《英语应用文写作》-写作基础知识.ppt

英语应用文写作,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,英语句子（Sentences）英语段落（Paragraphs）英语篇章（Essay）,写作基础知识(BasicWritingSkills),英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,第一节英语句子(Sentences),1.1.1.英语基本句型1.1.2.英语句子种类1.1.3.有效句子,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,1.1.1.英语基本句型（BasicElementsofaSentence）,英语句子的主要构成成份有：S=Subject主语V=Verb动词O=Object宾语C=Complement补语A=Adverbial状语,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,英语的七种基本句型：SV:主谓SVO:主谓宾SVC:主谓补SVA:主谓状SVOO:主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾SVOC:主谓宾补SVOA:主谓宾状,此外还有比较常用的Therebe句型，表示“存在，有”,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,SV:Thesunisshining.SVO:Youshouldalsoconsiderthis.SVC:Theappletastesgood.SVA:Iwasatcollege.SVOO:Livingatcollegegivesmeasenseofresponsibility.SVOC:Thatmakesmeresponsibleformyownlife.SVOA:Youcanputthedishonthetable.Therebe：Therearefriendlypeoplearoundtotalkwith.,Samples,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Yourdinnerseemsready.()ImustsendmyparentsaChristmascard.()Thatclassinterestedme.()Myschoolisonthenextstreet.()Manystudentsfindthatbookveryhelpful.()Youmayputyourumbrellaunderthetable.()Shewassmiling.()Wehavemadehertheheadofourgroup.(),同步练习Nowreadthefollowingsentencesandtellwhichclausetypetheybelongto.,SVC,SVOO,SVO,SVA,SVOC,SVOA,SV,SVOC,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,1.1.2.英语句子种类（TypesofSentences）1.句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句2.句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,陈述句（DeclarativeSentence):adeclarativesentencemakesapositiveornegativestatementOurwarehouseshavelimitedfacilities.Heisnottherivalinnegotiation.疑问句(InterrogativeSentence):ainterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.Willyoupleasepayyourpromptattentiontothismatter?(GeneralQuestion),Example,我们的仓库设施很有限。,他不是谈判对手。,Example,对此问题，请及时加以注意。,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Howoldareyou?(SpecialQuestion)Isthedelegationleavingtodayortomorrow?(AlternativeQuestion)YoudidntgotoShanghai,didyou?(TagQuestion)祈使句(ImperativeSentence):animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Pleasethinkoverthelocaltaxrate.Dontopenthedoor.感叹句(ExclamatorySentence):anexclamatorysentenceshowsastrongfeelingoremotion.Whataleverboyheis!Howcarelesssheis!,Example,Example,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,简单句（SimpleSentence):asimplesentenceisonethatconsistsofasingleindependentclause.Wewouldappreciateapromptreply.并列句（CompoundSentence):acompoundsentenceisonethatcontainstwoormoreindependentclauses.Ihavefinishedthework,butthereisstillmuchtodo.,Example,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,复合句（ComplexSentence):acomplexsentenceisonethatcontainsoneindependentclauseandoneormoresubordinateordependentclauses.Iwasreadingabookwhenhecame.并列复合句（Compound-complexSentence):acompound-complexsentenceisonethatcontainsatleasttwomainclausesandatleastonedependentclause.Inotherwords,itisacombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentenceShewearsareddresswhensheisingoodmood,butshewearsablueonewhensheisinbadmood.,Example,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,1.1.3.有效句子(EffectiveSentences)什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,完整的句子(Completeness)清晰的句子(Clarity)简洁的句子(Conciseness)平行结构的句子（Parallelism)5.灵活多变的句子(Variety),英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,1.写完整的句子(Completeness)一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。(1)结构上的完整,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,SentenceCompleteness,Wrong:MynameHelen.,汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能省略。我们还可以用that、who或because之类的词把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：,Wrong:Theyeatrice,andweeat,too.,Correct:MynameisHelen.,Correct:Theyeatrice,andweeatrice,too.,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Wrong:Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.,Correct:Friendlypeople,thatsanotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.,Wrong:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly.Becausetheyknowhowtolisten.,Correct:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquicklybecausetheyknowhowtolisten.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Noneofthefollowingsentencesarecomplete.Makenecessarycorrectionstomakethemcomplete.,1.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻).,2.ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.,-Idislikedogsbecausetheyareverysmelly.,-ThedogsarealwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisitthem.,3.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.,-Waysofnamingnewbabiesaredifferentaroundtheworld.,同步练习,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,4.InGuangzhouishotterthaninBeijing.,5.Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,gotogetastickifyouthrowit.,-InGuangzhou,itishotterthaninBeijing.,-Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,theygotogetastickifyouthrowit.,-Itstoocoldinthisroom.,6.Istoocoldinthisroom.,7.Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet.,8.Abookthatyoulike.,-Thatisabookthatyoulike.,-Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet,wedontkeepone.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,简单陈述句的语序（WordorderinSimpleStatements）,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,bought,ahat,yesterday,Thechildren,ran,home,Thedriver,shoutedat,me,angrily,Thecar,stopped,suddenly,Jack,read,thebook,quietly,inhisroom,allafternoon,名，代，数，短语，从句,谓语动词,名，代宾，数，短语，从句,副词，相当于副词，短语和从句,I,They,aresitting,behindme,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,1.ThefilmIenjoyedyesterday2.Atreeinthecornerofthegardenheplanted.3.ThismorningabookIfromthelibraryborrowed4.Anewschoolbuilttheyinourvillagelastyear.,I,enjoyed,thefilm,yesterday,He,planted,atree,Inthecornerofthegarden,I,borrowed,abook,fromthelibrary,thismorning,They,built,anewschool,inourvillage,lastyear,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,(2)意义上的完整意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。请看下列句子：a.WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：a.WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.修改：WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,whoisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.修改：Jimisoneofthefastestrunnersofourschool.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.修改：ErnestHemingway,anAmericannovelist,wontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,2.写清晰的句子(Clarity)写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。(1)缺乏必要的细节。简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：a.Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,a句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：修改：Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissisterdoes.或：Helovessportsmuchmorethanheloveshissister.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.b句中的aperson和you指代不明。应改为：Whenapersongetsmarried,hetakesonnewresponsibilities.(泛指)或：Whenyougetmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.(特指)c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.c句中，“onemillion”究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：修改：Thecityhasapopulationofonemillion.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,(2)缺乏连贯性。一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维。为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短语、从句等）。例如：Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.theyaresaidtobecolor-blinded.此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为：Somepeoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencolorsaresaidtobecolor-blinded.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,b.Hefoundthekitchenwindowopen.Heputaladderagainstthewindow.Heclimbedin.此句子可改为：Findingthekitchenwindowopen,heputaladderagainstitandclimbedin.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,(3)随意转换。英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思模糊不清。时态的随意转换。TheydidnotknowwhentheywillgototheGreatWall.应改为：TheydidnotknowwhentheywouldgototheGreatWall.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterdaybutgetsupearlythismorning.应改为：b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterdaybutgotupearlythismorning.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,语态和主语的随意转换。Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandhisanklewasbroken.应改为：Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandbrokehisankle.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,b.Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterthelecturewasfinished.应改为：Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterhefinishedthelecture.或：Havingfinishedthelecture,theteacherlefttheclassroom.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,c.Shereviewedthelessonsandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.应改为：Shereviewedthelessonsanddidalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacher.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,语气随意转换。a.Firststopthenoiseandthenyoumaystartdiscussion.应改为：Firststopthenoiseandthenstartdiscussion.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,b.Studentsshouldlearntosolveproblemsindependently.Dontrelyonyourparentshelp.应改为：b.Studentsshouldlearntosolveproblemsindependently.Theyshouldnotrelyontheirparentshelp.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,人称和数的随意转换。a.Ifonehastalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.应改为：Ifonehastalents,onewillbelikelytosucceed.或:Ifwehavetalents,wewillbelikelytosucceed.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,b.Ifapersonisselfish,theywillhavefewfriends.应改为：b.Ifapersonisselfish,hewillhavefewfriends.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,代词指代不明。Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;theyshoulddosomethingaboutit.应改为：Thepollutioninthisareaisserious;thegovernmentshoulddosomethingaboutit.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,同步练习:Correctthefollowingsentencesifnecessary,Therearealwaysalotofgoodnewsovertheradio.Eachoftheplanshasitsadvantage.EitheryouorIaretocleantheroom.Allthosewhowanttogoonthetripshouldgethisequipmentreadyimmediately.,is,am,their,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,5.Paidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.6.Theteachergivingsuchahardexam.,-Hepaidlittleattentiontohistablemanners.(addasubject),-Theteacherisgivingsuchahardexam.(addahelpingverb),英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,7.Whenonlyfiveyearsold,myfathertookmetoacircus(杂技团).,_Whenonlyfiveyearsold,Iwastakentoacircusbymyfather._WhenIwasonlyfiveyearsold,myfathertookmetoacircus.,8.Acardrovedownthestreetdeckedwithribbon.（用缎带装饰起来的）_Acardeckedwithribbondrovedownthestreet.(Misplacedmodifier误置修饰语）,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,3.写简洁的句子(Conciseness)简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用句子。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,比较下列两个句子：a.Heexpressesanumberofcleverexpressionsmuchtotheaudiencesdelight.Hedelightedtheaudiencewithhiscleverexpressionsb.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroom,whenIgotthere,Isawmanypeopleintheclassroom.ThismorningIwenttotheclassroomandsawmanypeoplethere.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：(1)避免重复意义相同的词。a.Itwasblueincolor.b.Itwassmallinsize.c.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.d.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,又如：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.应改为：Hegavemanyreasonsforhisfailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,(2)避免使用累赘的词。累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或词组。例如：Shewastoldofthefactthateatingjunkfoodmightharmherhealth.b.Mrs.SmithlikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.c.Therearesomestudentswhocheatinexams.以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,同步练习,Thechairmanwillgiveuphisjobnextyearbecauseofoldage.-Thechairmanwillretirenextyear.,Thewomanwhoisdressedinblackoverthereisthepersonwhoisnowinchargeofoursalesdepartment.-Thewomaninblackoverthereisthemanagerofoursalesdepartment.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,4.写平行结构的句子（Parallelism)在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词性一致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结构原则。两三个词性相同的词连成一串，形成平行结构。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。例如：,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,a.Thearticleisshort,informative,andreadingitwaseasy,应该为：Thearticleisshort,informative,andeasytoread.(threeadjectives),b.Knowingwhattodoandtodoitwellwillbringyousuccess.,应该为Knowingwhattodoanddoingitwellwillbringyousuccess.(twogerundphrases),英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,再看下例：Insummary,Idolikealotofthingsaboutcollege,asIsaidbeforebeingonmyown,talkingwithfriendlypeople,havingFridaysoff.(这里是3个动名词短语并列。),英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,同步练习1.Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusic,andsheworksinthegarden.Shespendsherfreetimereading,listeningtomusicandworkinginthegarden.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,2.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandtowriteashortreviewofit.Theteachertoldusthatweshouldreadourtextandwriteashortreviewofit.Or:Theteachertoldustoreadourtextandwriteashortreviewofit.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,3.Mr.Butlerisamanofwideexperienceandwhoisverypopularwithhisco-workers.Mr.Butlerisamanofwideexperienceandgreatpopularityamonghisco-workers.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,4.Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayingindoors?,Wouldyouprefertogoforawalkoutsideorstayindoors?,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,5.Pleasecleanthekitchen,theheatmustturndown,andlockthedoors.,Pleasecleanthekitchen,turndowntheheat,andlockthedoors.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,6.ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderorleavingthecompany.,ThemanagertoldHenrythathehadonlytwochoices:toworkharderortoleavethecompany.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,7.Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andworkshard.,Mybestfriendishonest,clever,andhard-working.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,8.Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andwantedtoeat.,Afterthelongtrip,Iwastiredout,thirsty,andhungry.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,5.写灵活多变的句子(Variety)要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要经常变换句型和句子结构。(1)句子开头多样化,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,分词或分词短语开头。a.Wereachedourdestinationexhausted.应该为：Exhausted,wereachedourdestination.b.Ifinishedmyhomeworkandbegantoreviewthelessons.应该为：Havingfinishedmyhomework,Ibegantoreviewthelessons.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,形容词开头。Hewasintelligentandhard-working,andhegraduatedwithhonors.应该为：Intelligentandhard-working,hegraduatedwithhonors.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,介词短语开头。a.Thegirlwasindespairandturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.应该为：Indespair,thegirlturnedtoherfriendsforhelp.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,不定式短语开头。a.Heworkedharddayandnighttopasstheexams.应该为：Topasstheexams,heworkedharddayandnight.b.Hespokeslowlyandemphaticallytomakeeverythingclear.应该为：Tomakeeverythingclear,hespokeslowlyandemphatically.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,(2)句型多样化。用排比句、修辞疑问句、倒装句等多样化的句型能增添语言的渲染力，增加文章的艺术色彩。例如：a.Themorewegettogether,thehappierwellbe.b.Whyisitthatthemoreconnectedweget,themoredisconnectedIfeel?,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,再如:美国黑人“民权运动”领袖马丁路德金（MartinLutherKing）著名的演说我有一个梦想（Ihaveadream）。这份演讲气势如虹，感情充沛，鼓动性强。其中非常重要的原因是运用了一些比喻、排比的修辞手法和句型，增添了语言的渲染力及文章的艺术色彩。例如“Ihaveadreamthatoneday”。,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal.,IhaveadreambyMartinLutherKing,我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的；人人生而平等。”,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.,我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.,我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评判他们的国度里生活。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,同步练习：Usecoordinationorsubordinationtocombinethegroupsofsimplesentencesintolongersentences.Omitthewordswherenecessary.(用并列连词或从属连词将下列简单句连成长句。),英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Ineededsomeonetohelpme.Icouldntfindanyone.Ihadtodoitallonmyown.2.Thesechildrentooktheirnaps.Theyunrolledtheirsleepingmats.3.Mycarisnotstartingoncoldmornings.Ithinkthebatteryneedstobereplaced.Ialreadyhaditrechargedonce.Idontthinkitwouldhelptochargeitagain.4.Thepipeshadfrozen.Theheathadgoneoff.Wephonedtheplumber.Hecouldntcomefortwodays.Hehasbeenswampedwithemergencycalls.,but,so,Before,Because,so,because,but,as,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,第二节英语段落(Paragraphs)语段，又叫“句群”，是由句子组成的语言表达单位，它是句子和语篇之间的中间层次。我们知道，句子在一定的语境中能够单独地使用，能够单独地表达相对完整的意思。但是，要表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，往往需要把几个句子组织起来，结成更大的言语片断，以表达“一层”的意思。因此，语段是一个相对独立的较大语义单位，既与上下语段相关联，又与上下语段相区别。正是许多这样的语段相结合，才构成了语篇。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,一个段落既是一篇文章的组成部分，又是一个自成一体、相对独立的整体。一个段落就是一篇微型文章，它的内容应该完整、连贯并且展开得法。内容完整就是要求段落中的各句都紧紧围绕一个中心或主题，如有必要另辟主题则需另起一段。内容连贯则要求文字条理清晰，层次结构清楚，句与句之间有内在的逻辑关系。一个段落可长可短，视全篇的需要而定，比如要看该文章的主题是什么，本段落在全文中处于什么位置，以及它在文章观点阐述过程中有何作用等。长的段落通常用于表达比较复杂的主题，而短的段落有时是做一个过渡或进行一次概括，也有可能是用来强调某个观点。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,段落的组成和特征1.2.1.段落的组成(BasicStructureofaParagraph)一个核心的英语段落一般由一个主题句(topicsentence)、若干个支持句或扩展句(supportingsentence或developingsentence)构成,有的还有关联句（transitionalsentence）和结论句（concludingsentence）。主题句给出谈论的话题，或着段落的主旨即中心思想；支持句是对主题句进行的阐释、说明、例证或引申等；关联句使主题句和各支持句连贯成一个整体；结论句对全段作总结，往往照应主题句，起承上的作用。这些具体细节使中心思想的表述呈现一定的层次。例如：,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,TopicSentence(general),SupportingSentenceNo.1(specific)(explanation,example,ormoredetails),SupportingSentenceNo.2(specific),SupportingSentenceNo.3(specific),ConcludingSentence(general),英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,主题句(TopicSentence)主题句在英语段落中起着举足轻重的作用。英语段落的主题句大多位于句首，但也有居于中间或末尾的。主题句位于句首，开段明义，让读者很快就能了解作者要说明的问题。例如：,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Althoughworkingisgoodforus,asithelpstrainourbodyandmind,yetthereshouldbealimit.Toomuchworkwilluseupourenergy,andweshallfeeltied.Weshouldknowthatourcapacity(容量)islimited.Ourmindalsoneedsrelaxation,withoutwhichwecouldbecomesluggish(行动迟缓的).Weshouldalwaysrememberthatwearehumanbeings,andthatweneedplayingandamusementstomakeourlifefuller.,Thisparagraphisaboutthelimitofworking.本段的段首句是TopicSentence.主题句位于句首。后面的句子便是支持句（SupportingSentences)，为主题句所表达的思想提供支持。作者采用的是“从一般到具体”的写作方法。,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,LetsSpeakforOurselves,Mostofusdependtoomuchonpreprintedgreetingcardstoexpressourfeelingsonspecialoccasion.Insteadofmakinganefforttosaywhatwefeel,wecommunicatealmostexclusivelythroughwordswrittenbyprofessionalcardwriters.Wesendpreprintedcardsforbirthday,anniversaries,congratulations,majorholidays,andnumerousotherevents.Weusethesecardstoexpresslove,longing,regrets,andcongratulations.Mostofthesecardscommunicatetheirmessages-ourmessages-throughcorny(平淡的)rhymesorsillyjokes.Whatanimprovementitwouldbeifwepurchasedcardsthatwereblankinsideandtookthetimetowriteourownwords,orifwetelephonedorsentahandwrittennote.Ourwordsmightnotbeasslick（灵巧的）orfunnyasstore-boughtsentiments,buttheywouldcertainlybemoregenuine.,TopicSentence,SupportingSentences,Conclusion,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,段落的第一句是主题句，清楚地表述了中心思想，其他句子都与中心思想有关，具体的例子和理由对中心思想提供了支持。段落通过词汇（如feeling,cards,words等）和意义上的重复，代词的使用，以及过渡词（如insteadof,if,or,but）达到连贯，最后是强有力的结尾。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,同步练习,I.阅读以下段落并标出各段的主题句:Paragraph1_.Paragraph2_.Paragraph3_.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,WhenIfirstenteredcollegeasafreshman,IwasafraidthatIwasnotabletodowellinmystudies.Iwasafraidofbeingoff(离开）bymyself,awayfrommyfamilyforthefirsttime.HereIwassurroundedbypeopleIdidnotknowandwhodidnotknowme.Iwouldhavetomakefriendswiththemandperhapsalsocompetewiththemforgrades(分数）incoursesIwouldtake.WeretheysmarterthanIwas?CouldIkeepupwiththem?Wouldtheyacceptme?,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Isoonlearnedthatmylifewasnowupto（取决于）me.IhadtosetastudyprogramifIwantedtosucceedinmycourses.IhadtoregulatethetimeIspendstudyingandthetimeIspendsocializing.IhadtodecidewhentogotobedThesequestionsIhadtoanswerformyself.Atfirst,lifewasabitdifficult.ImademistakesinhowIusedmytime.Ispendtoomuchtimemakingfriends.IalsomadesomemistakesinhowIchosemyfirstfriendsincollege.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,II.根据下列段落，选择恰当的主题句：Myfirstvisitwasinthesummerof1974,toseetheworldsFair.Thesecondtimewasin1976,toseefriends.ThelasttimeIvisitedNewYorkjustlastmonth,whenIwenttheretolookforajob.MaybesoonIwillbearesidentofNewYorkinsteadofavisitor.IhavemadethreevisitstoNewYorkIhavevisitedNewYorkfourtimesIwillliveinNewYorksoon,Key:a.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,III.将下列句子改写成简洁明晰的主题句：Ingeneral,Iusuallygotocinemaonweekend.Inmyopinion,myfavoritemovieisGonewiththeWindIoftenthinkifImadeaspeechbeforeotherswholistento,itishardformetodoso.,Iusuallygotocinemaonweekend.,GonewiththeWindismyfavoritemovie,Itishardformetomadeaspeechbeforeothers.Makingaspeechbeforeothersishardforme.,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,1.2.2段落的特征（QualitiesofEffectiveParagraph）1.段落的统一性(Unity)。2.段落的连贯性(Coherence)。3.段落的完整性(Completeness)。,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,1.段落的统一性(Unity)一个好的段落通常只有一个中心思想。段落的统一性体现在用这个中心思想来统帅全段内容，段落中的其他句子则都应围绕这一主题，一切与主题无直接关系的句子都必须删除例如：,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Sample1:Televisionisnotonlyaconvenientsourceofentertainment,butalsoacomparativelycheapone.WithaTVsetinthefamily,peopledonthavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,themovies,ortheopera.Alltheyhavetoistopushabuttonorturnonaknob,andtheycanseeplays,films,operasandshowsofeverykind.此段的主题句即段首句是本段的中心（Thisparagraphisabouttheconvenienceandcheapnessoftelevision）全段围绕这一中心展开，符合段落的统一性原则。再如：,Sample1,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Aneducatedmanisatolerant宽容的man.Herespectstheopinionsofhisfriends.Forexample,Dr.Reynoldslikesoldthings.Helikesoldpaintings.Heenjoysoldbooks.Heownsoldfurniture.Somepeopledontlikeanyoldthing.Theydontlikeoldpaintings.Theydontenjoyoldbooks.Theyalwaysbuymodernfurniture.Dr.Reynoldsnevercriticizesthem.Herespectspeoplesdifferences.Heunderstandshumannature.Heisawiseandkindman.这种“主题句加例证”的写作格式是取得统一性的常用方法。,Sample2,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,2.段落的连贯性(Coherence)。一个好的段落除了内容要统一、完整外，还要结构连贯。连贯性指的是段落的结构是否有条理。一个段落内的各句应该有逻辑地、自然地衔接在一起，成为一个完整的整体。只有这样，读者才能跟上作者的思路，明白他讲的意思。达到连贯性的一个重要策略是使用合适的连接词。例如：,英语应用文写作多媒体教学课件,Sample1:Themoonhasalwaysbeenanobjectofinteresttohumanbeings.Untilthe1960s,gettingtherewasonlyadream.Somethoughtthatpeoplecouldneverreachthemoon.NeilArmstrongsteppedontothelunar(月亮的)surfacein1969.Moonlandingshavebecomeroutine(日常事务)tothegeneralpub