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文章结构之篇章结构题AThe term “helicopter parents” refers to “a style of parents who are over focused on their children”Helicopter parents are always making a big push to provide children with every opportunity to succeed，from baby steps at age 1，homework at age 8，college application at age 18，employment issues at age 25 to family problems at age 30,40 or even older.They constantly shadow the child，always directing his behavior，allowing him zero alone time.Helicopter parenting can develop for a number of reasons.Worries about the economy，the job market，and the world in general can push parents toward taking more control over their childs life in an attempt to protect them.Adults who felt unloved or ignored as children can overcompensate their own children.When parents see other overinvolved parents，it can cause a similar response.They feel that if they dont involve themselves in their childrens lives，they are bad parents.The main problem with helicopter parenting is that it can backfire.To give an example，the house where Mary lived with roommates was broken into and things were stolen.Mary called the landlord(房东) to install an alarm system，but before she could finish the negotiations(协商)，her mother rushed in and demanded action.“I felt like my mother ruined my communication with our landlord.We could have gotten it done ourselves.She was well intended but only made me feel annoyed and defeated，” says Mary.Obviously，overparenting is motivated with the idea of doing good things but it does the exact opposite.In the long run parents are actually damaging their childs basic skills to deal with matters independently.It makes the child feel lacking in confidence，less competent in dealing with the stresses of life on their own.Theyre winning the battle，but actually losing the war.语篇解读本文为说明文。主要介绍了“直升机式父母”的定义，产生“直升机式父母”的原因及危害。1Whats the purpose of helicopter parents overparenting?ATo do something good for their children.BTo make their children not ignored.CTo help their children find a good job.DTo get rid of the pressure from other parents.答案A解析细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Obviously，overparenting is motivated with the idea of doing good things.”可知“直升机式父母”过分呵护孩子的目的是想做一些有益于孩子们的事情，故答案为A项。2What can we learn from the passage?AChildren who have helicopter parents live a hard life.BHelicopter parenting only happens to very young children.CHelicopter parents can protect their children against all problems.DHelicopter parents do their children great harm in the long run.答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，从长远看过分呵护孩子会毁掉孩子独立处理问题的基本技巧，使孩子缺乏自信心，在处理生活压力方面缺乏竞争力。由此可见从长远看，“直升机式父母”对孩子有很大危害，故答案为D项。3What will possibly be discussed in the paragraph that follows?AThe bad effects of helicopter parenting.BHow we can avoid being helicopter parents.CDifferent opinions about helicopter parenting.DThe reasons for the development of helicopter parents.答案B解析篇章结构题。文章第一、二段介绍了“直升机式父母”的定义及表现，第三段介绍了产生“直升机式父母”的原因，最后两段介绍了“直升机式父母”的危害。由此可知文章下文应该介绍如何避免成为“直升机式父母”，故答案为B项。BThe US.Postal Service(USPS) is losing billions of dollars a year.The government company that delivers “small mail” is losing out to email and other types of electronic communication.Firstclass mail amount fell from a high point of 104 million pieces in 2000 to just 64 million pieces by 2014.Congress permits the 600,000employee USPS to hold a monopoly(垄断) over firstclass and standard mail.The company pays no federal，state or local taxes；pays no vehicle fees；and is free from many regulations on other businesses.Despite these advantages，the USPS has lost 52 billion since 2007，and will continue losing money without major reforms.The problem is that Congress is preventing the USPS from reducing costs as its sales decline，and is blocking efforts to end Saturday service and close unneeded post office locations.USPS also has a costly uniondominated workforce that slows the introduction of new ideas or methods down.USPS workers earn significantly higher payment than comparable privatesector workers.The answer is to privatize the USPS and open postal markets to competition.With the rise of the Internet，the argument that mail is a natural monopoly that needs government protection is weaker than ever.Other countries facing declining letter amounts have made reforms.Germany and the Netherlands privatized their national postal companies over a decade ago，and other European countries have followed suit.Britain floated shares of the Royal Mail on its stock exchange in 2013.Some countries，such as Sweden and New Zealand，have not privatized their national postal companies，but they have opened them up to competition.These reforms have driven efficiency improvements in all of these countries.Additional number of workers have been reduced，productivity has risen and consumers have benefited.Also，note that costcutting measuressuch as closing tone post officesare good for both the economy and the environment.Privatization and competition also encourage new changes.When the USPS monopoly over “extremely urgent” mail was stopped in 1979，we saw an explosion in efficient overnight private delivery by firms such as FedEx.The government needs to wake up to changing technology，study postal reforms abroad and let businessmen reinvent our outofdate postal system.4What do we know about the USPS?AIts great competitor is the delivery firm FedEx.BIt is an old public service open to competitions.CIts employees dont pay federal，state or local taxes.DIt has complete control of firstclass and standard mail.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Congress permits the 600,000employee USPS to hold a monopoly(垄断) over firstclass and standard mail.”可知USPS垄断了“firstclass and standard mail”。故D正确。5The author mentions some other countries in Paragraph 4 to .Aexplain the procedures of reform to the USPSBshow the advantages of private postal servicesCset some examples for the government to learn fromDprove the situation is very common around the world答案C解析写作意图题。文章第四段写到其他遇到相同问题的国家都是如何解决的，以此可以推断出是希望政府看到这些例子并效仿。故C正确。6The author probably agrees that the USPS .Aneeds governments protection as everBcan work together with other businessesCmust be replaced by international companiesDshould be sold out and become a private service答案D解析观点态度题。文章第四段中，作者认为解决USPS的问题，政府应该向德国、荷兰等国家学习，那么可推理出这些国家的做法是作者认可的，这些国家的做法可总结为两种：私有化和脱离政府的庇护进入竞争市场。因此答案是D。7Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?I：Introduction CP：Central point P：PointSp：Subpoint(次要点) C：Conclusion答案B解析篇章结构题。全文一共七段，第一段和第二段是背景信息，属于Introduction；第三段属于Central point；第四、五段是P1；第六段是P2；第七段进行总结，属于Conclusion。故B正确。CFifty years ago，the wellloved musician Bob Dylan played at the Newport Folk Festival and was widely booed(嘘声)The audience may have been unhappy but Dylans performance helped change the direction of music and culture in the United States.The mid1960s were a time of great change.One such place of change was the world of folk music.Bob Dylan became a symbol of change when he moved from acoustic(原声的) to electric guitar. Rock music historian Elijah Wald has written a new book about the change.It is called “Dylan Goes Electric.”“There was a moment in the early 1960s when you could look at the Billboard charts and seven of the top 10 albums were folk records.And Joan Baez，Peter Paul and Mary，the Kingston Trio，all had huge，huge，huge numberone records.”And then this happened：The “British Invasion” introduced the world to the Beatles and grew a huge fan base for rock music.That worried many folk musicians，says Elijah Wald.They hoped that Bob Dylan would come to the rescue.However，a new Dylan sound came from the stage.Bob Dylan had gone electric，and the followers of folk music were not pleased.“When Dylan went electric，I think one of the issues was the feeling thatwait a minute，hes gone over to the enemy.”Folk lovers had looked to Bob Dylan to save their movement from rock and roll.But，author Wald says Dylan felt differently about the music.“Dylan had always liked rock and roll and Dylan didnt think of rock and roll as stupid music.”In fact，Dylan was a Beatles fan.He later said that from the first time he heard the Beatles he knew “they were pointing to the direction where music had to go.”Beyond the music，Dylans performance that night also marked a turn in American culture.语篇解读本文主要讲述的是鲍勃迪伦是20世纪美国最重要和最有影响力的摇滚歌手，他影响了美国的音乐文化。8How did the audience feel when Dylan played at the Newport Folk Festival?AExcited. BUnsatisfied.CRespectful. DBored.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的可知观众很不高兴，故选B项。9What did folk musicians and followers expect Dylan to do?AChange folk music for better.BRecover the glory of folk music.CIntroduce the world to the Beatles.DPlay rock and roll against the Beatles.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第六段第一句“They hoped that Bob Dylan would come to the rescue.”可知，选B项。10What will the author most probably talk about next?ADylans deep love for the Beatles rock and roll music.BDylans beliefs in the new direction music should go.CDylans music as a great contribution to American folk music.DDylans performance as a mark of a change in American culture.答案D解析篇章结构题。根据最后一段“Beyond the music，Dylans performance that night also marked a turn in American culture.”可知，选D项。DEveryone worries about exams，but test anxiety is in another league，causing such fear that it is impossible to do your best.Does your mind go blank in exams？Do you become distracted？Do you score much lower on exams than on homework？Then you may have what psychologists call test anxiety.Test anxiety involves severe stress before，during or after exams，making it impossible to do your best.It can make your heart feel as if it is racing，and you may submit to “negative selftalk”，convincing yourself you are going to fail or upset.These stressful thoughts，not surprising，can block your brains ability to find what is stored in its memory，as well as making it harder to understand the questions and organize your thoughts.Is it possible to stop test anxiety?Developing good study habits，understanding the exam format and marking scheme(评分方案) can all help to reduce anxiety.But for a greater effect，other methods are also needed，such as relaxation techniques in which you lie down before the exam，close your eyes and focus on breathing while tensing and relaxing group muscles in turn (legs，arms and stomach)A study looked at anxious students in math exams and concluded that writing about how worried you feel before the exam may also reduce anxiety. Be as prepared as possible before the exam，arrive early，and repeat positive statements such as：“Everyone feels anxious；I know I can do this.” Just as in a race，do not look at what everyone else around you is doing.Focus on the paper in front of you.Do a quick skim to evaluate the feel of the overall test.If you feel nervous，take deep breaths and remember that it is just a test.语篇解读许多人受到考试焦虑的困扰。本文讲述了运用恰当的方法可以缓解考试焦虑，例如：养成良好的学习习惯、放松、考前把你的顾虑写出来、考前尽可能作好准备等。11Paragraph 2 mainly talks about .Awhat causes test anxietyBhow to deal with test anxietyCwhat effects test anxiety brings aboutDwhy everyone worries about exams答案C解析段落大意题。根据文章第二段第一句“Test anxiety involves severe stress.making it impossible to do your best.”和后几句讲的危害“submit to negative selftalk，block your brains ability to.，making it harder to understand the questions and organize your thoughts”等可知，本段主要谈论考试焦虑带来的影响或危害。故选C项。12According to Paragraph 4，a study is mentioned to .Aexplain it is easy to get around test anxietyBintroduce another good approach to handling test anxietyCconfirm that math exams are more likely to cause anxietyDmake a conclusion about how to overcome test anxiety答案B解析推理判断题。根据文章第四段的“.writing about how worried you feel before the exam may also reduce anxiety.”可知，此处提到一项研究是为了介绍另一种应对考试焦虑的好方法考前把你的顾虑写出来。故选B项。13Which of the following shows the structure of the text?注：P：Paragraph答案D解析篇章结构题。通过总结每段的段落大意和划分文章层次可知，第一段引出话题，第二段说明考试焦虑带来的影响，第三、四、五段并列介绍缓解考试焦虑的方法。故选D项。8
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