111
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