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111Unit 1 Our body and healthy habits Grammar 一 一般将来时(The Future Simple Tense) 一般将来时候可以用来表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态；也可以用来表示将来的意愿、允诺、决心和命令等；同时，一般将来时还可以用来表示揣测或打算、计划做某事。1 在英国第一人称用shall,其他人称用will;在美国所有人称均用。2 表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时间内疆场的动作或状态。3 几种表示将来的形式，其区别为；will do 和shall do 多指客观上将要发生的动作等；be going to 表示打算去做或可能发生的事情；be to do 表示计划好的事；be about to do 表示即将（正要）做某事，要发生的动作；go 等少数动词的现在进行时表示计划、安排即将发生的动作。She will be twenty next month.下个月她将20岁。Who is going to speak first? 谁先发言？ 用法例句一般将来时可以用来表示推测，通常译为“大概”I think Tom will have a good time during the holiday.一般将来时可以用来表示说话人说话是要做的事Can you go out with me, I will ask you something. be going to +动词原形结构，表示现在打算在最近或将来要做的事 My classmates are going to play football games. 在一般将来时表推测这一用法中，只能用“will+动词原形”构成，而不用一般将来时的其他形式。如: You will remember that we have ever met before.你大概记得我们以前曾经见过面吧。 一般将来时的多种表达法1) 现在进行时有时与某些用于瞬间动作的动词连用，可表示计划、安排将要发生的动作，但这一动作通常都表示不久就要发生的动作。能这样用的动词有；go, come,start,leave,stay,return,arrive,begin,take,meet 等动词。如；I have won a holiday for two to Florida , I am taking my mum.2) 当主句为一般将来时，在 after,when,whiles,as soon as,before,once,if,unless等引导的时间或条件状语从句中，或是even if , in case ,as long as 引导的状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来。3) 如：I will do that tonight before I leave the office./ The volleyball match will be put off if it rains./ I need one more stamp before my collection is completed./ Even if I know, I will not tell you./ Ill stay with you as long as there is a room free. 二 过去完成时（The Past Perfect Tense）1） 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，或在过去某一时间之前已经开始并一直持续到那时的动作或状态。2） 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻、或是在此刻以前已经完成的动作。By the end of last term we had learned 1000 English words.到上个学期末我们已学了1000个单词了。3） 有些动词（如：hope,think,expect,plan,mean,intend,suppose,want等）的过去完成时，可表示给过去未曾实现的希望，打算或意图；I had hoped to see more of Beijing.我本希望在北京多看看。(但未能如愿) 注意；1 过去完成时由“助动词had +过去分词”构成。过去完成时常与by, for,before,since 等介词短语或由after, before,since,when,by the time 等引导的时间状语从句连用。例如；They had not finished their work when I arrived at the office.当我到办公室时，他们还没完成工作呢。 2 过去完成时表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去。In the late 1960s their music changed completely.在20世纪60年代后期，他们的音乐完全改变了。 三 不定式(The Infinitive)1 不定式作状语1) 不定式作目的状语：He broke into the house to steal something/ Many drug addicts are now in treatment centres to stop taking drugs/ Hes saving up to buy a new car 有时候在不定式前面加上in order to或so as to，否定式为in order not to和so as not to：Lets hurry so as to go to school in time/ Lets hurry so as not to be late for school. She studied very hard in order to catch up with others. She studied very hard in order not to lag behind2) 不定式表示目的时，通常它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，但如果不是的话，就要用for结构表示逻辑主语，如：Mom opened the door for Jane and Betty to come inWe are now using the series “New Standard English” for students to make great progress请注意以下结构：It is so kind of you to come and help us(这时，you既是to come and help us又是kind的逻辑主语) 再如：Its rude of him to say so3) 不定式还可以作结果或原因状语：表结果; What have I done to get all this? She went abroad never to return She is such a good student as to be respected by all her classmates The house is large enough to hold two hundred people . He is too young to do the job表原因：She was surprised to see us in the street of London He laughed to hear the news The old lady rejoiced to learn that her son was the champion of the match2 sothat和such(a，an)that引导的结果状语从句 1) sothat和such(a，an)that都引导结果状语从句，如： Some of them behave so badly that people call the police. It was such a dangerous drug that he nearly died It was such loud music that we couldnt hear ourselves speak2) so的后面跟形容词或副词：The night scene of the lake was so beautiful that we didnt want to come back at all They played so happily that they forgot the time3) such(a，an)后面跟名词： They were such dangerous drug dealers that people had to ask the police for help It is such an interesting story that all of them like it4) 请注意本模块语法项目1.4中讨论的某些不定式作结果状语的句子：He was so late as to miss half of the lecture She is such a good student as to be respected by all her classmates The house is large enough to hold two hundred people He is too young to do the job我们可以把它们改变成结果状语从句： He was so late that he missed half of the lecture She is such a good student that she is respected by all her classmates The house is so large that it can hold two hundred peopleHe is so young that he cant do the job。 四 -ing Form 的用法V-ing 是由动词+ing 构成的，具有名词、形容词和副词的特点，在句子中用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语。具有名词特点的V-ing被成为动名词；具有形容词和副词特点的V-ing被称为现在分词。1） 动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的动作，在It is no use/good/not any use/not any good/useless/a waste of time/a waste of time/money 中，常接V-ing 的形式。Playing with fire is dangerous. It is no use arguing with him.2） 动名词作表语，说明主语的内容，可以与主语互换。His job is teaching us maths.3） 动名词作宾语，跟在介词和某些动词之后。如；admit, appreciate,avoid,consider,delay/dislike/enjoy/escape/excuse/face/feel like/ finish/forgive/give up/ imagine/ keep/ mind/ miss/ practise/ resist/ risk/ suggest/ can not help / cant stand/be worth等。要注意在下列动词之后，既可以接动名词，又可以接不定式，意义不同。须牢记；forget/ remember/ regret/ stop/try/mean/go on 等。4） 现在分词作状语，表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，方式，伴随等。现在分词作时间状语时，有时可以由连词when/while 引出，强调动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主体保持一致，必须与句子的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系，用分词表示的动作是次要的动作。 Hearing the news, he got excited. Be careful when/while crossing the street. Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened at it. 状语从句状语从句在句中起状语的作用，修饰主句的谓语动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。状语从句可按用途分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语，目的状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和方式状语从句。状语从句 连词 时间状语从句After, as ,as long as, before,once,since, when, while, till,hardlywhen,the moment地点状语从句Where, wherever原因状语从句Because,since,as, now that条件状语从句If,unless,as long as, as far as, in ease, on condition that让步状语从句As,though,although,no matter, even if, even though,however,whatever目的状语从句That,so that,in order that方式状语从句As,just as, as if , as though结果状语从句That,so that, so that ,such that 比较状语从句Asas，not soas ，than ，the more the more 注意；1 before 引导的从句常用句型；It is long before （过了好久才）It is not long before(过了不久就)2 till/ until (till 一般不放在句首)1） 持续性动词（肯定式）+ until (直到为止)2） 瞬间性动词（否定式）+until (直到才)3） 强调句型；It is not untilthat I waited until/till he had finished his work.3 since 译为 自从来 Since+瞬间性动词过去式，从该动作发生时算起 Since+持续性动词过去式，从该动作结束时算起Eg;He has been working very hard since he entered the factory.自从他入厂以来一直努力工作。We have not seen each other since I worked in the factory. 自从他不在这个长工作后，我们还没见过面。4 原因状语从句的连词有because/as/sincel because 引导原因状语从句，说明直接原因。有时也用于推测性理由表示必然的因果关系。回答why 只能用because，在because 前可加 only， just等表示强调意义的词或否定词not.在构成强调句型时，只能用 because从句不能用since或 as从句。如;No one questioned his idea for almost 2000 years only because he was Aristotle,the great thinker.l Since 和as引导的原因状语从句，着重点在于主句，原因只是附带说明，说明显而已知的理由。As 从句常放在主句之前。如；Since everyone is here,lets begin. As he is from the south,he is unaccustomed to the dry weather in Beeijing. 注意；for可连接并列句，表示原因for是并列连词。For只能后置，往往是对前面句子加以说明或补充说明某些事实。 111
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