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DomesticationandForeignization,LawrenceVenuti(1995),“Domesticationand“foreignization”arethetermscoinedbyL.Venuti(1995)todescribethetwodifferenttranslationstrategies.1995年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯.韦努蒂（LawrenceVenuti）在译者的隐形(TheTranslatorsInvisibility)一书中提出。,Rootsoftheterms,Schleiermachersargument(theGermanphilosopher施莱尔马赫):Thereareonlytwodifferentmethodsoftranslation,eitherthetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardshim(foreignizing);orheleavesthereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardshim(domesticating),Foreignization/Alienation,Thetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignessoftheoriginal.异化就是“接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景”。-孙致礼新编英汉翻译教程P33异化指在翻译中保留原文语言特色，让译文语言的读者感受到异域风情，和其他文化的独特魅力。-张震久，2009，P118,forbiddenfruitbaptismoffirenewwineinoldbottlestrumpcardblacklistfleamarketshuttlediplomacycoldwarAllroadsleadtoRome.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.,禁果炮火的洗礼旧瓶装新酒王牌黑名单跳骚市场穿梭外交冷战条条大路通罗马罗马不是一天建成的。,Ourdestinyoffersnotthecupofdespair,butthechalice(大酒杯)ofopportunity.命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。Thisorganizationistodaycollapsingonitsclayfeet.Itsorganshavebeencutout,dissectedandreshapedsothattheymayperformthewaythepuppetmasterswant.马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔2004年在第58届联合国大会上很批联合国是强国的傀儡时说的一番话。今天，这个_的组织正在瓦解。它的器官被割除、肢解、整形，它像木偶一样受人摆布。key:泥足支撑,MoreExamples（新闻翻译教程P90-91）,-Chryslerwereworkingfeverishlytobringouttheirsubcompacts（小型汽车）.ButtheheadoftheFordMotorCompanyhadstuckhisheadinthesand.克莱斯勒公司正在全力以赴推出它们的超小型汽车，而福特公司的总裁却_.Key:把头埋在沙堆里（异化）,Domestication/adaptation,Thetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.,归化就是“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值，把原作者带入译入语文化”-孙致礼新编英汉翻译教程P33在翻译过程中把原文文化特色尽量转换到译入语的语言和文化中去。所谓“转换”就是原文的诸多表达手段向译入语文化靠拢乃至融为一体。-张震久，2009，P118,haveawolfbytheearstobeoutatelbowsatoneswitsendseekahareinahensnestdiamondcutdiamond,骑虎难下捉襟见肘山穷水尽缘木求鱼强中自有强中手,laughoffoneshead笑掉脑袋(异化)?or笑掉大牙（归化）?or.Thestudentsmustbeenjoyingthespeech,becausetheyrelaughingtheirheadsoff.学生们笑得前仰后合，他们一定是很欣赏这个演讲。Mybrotheristheblacksheepofthefamily.blacksheep:anunsatisfactoryordisreputablememberofafamilyorgroup我的弟弟是家里的害群之马。,Giveadoganillnameandhanghim.欲加之罪，何患无辞Beautyisintheeyeofthebeholder.情人眼里出西施。Loveme,lovemydog.爱屋及乌,-TheAmericanambassadormayhaveacard(ace)uphissleeve.Onethingisclear:hehasbeenrefrainingfromdoinganythingthatcoulddragtheUnitedStatesintotheconflict.layonescardsonthetable摊派playonestrumpcard打出王牌callaspadeaspade直言不讳（黑桃）美国大使也许是_。有一点是很清楚的：他一直克制自己不做使美国卷入这场冲突的任何事情。key：胸有成竹,Practice,Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。Mymaternalgrandfather,itisture,wascutoffintheflowerofhisyouthattheageofsixty-seven,butmyotherthreegrandparentsalllivedtobeovereigthty.(BertrandRussell,HowtoGrowOld)不错，我的外祖父英年早逝，当时只有67岁，但是_可都活到了80开外。key:我的祖父、祖母和外祖母,ExamplesforCriticalThinking,“tokilltwobirdswithonestone”一箭双雕、一举两得（归化法）一石两鸟（异化法）Romewasnotbuiltinaday.罗马不是一天建成的。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。But:加菲猫中的一个例子：-Excuseme,maam,pleasecall911.(中文配音）-对不起，小姐，快打119.,Differencebt.domestication/foreignizationtobearmedtoteeth;bungeejumping;伸出橄榄枝(Holdoutanolivebranch.)、伽马刀(gammaknife)、拉力赛(rally)、蓝牙(Bluetooth)、双赢(win2win)、再如：honeymoon(林纾译)；show;party;Tobreaktherecord;Showonescard摊牌;bloodisthinkerthanwater;sofa;而英语中的汉语外来词屈指可数：yin,yang,typhoon,ketou,jiaoziNote:taikonaut宇航员（中华民族科技和文明重新在世界焕发光彩的标志）,Tendency:Astranslator,wemustrealizethatChinaspolicyofopeningtotheoutsideworldandpeopleschangedattitudestowardsothercultureshavearousedintenseinterestinknowingtheWest.Intranslation,thismeansademandfortheretentionofmoreforeignelements,bothlinguisticandcultural.异化理由：1）有必要让读者了解异国文化2）译者应相信读者的智力和想象力能理解异国文化的特异之处3）异化可以丰富目的语文化和语言表达方式But:Weakervoicecanbeheard:Domestication-oriented“直译”死译“异化”硬化,ReadersConsideration(读者关照),Itisassignificantasagameofcricket.a.这件事如同板球赛一样重要。b.这件事如同吃饭一样重要。c.这件事非常重要。译文a:读者为具有文化洞察力、熟谙英国人酷爱板球运动这一文化背景的人；译文b：为了照顾一般读者的认知，变洋为土译文c：直接译出原文的涵意。,梁山伯与祝英台周恩来“中国的罗密欧与朱丽叶”-外交译事中的美谈,归化法的限度：五类词语慎用（略）,1.反映中华民族特殊习俗的:九宵云外义结金兰负荆请罪卧薪尝胆等;2.带有汉字特征的:一字长蛇阵有眼不识今镶玉目不识丁等;3:含有中国地名的:江东父老逐鹿中原乐不思蜀庐山面目逼上梁山等;4.含有中国人名的:女娲补天廉颇老矣等;5.涉及中国古代传说或故事的:三顾茅庐嫦娥奔月盲人摸象暗渡陈仓指鹿为马等.,略Morethantwenty-five-millionsoldiersandcivilianshaddiedduringthesixyearsoffighting.在为期六年的战争中，两千五百多万士兵和平民命丧黄泉。在为期六年的战争中，两千五百多万士兵和平民丧命。P.23-24铜子儿，梅开二度.,Homework,1.Letmehavetheskates,youdontknowhowtoskate.Dontbeadoginthemanger.2.Hastemakeswaste;softfiremakessweetmalt.3.WhenMarycamedowndressedforthedance,herfatherremarked,Finefeathersmakefinebirds.4.Theysaythateverydoghasitsday;butmineseemsaverylongtimetocome.5.ButinthecaseofBaconandShakespeare,sucherrorsarespotsonthesun.,1.Letmehavetheskates,youdontknowhowtoskate.Dontbeadoginthemanger.把冰鞋给我，你不会滑冰，不要占着茅坑不拉屎。2.Hastemakeswaste;softfiremakessweetmalt.匆忙造成浪费，文火熬出甜糖。3.WhenMarycamedowndressedforthedance,herfatherremarked,Finefeathersmakefinebirds.玛丽下楼来打扮得漂漂亮亮准备去参加舞会，她父亲说：“真是佛要金装，人要衣装啊！”4.Theysaythateverydoghasitsday;butmineseemsaverylongtimetocome.俗话说：“石头也有翻身日，”可是我的翻身日好像老不见来似的。5.ButinthecaseofBaconandShakespeare,sucherrorsarespotsonthesun.但就培根和莎士比亚的情况来说，这些错误不过是白璧微瑕而已。,红楼梦译例比较(跨文化翻译中的异化与归化问题，徐建平，中国翻译，2002.Vol.23NO.5),1.真是“天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福”。(曹：156)Truly,stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight.(Yang:155)Iknowtheweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.(Hawkes:231),2.癞蛤蟆想天鹅肉吃（曹：165）Atoadhankeringforatasteofswan(Yang:164)Acaseofthetoadonthegroundwantingtoeatthegooseinthesky(Hawkes:242)习语：awild-goosechase荒谬无益之追求,3.至于才子佳人等书，.(曹：5)Asforbooksofthebeauty-and-talentedtype.(Yang:4)Andtehboudoirromance(Hawkes:50)boudoir：闺房4.陋室空堂，当年笏满床。(曹：18)笏：古代大臣上朝拿着的手板MeanhutsandemptywallsWhereemblemsofnobilityoncehung(Yang:16)MeanhovlesandabandonedhallsWherecourtiersoncepaiddailycalls(Hawkes:64),
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