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高三英语词汇归类总复习,纵观历届高考,从单项选择、完形填空、短文改错、单词拼写乃至阅读理解的考查无一不是对词汇的考查。到了高三,仅仅英语一科就有厚厚九本书(新版教材),两千多单词,数不清的习语搭配和同义词,加上复杂的语法、语音的确使英语复习显得很难而又漫无边际。怎样才能花较少的时间取得较大的复习效果?下面就历届高考词汇考查频繁的内容,从语法、习语、辨析和拼写等四方面将语音、词汇、语法和拼写融为一体,谈谈英语词汇的归类总复习。,一、从用法上复习归纳词汇,过语法关,英语词汇大多具有本身词义外,还有其语法功能,我们在复习时就不要把着眼点单纯放在单词记忆上,而要从它们的语法功能上去把握它们。如在复习动词时我们就要根据它们变化形式多、搭配活跃等特点,从它们的用法上进行分类记忆。这样,既可记住词汇,又可攻克语法难关。,1.宾语不同,意义也不同,英语中有些动词可同时后接不定式和动名词作宾语,但意义不同。它们是高考试题的考查重点。这类词主要有:,goondoing(继续干同一件事)goontodo(接着去干另一件事)stopdoingsth.(停止正在干的事)stoptodosth.(停下来去干某事)regretdoing(后悔干了某事)regrettodo(相当于besorrytodo)forget/rememberdoing(忘记记得已做过的事)forget/remembertodo(忘记记得要干的事)meandoing(意味着干)meantodo(想干),trydoing(尝试做)trytodo(设法做)(95高考)Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.“Well,nowIregret_that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone(92高考)Iusuallygotherebytrain.“Whynot_byboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing,2.都可接宾语和宾补,形式却不同,某些动词如forbid,advise,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接动词作宾语时要用动名词,但接宾补时,宾补要用不定式。如:Weforbidsmokinghere.(宾语)Weforbidyoutosmokehere.(宾补)Youareforbiddentosmokehere.(主补)(87高考)Theywouldnotallowhim_acrosstheenemyline.A.toriskgoingB.riskinggoingC.forrisktogoD.riskgoing,3.宾语不同、语态不同,意义却相同,有些词如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式),可接动名词(要用主动形式表被动意义),可与worth,worthy一并记忆。两种形式意义相同。如:Theroomrequirestobecleaned/cleaning.(85高考)Thissentenceneeds_.A.animprovementB.improveC.improvingD.improved,4.只接不定式作宾语的词和词组,只接不定式作宾语的词和词组有:decide,expect,refuse,wish,hope,order,promise,pretend,offer,happen,seem,makeuponesmind,used,beabout,beable,have等。如:hepretended_mewhenIpassedby.A.nottoseeB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen,5.只接动名词作宾语的词和词组只接动名词作宾语的词和词组,mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,excape,keep,suggest,appreciate,practise,delay,finish,feellike,lookforwardto,canthelp,keep(on),miss,beusedto,excuse,beworth,imagine,putoff,giveup等。如:(92高考)Iwouldappreciate_backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.youarecalling(87高考)Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed_.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch,6.半系动词半系动词后可用名词、不定式、分词和形容词等作表语,这类词有:表感观的系动词:look,sound,taste,smell,feel(这些词用形容词作表语),seem,appear表变化的系动词:become,get,turn,grow,make,come,go,fall,run表依旧的系动词:remain,keep,stay,stand,lie,可带名词作表语的系动词:,be,become,make,sound,prove,remain,turn(该词后接的单数名词前多不用冠词。如:Heturnedteacher.)(91高考)Theseorangestaste_.A.goodB.wellC.tobegoodD.tobewell,7.含被动意味的动词,有些动词,如sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,pull,clean,add,cook,等,它们的主语是事物,且又是表示主语的固有特征和状态,与行为方式状语连用时,要用主动形式表被动意义:Mypenwritessmoothly.我的笔好写。Oilburnseasily.油易燃烧。,(88高考)Thatsuit_over60dollars.A.hadcostedB.costedC.iscostD.cost(97高考)Isthisraincoatyours?“No,mine_therebehindthedoor.A.ishangingB.hashungC.hangsD.hungCanyouseethepicture_(挂)onthewall?,8.具有两种形式的易混动词,中学英语教材中有些不规则动词有两种过去式或两种过去分词形式,使用或考测时极易弄混。如:hang,hanged,hanged(绞死)hang,hung,hung(挂起)light,lit,lit(点燃,作谓语)light,lighted,lighted(过去分词作形容词用时,意谓燃烧着的,作定语)drink,drank,drunk/drunken(喝,饮;过去分词作形容词同时,意谓醉的,drunk多作表语,drunken多作定语),sink,sank,sunk/sunken(下沉;过去分词sunken作形容词用时,作定语)bear,bore,born(出生)bear,bore,borne(结果;生育)lie(撒谎),lied,lied,lyinglie(躺,卧,位于),lay,lain,lying(89高考)Doyouknowtheboy_underthebigtree?A.layB.lainC.layingD.lyingThewoman,whowasbornin1940,hasbornefivechildren.,二、从搭配上复习归纳词汇,过习语关,英语词汇的搭配十分活跃,复习时我们要把重点放在某些常用的动词、名词或介词、副词。我们可按下列方式进行对比归纳。,1.常用的搭配活跃的名词,常用的搭配较活跃的名词有:time,way,moment,means等。如time的搭配短语在中学教材中出现有:innotime(立刻,马上),ontime(按时),intime(及时、迟早),atatime(一次),behindthetimes(落伍),behindtime(不及时,晚点),atonetime(曾经),foratime(一度),,atothertimes(其它时候,平素)attimes(有时候),atalltimes(一直,经常)(93高考)Ifyoukeepon,youwillsucceed_.A.intimeBatontimeC.ontimeD.atthesametime(94高考)Dontallspeakatonce!_,please.A.EachatontimeB.OnebyonetimeC.OneforeachtimeD.Oneatatime,2.常用的搭配活跃的动词,常用的搭配活跃的动词有:look,take,make,give,get,have,go,do,turn,put,set,come等。复习时我们要尽量将具有相反意义的介词、副词与同一动词的搭配罗列在一起对比记忆,如turn一词:turnon(打开),turnoff(关上),turnup(放大音量等;出现),turndown(放小音量等;拒绝),turnin(上交),,turnagainst(反对),turnout(生产),turnaway(避开)(81高考)Wouldyoumind_yourradioalittle?A.turnoffB.turningoffC.toturndownD.turningdown(92高考)Readerscan_quitewellwithoutknowingtheexactmeaningofeachword.A.getoverB.getoutofC.getalongD.getoff,3.常用的搭配活跃的介词、副词,搭配活跃的介词、副词有:in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。复习时,我们要从不同动词、名词等与同一介词、副词搭配进行逐一过关,如on的搭配有:on与动词的搭配geton(上车船等),liveon(以为生),feedon(以为生),takeon(接受;雇用),turnon,lookon(旁观)spyon(侦察窥探),callon(号召;拜访)goon(继续)haveon(穿戴),dependon(依靠),waiton(侍候),carryon(执行),holdon(坚持),insiston(坚持),playtr-ickson(戏弄),fixon(注视),impresson(留下印象)on与名词搭配(注意冠词的取舍),onduty(值班),onbusiness(因公;因事),onfire(燃烧),onshow(展览),ontime(准时),onstrike(罢工),onwatch(监视,观察),onsale(出售;大减价),onearth(到底,究竟),onjourney(旅游),onfoot(步行),onpurpose(故意),ontheway(在路上),onthecontrary(相反),ononehand(一方面),ontheright(在右边),onthewhole(总而言之),ononesown(独自),ononesside(支持,站在某一方),onholiday/leave(度假请假),其它情况,lateron(后来),fromnow/thenon(从现在那时起),onaccountof(由于,因为)(93高考)Weofferedhimourcongratulations_hispassingthecollegeentranceexams.A.atB.onC.forD.of(91高考)Anewschoolwas_inthevillagelastyear.A.heldupB.setupC.sentupD.broughtup,三、从对比词词组的同义、词序或结构等复习归纳词汇,过辨析关,1.动作动词和结果动词英语中有些动词虽然意义相同,但用法不同,有的表示某个动作,而另一个则表示该动作所产生的结果,这类动词常见的有:lookfor(寻找),find(找到);look(看),see(看见);listen(听),hear(听到);try(试图,不说明是否成功),,manage(设法,侧重做到);advise(劝告,不说明是否劝成),persuade(劝服,侧重劝成功)(87高考)Howcanyou_ifyouarenot_?A.listen,hearingB.hear,listeningC.belistening,heardD.behearing,listenedto,2.词序不同、意思就不同有少量词组颠倒词序后意思和用法就不同了,常见的有:beforelong(不久以后),longbefore(很久以前)turnin(上交;就寝),inturn(按次序,轮流)handin(上交),inhand(在手边)fromfar(来自远方),farfrom(离得远;远非)muchtoo(非常,修饰形容词或副词),toomuch(太多,修饰名词,也可作名词),ifonly(要是),onlyif(只有)allin(精疲力尽),inall(总共)goodfor(对有好处),forgood(永远)(95上海)Itwas_latetocatchabusaftertheparty,thereforewecalledataxi.A.tooveryB.muchtooC.toomuch.,Beforelong,hemovedtoLondonandmade,Londonthebaseforhisrevolutionarywork.ItwasnotlongbeforethewholecountryroseupanddrovetheAustriansoutoftheirhomeland.,3.动词后有无介词,意思不同,因有无介词而词义不同的动词在中学英语教材中较多,常见的如:search(对人、物或场所搜查),searchfor(搜寻人、物或场所)leave(离开某地),leavefor(去某地)reach(到达;拿到),reachfor(伸手去拿)prepare(准备),preparefor(为作准备)enter(进入),enterfor(报名参加)run(经营;跑),runfor(竞选)stand(站;忍受),standfor(代表)answer(回答),answerfor(负责)know(了解,知道),knowabout(知道关于)pay(付钱、债给某人),payfor(付钱买某物),Thebabyreachedfortheapplebuthecouldntreachit.那婴儿伸手去拿苹果,但够不到。ThemayorwhousedtorunasmallshopwillrunfortheSenate.那个曾经营过一家小店的市长准备去竞选参议员。,4.有无-ly,意思和用法都不同,这词在教材中较多。一般来说,在形容词后加了-ly成了副词,但有些形容词不加-ly时也可作副词,因而在使用或考测时学生常混淆不清,复习时可按用法分类记忆:a.表具体(无-ly)和抽象(有-ly)的区别:wide(宽广),widely(广泛地)deep(深),deeply(深深地)high(高,位置高),highly(高度地)low(位置低),lowly(地位卑微)b.有无-ly,意思不同:,near(近,附近),nearly(几乎)hard(努力),hardly(几乎不)most(大部分),mostly(主要地)like(象一样),likely(大概,也许)dear(昂贵),dearly(深切地;昂贵地)close(靠近地),closely(密切地)late(迟到),lately(最近)bad(坏),badly(恶劣地;严重地)5.合写与分写时意思不同这类词在拼法上一样,但合写和分写在用法和意义上却不同,常见的词有:,sometime(某个时候),sometime(一段时间)sometimes(有时),sometimes(几次)everyday(adj.日常的,作定语),everyday(每天)anyway(adv.无论怎样),anyway(以任何方式)altogether(总共,完全),alltogether(一道,一起)already(已经),allready(都已准备好)everyone(每个人,指人,不可接of短语),everyone(每个人或物,后可接of短语)none(没有,可指人或物),noone(没有,专指人)(95高考)Theywereallverytired,but_ofthemwouldstoptotakearest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither6.差了一个字母a,意思大不同,这类词不多,但在练习中极易出错,使用时也常混淆,因而要从用法和意义上加以辨别。如:alive(adj.活着的,作表语),live(adj.修饰物,作定语:alivefire)alone(adj.,adv.独自,作形容词时作表语),lone(adj.孤独的;偏僻的,作定语)asleep(adj.熟睡的,常作表语),sleep(V.,n.睡着)awake(adj.,v.醒着;叫醒,作形容词时作表语),wake(v.叫醒)alike(adj.相象的,表语形容词),like(v.,prep.,adj.喜欢;象一样),arise(vi.产生;发生;出现),rise(vi.起来;上涨;上升)across(prep.,adv.穿过;横过),cross(v.穿过;横过)await(vt.等候,直接接宾语),wait(vi.等候,不及物动词)aloud(adv.大声地,与read,call,cry等连用,无比较级形式),loud(adv.大声地,响亮地,常与talk,speak,shout,laugh等词连用)注意:有a-的形容词常作表语,作定语时则要后置。如:Itsdifficultforthemanawaketofallasleepagain.,四、归纳易拼错的常用词,过拼写关归纳易拼错的常用词如:,quarrel,immediately,camera,umbrella,envelope,develop,popular,republic,public,appreciate,pronunciation等,攻克单词拼写难关。我们在复习词汇时要有的放矢,全方位、多渠道地去探索它们的内在规律,根据它们的特点把语音、拼写、语法、搭配等融为一体,缩小复习的范围、避免词汇复习的枯燥性,从而提高复习兴趣与效果。,
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