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111Unit 1 friendshipPeriod1 warming up, pre-reading, reading, comprehending.1. add (vt./vi)加，增加，补充说 词性拓展：additional (adj)附加的，另外的； addition (n.) 加，增加in addition 另外；此外 in addition to 除了用法：（1）add sth. up 把加起来（2）add to 增添 （3）add to 把加到(4)add up 把加起来 (5)add up to 总计；加起来结果是 what he said about the accident and did with it _ our trouble.A. added up to B. added to C. add up D. add add to 增添；不能用被动(B)youd better _ your score and see if you have passed the exam.A. add up to B. add to C. add up D.addA 强调加起来的结果；C意为把加起来（C）2point (n.) 尖端；点；分数；要点；论点 用法：(1)on the point of 就要/将近.的时候（2）to the point 中肯，扼要（3）in point 恰当的，适当的 （4）there is no point in doing sth.做某事没有意义。The sailors were on the point of giving up _ the captain came up.A. when B. while C. as D. because Be on the point of doing when 是固定句式。When 在此处表示“在那个时候”=and at that time 此时不能用其他词（as/while）代替。拓展：句型（1）be about to do when (2)be doingwhen(3)have/had done . when3. ignore (vt.)不理睬 ；忽视词性拓展： ignorant adj. 无知的；不知的 ignorance n. 无知；愚昧用法：（1）ignore sb./ sth. 忽视某人/某物（2）be ignorant of sth he _ the doctors advice and goes on smoking.I was _ of the fact that the boss could be so strict. (ignores; ignorant)4. clam adj. 平静的；镇静的；沉静的 you should keep clam in time of danger.区别：silent 不说话，不出声；quite 安静的；宁静的；still 不动的；强调“静止状态”；clam 指人“沉着，镇定”；指自然“无风无浪”。（1） the old man stood quite _ , except that his lips moved slightly.（2） One man shouted at the boy, “ be _ ,boy ! whats the matter with you?”（3） He is _ about the accident. （4） He remained _ in the face of the cruel enemy.(1. still 2.quite.3.silent.4.calm)5.concern vt.涉及；关系到 n.关心；关注 用法拓展：(1) be concerned about/for sth.关心挂念(2)be concerned in sth. 和某事有牵连 (3)be concerned with sth.与某事有关/关于.(4)as concerns 关于（= concerning） (5)as far as be concerned 就 而言 (6)show/feel concern for/about 担心/关心the meeting was concerned _ reforms and everyone present was concerned _ their own interests.A. with; for B. with; with C. for; about; D. about; with(前一句理解为“会议与改革有关”，因此此处应填介词with; 后一句句意为“到会的每一个人都关心自己的利益”，因此空二填介词 about/for 。 A)6.loose adj. 松的，松散的，松开的 词性拓展：loosen vt./vi. 解开，放松；变松；用法拓展；break loose 挣脱出来；迸发出来 come (get) loose (结等)松掉；let /set loose释放；放出；发出7cheat n.欺骗;骗子 vt./vi. 欺骗；作弊 用法拓展：（1） cheat sb. into doing sth.欺骗某人做某事（2）cheat sb. (out) of sth. 欺骗某人某物（3）cheat sb. into the belief that 骗某人相信(4) cheat in the exam 考试作弊8reason n. 理由；原因 vt./ vi. 推理；说服eg: my reason is that the cost will be too high. 我的理由是费用太高。词性拓展：reasonable adj. 合情合理的 用法拓展：（1）for this /that /no /some reason 因为这个/那个/没有/某一理由（2）reason with sb. 和某人辩论（3）by reason of 因为，由于（4）the reason for sth./ doing sth. is that .做某事的理由是.（5） The reason why is that 做某事的理由是The reason _ he was late was _ his car had broken down on the way.A. why; because B. that; because C. that; for D. why; that She would like to know the reason _ fewer and fewer students are showing interest in her lesson. A. for B. why C. for that D. whichWhat do you think of the reason _ he explained in his last letter _ refusing the job? A. why; why B. that; for which C. which; for D. that; because(D. B.首先分析定语从句结构，主谓齐全，空格只能填状语成分，所以使用关系副词why;c改为for which 也对； C. 注意：reason 后面的定语从句不一定用why引导，要看在定语从句中缺少什么句子成分。在这里explain 缺少宾语只能用关系代词that 或 which 引导。补充：reason 与cause 的区别reason 指在事实的基础上通过逻辑判断出的理由与conclusion (结论)相对，常与for或why 连用；cause是自然造成某种结果的原因，与effect(结果)相对，常与of 连用。用reason, cause 填空（1）the _ of the fire is still not known.（2） Give me your _ for doing it.9.list vt. 列出 n. 表，一览表，目录，名单 用法拓展：make a list of 列表10Share vt./vi.分享；共同使用 n. 一份；份额 用法拓展：（1）share (in) sth. 分享/分担某物（2） share sth. with sb. 与某人共享某物；与某人分担某物 11 Feeling n. 感觉；感情 词性拓展：feel vt./vi. 感觉，感受，触摸 feelings 情感12. Netherlands n. 荷兰 Netherlander n. 荷兰人 Netherlandish adj. 荷兰的；荷兰人的；荷兰语的 n. 荷兰语13German n. 德国人；德语 adj. 德国的；德国人的；德语的词性拓展：Germany n. 德国用法拓展：German 的复数形式是Germans, 而英国人、法国人的复数形式是Englishmen和Frenchmen.14. series n. 连续；系列 there will be a series of football games next month.用法拓展：a series of meeting /exams /textbooks two series of stamps series单复数同型，作主语时谓语动词根据 series 单复数概念决定，不根据of 的名词决定。15Outdoors adv. 在户外；在野外children usually prefer playing outdoors.相关拓展：outdoors adj.户外的，野外的 indoors adv. 在室内；入室内 indoor adj. 室内的16Crazy adj. 疯狂的；狂热 用法拓展： （1）be crazy about .对 狂热，痴迷（2）be crazy for sb./sth. =long for 渴望某物或迷恋某人 （3 be crazy with 因而发疯he has greatly improved is spoken English by learning Crazy English. And he _ a chance to go abroad. A. is crazy about B. is crazy for C. is hoping for D. hopes about 17. nature n. 自然；自然界 keep the balance of nature 词性拓展： natural adj. 自然的； naturally adv. 自然的 用法拓展：against nature 违反自然 by nature 生来；天生 in nature 性质上； in the nature of 具备的性质注意：nature 意思是“自然，自然界”，前面不加冠词。18 .purpose n. 目的；意图 the purpose of the book is to provide a complete guide to the university.用法拓展：(1)on purpose 故意地= with the purpose of doing (2) for the purpose of doing 为了 的目的he held out his fist before the young man and tried to anger him _. A. for purpose B. on purpose C. in purpose D. from purpose19.dare vt./ vi. Aux. 敢；胆敢 用法拓展：（1） dare 作情态动词，一般用在否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中，后跟不带to 的不定式，有自己的过去式dared, 无人称和数的变化。He dared not go near the dog.If you dare speak to me like that again , youll be sorry.(2) dare 用作实义动词，后跟带to 的不定式，有人称、数及时态的变化。但在否定句和疑问句中可省略to.Do you dare (to) jump off the high wall?She doesnt dare (to) say anything ?注意：做题时，应先判断dare 是情态动词还是实义动词。He _ his parents about his failure in the examination.A. dare not tellB. dares not to tell C. dare not to tellD. dare not tell I wondered how he _ that to the teacher.A. dare to say B. dare sayingC. not dare say D. dared say (D, 本题考察dare 的用法。做题时，应先判断dare 是情态动词还是实义动词。ABC三项从dare not 判断显然是情态动词，后应跟动词原形，排除BC二项。A项dare 是情态动词，无人称和数的变化，不应加 “s”,故答案选 D.)(D.本题考察dare 的用法。Dare 用作行为动词有人称、数和时态的变化。A项从to say 来看，dare 是实义动词，有时态的变化，应把dare 改为dared。用作情态没有人称和数的变化，但有时态变化，其后接省to 的不定式，但不能接动名词，排除B 。C没有这种形式，故答案选D.本句中dared say （情态动词）=dared to say (实义动词)20Thunder n. 雷；雷声 vi. 打雷；雷鸣拓展：thunder-storm n.雷暴；雷雨 thunder- shower n. 雷阵雨21 Entirely adv. 完全地；全然地，整个地I agree with you entirely.用法拓展：entire 是形容词，意为“整个的，全部的”（=whole）;全然的，完全的（=complete）;(构成一组的东西)全部齐全的，未破坏的；无伤的，entire 通常置于名词前做定语。注意：entirely 用在否定句中，表示部分否定。单句改错：his work was not entire satisfactory. (entireentirely , 副词修饰形容词，表部分否定。句意为“他的工作并非完全令人满意”。22Power n. 能力；力量；权力）the police have the power to detain offenders.词性拓展：powerful adj. 强有利的；强大的 powerless adj. 无力量的；软弱 powerfully adv. 强大地用法拓展：(1)have the power to do 有权利做某事（2）brain power 智力 political power 政权 electric/ water power 电/水力 power station 发电站（4） come into power 掌权（动作）; be in power 掌权（状态）区分：power 能力； 力量； 电力； 权力 strength 力量；力气 energy 精力；能量 Full of _ , he lifted the stone . Full of _, he is always active. Hitler came into _ in Germany in 1933.We have the _ to obtain our shares. (strength; energy; power; power)23. according adv. 依照 youve been in prison six times according to our records.词性拓展：accord vt./ vi. (使符合，一致)accordant adj. 一致的，调和的（with）; accordingly adv. 按照；依据用法拓展： according to 按照；根据所说 后面接名词、代词或what 从句，用作状语。_ what she said, the police quickly found the thief and caught him.A. according B. accordingly C. according to D. accord to (C)24.trust vt./ n. 信任；信赖dont ask me; trust your own judgement.用法拓展：（1）trust sb. = believe in sb.信任某人（2）trust sb. to do ( 放心)托付某人做某事。（3）sb. trust that 相信词组：1 Make the following survey 做如下调查Of the five hundred householders _ , 40% had dishwashers.A. to survey B. surveyed C. surveying D. being surveyedThe teacher came in, _ some students.A. follow B. following C. followed D. to follow (B, 表动宾关系，必须用被动关系，而且是完成被动。 B,考察非谓语动词。Follow 后面带着宾语，因此用现在分词作伴随状语。而不定式作状语表目的和结果。)2 Not until He didnt go to bed until his mother came back.用法拓展：(1)本句型中主句谓语动词为瞬间动词，非延续。（2）当not until 放在句首时，主句用倒装语序，从句不倒装。（3） 在强调句中一般用not until 短语或从句。注意：（1）遇到it is (was) that 先判断是否是强调句，判断的标准是把 it is (was) that 去掉看句子仍然成立。（2） not until 短语用在强调句型中必须合在一起。It was _ last week that we _ him .A. until; knew B. until; didnt know C. not until; knew D. not until; didnt kow(C. 本句为一强调句型，强调not until 短语。 Not until 用于此句型中，必须放在一起。另外，强调句的结构为：it is (was)+ 强调成分+that )完成句子 直到她摘下墨镜来，我才意识到她是个著名的电影明星。Not until she took off her sun-glasses _ I _ that she was a famous film star.(did; realize not until 放在句首时，用倒装语序，主句倒装而从句不倒装)3 Get it repaired 让别人修理My radio was broken, and I must get it repaired.用法拓展：get sth. done 使某物被做； have sth. done 让别人做某事 get 之后可接复合宾语，即get +宾语+宾补，宾补可以是现在分词、过去分词或不定式短语，结构为：get + doing 使（主动）；get + done 使被;get + to do 使做get + 现在分词表示主动关系；get + 过去分词表示被动关系。用所给动词的适当形式填空（1） let me try now. I ll get the car_ (go)（2） when are you going to get your bike _ (repair)?（3） Ill get him _ (do) the work. (going 使汽车发动起来； repaired 表被动 ； to do 主动，表将来)the workers get _ by the hour.A. paid B. pay C. paying D. to pay (A, get paid by the hour 按小时付给工资。Get +过去分词表示被动关系)4 Have got to 必须，不得不He has got to finish his homework today.用法拓展： have to 必须，不得不=have got to (客观) / must 必须（主观）in the class of the computer information ,there werent enough computers for every student, so we _ . A. had got to save B. had to separate C. had to share D. had got to divide(C. 由于电脑不够，我们不得不共用电脑。Share 在此处为不及物动词，“共用”)5 Walk the dog 遛狗用法拓展：walk 在此处是及物动词“（使）走”。Walk sb. to exhaustion 使某人走得筋疲力尽；walk a horse 遛马；walk a bicycle 推着自行车走 walk a patient 扶着病人走翻译句子：我陪你走到汽车站。（Ill walk you to the bus stop）while _ the dog , you should take care not to _ .otherwise, it may be dangerous to strangers. A. walking; get loose B. walk; be loose C. walking for; get it loose D. walked; get loosing (A. C 项的 get it loose 是正确的； 但walk for 不对。)6 Go through (1)经历；经受 （2）仔细阅读或研究；仔细查看 （3）完成；用光；通过；穿过you really dont know what we went through while working on this project. 你的确不知道我们搞这个项目吃了多少苦。用法拓展：see through 看穿；看破 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 break through 突破 look through 浏览 through and through 从头至尾地6 Hide away 躲藏；隐藏； 把隐藏起来 He hides my book away somewhere. 他把我的书藏在某个地方了。用法拓展： hideaway n. 隐藏处 hide sth. from sb. 把某事瞒着某人7 Set down 放下；记下；登记Why dont you set your ideas down on paper? 用法拓展： set down= put down= take down (1) set about doing sth.开始做某事(2) set off 开始；出发；引爆 set sth.off 使 爆炸(3) set up 建立；创办(4) set sb. a good example 为树立好榜样(5) set fire to 放火烧(6) set aside 把 放在一边；存储she _ the vase on the table and went out.A. set out B. set up C. set down D. set on (C. 放下)8 happen to do sth. 碰巧正在做某事when I was about to look for him, he happened to come in.用法拓展：(1) happen to be doing 碰巧正在做某事（2） happen to have done 碰巧做完了某事（4） happen to sb. / sth .发生（5） it happens that (从句)= 主语+ happen + to do 碰巧.（6） As it happens 碰巧；偶然It happened that I met him on my way home, yesterday. ( 改为同义句)n I happened to meet him on my way home,yesterday.9. face to face 面对面地she stood face to face with him. 用法拓展： hand in hand 手拉手 side by side 肩并肩 = shoulder to shoulder肩并肩heart to heart 心连心地 back to back 背靠背地 arm in arm 手拉手地词语辨析：1. be good to / be good for be good to 对好，和善；be good for对有益 （1） 晨练对你的健康有好处。Doing morning exercise is good _ your health.（2） 他对我一向很好。He ha always been good _ me. （3） 这有益于她的学习。It is good _ her study.(for; to; for)2. discover/ invent discover 发现；看出，发现原来存在而不为人知的东西；invent 发明，发明原来不存在的东西（1） we _ them to be cheats at last.（2） We have _ that he is quite careful in his work.（3） Do you know who _ the machine?(discovered; discovered; invented)3. do with / deal with 都有“处理、与 有关”的意思，（1）do with 与 what 搭配， what 在句中作do 的宾语；（2）deal with 与how 搭配；（1）_ do you do with the old bike?（2）_ do you deal with the old bike?(what; how)its said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it(C.本题考查“疑问词+不定式”结构在句中做宾语。What 作 do 的宾语，it 作介词with的宾语。句意为“据说澳大利亚的土地多得政府都不知道怎么处理。4 In order to / so as to in order to 和so as to 后接动词原形，用作目的状语时，二者用法一致，但in order to do语气强烈，可放在句首、句中；而 so as to do 语气较弱，只能放在句中，不能放在句首；它们的否定形式把not 放在to 的前面。注意：in order to 引导目的状语从句时，不定式的逻辑主语同句子主语保持一致。_ get a better score, she has been studying hard all day.A. so has to B. in order to C. so that D. in order that (B, so that 和in order that 引导从句) in order to make our city green, _.A. it is necessary to have planted more treesB. many trees need to plantC. our city need more treesD. we must plant more trees(D. 本题考查in order to 引导目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语同句子主语一致的原则。目的状语的意思是“为了使我们的城市变绿“， make的逻辑主语是人（we）。5Too much / much tootoo much 修饰不可数名词； much too作状语修饰形容词和副词。注意：too much 用法同 much ; much too 的用法同too. Too many 修饰可数名词用too much, much too 填空（1） the price of the computers is _ high.（2） The lady spent _ money on new clothes.（3） The trip is _ for the old man.（4） You shouldnt talk _ in the class.(much too; too much; too much; too much)交际用语1Say no to sb./ a plan / a proposal / a request 否定或拒绝某人（一项计划、提议、要求等） his father said no to his request for money.用法拓展：(1) say yes /Ok to sb./ sth. 同意某人/某事（2） say good-bye to sb.向某人告别（3） say sorry to sb.向某人道歉。（4） Say hello /hi to sb. 向某人问候2I wonder if 从句“我想知道是否”语气较委婉。I wonder if you will help me with my English.I wonder if you like have a walk with me.3. what should be like ? 是用来对某人或某事的看法进行提问的交际用语，该句型常用的形式为：what is /was sb. / sth. like ?用于请对方说出某人或某事的样子或对其的感觉或看法，即“什么样子”-what do you think a good student should be like ?-I think he should be honest and hard-working.用法拓展：其他句型有（1）how do like? （2）what do you think of ?问怎么样？4Its because it is 之后表原因的从句中，只能用because 来引导不能用since或 asI think it because you eat too much.用法拓展：this/ that/ it +is + because/ why/ when/where/how- why hasnt Jane spoken to me these days?- it is _ you spoke ill of her behind her back.A. as B. because C. for D. since (B. it is 之后只能用because 引导表语从句，for 是介词，不能引导表语从句。句型及重难点句详解1While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.(warming up,p1)=while you were walking the dog,省略了walk 的逻辑主语you 和be 动词were, 以避免重复。While living in England, he picked up some English.=while he was living in England,.When asked about the secret of his success, he said that he owed it to his wife.=when he was asked about the .用法拓展：当连词when, while, before, after等引导的时间状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可将从句中的主语和 be动词省去。While _ through the park, we saw a fine flower show.A. walked B. walking C. walks D. being walkingWhen _ from the hill, the buses look small.A. seen B. seeing C. see D. to see(B; A, see和buses 构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而且是被动关系。)2Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feeling and thoughts? (reading p2)whom you could tell everything to在句中充当定语，修饰先行词friend, 其中 whom 在从句中作介词 to 的宾语，（定语从句在第4、5单元中重点学习）。The man who came yesterday is my a friend of mine. (who在从句中作主语)The man whom/ who you met yesterday is a friend of mine. (whom/ who 在从句作宾语)The poor man _ lost his money just now is called john.A. what B. which C. who D. whomThe town _ we visited last month is the one _ the famous painter was born.A. where; which B. which; where; C. in which; that D. where; where(C, 从句缺主语，先行词是人，因此用关系代词who引导； B. 空一定语从句中visit是及物动词缺少宾语，因此用关系代词that 或which来引导；空二从句中不缺少句子，因此用关系副词where来引导，where在从句中作状语。3I dont want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend,.(reading p2)我不愿意像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账，我要把这本日记当作我的朋友，句中 as是连词，意为“如同那样，像一样”，引导一个方式状语从句。Please do it as I do. 请照我的样子做这件事。Leave it as it is .请保持原状，不要动它。4. I havent been able to be outdoors for so long that Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. (reading P2) so that如此以至于（状语从句）用法拓展： （1）so +adj./adv.+ that ; so +adj. a(n) +n.+ that (2) such +adj. +n.(pl.或U+ that ; such +a(n) +adj. +n. +that (3) so /such as 如此(定语从句)he is such an honest boy that we all like him.=he is so honest a boy that we all like him.=he is so honest a boy as we all like.Mary is _ clever _ she understands everything.A. such a ; that B. such an ; that C. so ; that D. so ; as5. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. (reading p2)(1)well= quite, much thoroughly非常，彻底，完全(2)句式一：I can well remember that(宾语从句)句式二：there was a time when（when为关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰前面先行词a time）(3)could never have done 结构表示“对过去情况的否定推测”，其否定副词never也可根据情况用not, hardly等此替换。用法拓展：“情态动词 + have done”小结（1） must have done 对过去发生事情的肯定推测。“一定“（2） could have done 过去可能做却未做。“本来可以做”（3） might / may have done 过去可能做了某事（可能性小）。“可能已经”（4） would have done 过去愿意做某事却不能做。“本来想要做”（5） shouldnt oughtnt to +have done 本来不该做却做了。（6） should / ought to have done 应该做某事却没做。（7） cant / couldnt have done 对过去发生事情的否定推测。“一定没有”（8） neednt have done 过去没有必要做却做了。I met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he _ your lecture.A. couldnt have attended B. neednt have attendedC. mustnt have attended D. shouldnt have attended(A. 根据意思，他那时不可能去听讲座。此句式对过去的否定推测，用 couldnt have done)-I didnt go to see our former teacher while in Wuhan.-But I think you _.A. should B. should have C. could have D. must(B, 根据上下句意表责备，因此用should have done 结构。注意此处 have 不能省，是对过去的虚拟)6it was the first time in a year and a half that Id seen the night face to face .(reading p2)这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚.句式：it / this / that +is(was) +the first /the second /.time that “某人第一次/二次/次做某事。注意从句的谓语动词常用现在完成时或过去完成时。Is与has /have 对应；was 与 had done对应。It is the second time that john has held an art exhibition.It was the third time that she had come to this mountain village to see the children.- do you know our town at all?- no, this is the first time I _ here.A. had come B. am coming C. came D. have comeperiod 2 learning about language词汇1Suffer vt./ vi. 遭受；忍受； 经历the factory suffered a great loss in the fire.用法拓展：suffer from 遭受（1） suffer from floods遭受水灾（2） she often suffers from headaches.她经常头痛。Be careful or our work will _ .A. fail B. suffer C. fall D. lose(B. suffer 在这里做vi.意为“受损失”)he _ terribly all through his illness.A. suffer B. is suffered C. suffered D. suffering (C, 根据意思“他得病期间遭受了很多痛苦”。时态应用一般过去时，另外当suffer 作“受痛苦，患病”讲时，是不及物动词，不能用被动语态。)句型及重难点句详解1She found it difficult to settle and calm down in the hiding place .(learning about language p4)句中it 做形式宾语，代替后面的不定式to settle and calm down in the hiding place.用法拓展：当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语的后面，而it 作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。I found it
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