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高中英语必修2（外研版）Unit 1 Our Body and Healthy Habits知识点总结一、重点词汇 词义辨析：injure/hurt/wound/cut 四者都可以指“伤害、伤痛”。意义injure指损害健康、成就、容貌等，强调功能的损失。hurt既可指肉体上的伤害，也可指精神上的伤害。wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤，是出血的、严重的伤，特指战场上的受伤。cut无意中造成的轻伤。 Drinking can injure ones health. 喝酒对人的健康有害。 Im sorry I hurt you; I didnt mean to. 对不起，我弄伤了你；我不是故意的。The robber wounded him with a knife.那个强盗用刀刺伤了他。 How didyou get that cut on your hand? 你手上的伤口是怎么弄的？ 词义辨析：normal/common/general/ordinary 这四个词都有“普通的”、“常见的”意思。其区别是：normal强调人或物“符合常态或常规”。common强调许多事物具有某种共同点而“不足为奇”。general侧重“普遍”之意，普遍于大多数人或事物中。ordinary与一般事物的性质标准相同，强调“平常”而无奇特之处。 Its normal to feel tired after such a long trip. 长途旅行后感到累是很正常的。 His name was Hansen, a common name in Norway. 他的名字叫汉森，在挪威是一个常见的名字。 As a general rule, prices follow demands. 一般而言，物价随需求而变化。 Now electrical appliances have entered into ordinary families. 现在，家用电器已经步入普通家庭。 diet n.饮食；节食 1. a healthy/balanced diet：健康的/均衡的饮食 2. go/be on a diet：用规定食谱；节食 You dont have to go on a diet to lose weight.你不需要靠节食来减肥。 anxious adj. 焦虑的；渴望的 1. be anxious about sth.：为担心，忧虑 2. be anxious for sth.：渴望 3. be anxious to do sth.：急于，渴望做某事I am anxious about the parcel because it hasnt arrived. 我对这包裹很担心，因为它还没到。The whole country was anxious for peace.全国上下都渴望和平。She was anxious to finish school and get a job.她渴望毕业找一份工作。 be crazy about：迷恋 Hes still crazy about both his work and his hobbies. 他对工作和个人爱好依然保持狂热。 begin with：以开始 The teacher began his class with a question. 老师以一个问题开始他的讲课。 be/get injured：受伤 He got injured through his own carelessness. 他由于粗心受伤了。 breathe in/out：吸入/呼出 In large cities people breathe in dangerous gases from cars and chimneys. 在大城市人们呼吸时吸入汽车和烟囱排出的有害气体。 一词多义：fit adj. 健康的，强壮的；合适的 v.适合，适应 Mr. Smith needs more exercises to keep fit.（keep fit：保持健康） 史密斯先生需要更多的锻炼以保持身体健康。 Hes been ill and isnt fit for work yet. （be fit for：适合） 他一直在生病，尚不能工作。This new jacket fits her well.这件夹克很合她的身。 一词多义：head n. 头部；头脑 v. 朝前进；前往 The ship came about andheadedfor the shore. 轮船调转般向朝海岸驶去。拓展： 英语中有些名词可转化为动词，如：eye n. 眼睛 v.（用眼睛看）注视；端详 face n. 脸 v. 面对picture n. 照片，影片 v. 画；拍照dress n. 礼服 v.打扮，穿衣 阅读必备词汇 rare adj. 稀少的；罕有的 rarely adv.罕有地 wealthy adj. 富裕的 overweight adj. 太胖的；超重的 symptom n. 症状 insurance n. 保险questionnaire n. 问卷调查 awful adj. 糟糕的；可怕的；充满敬畏的 become ill 生病 have a temperature 发烧 putinto 将投入/放入take exercise 锻炼lie down 躺下二、重点句型 So as you can see from what Ive said, Im a normal kind of person. 解析：本句的主干是“Im a normal kind of person”；“as you can see from what Ive said”是由as引导的一个定语从句；what引导的是from的宾语从句。翻译：因此，正如你能从我所说的看到的一样，我只是一个普通人。拓展：as引导的定语从句在写作中应用相当广泛，常见的结构有：“as is known to all”; “as we all know”意思都是“众所周知”。 Because of this, I make sure that I have a good diet, and as Ive said,this isnt aproblem because my mother feeds us so well. 解析：本句的主干是“I make sure that and this isnt a problem”，由and连接一个并列句。 “that I have a gooddiet” 是make sure的宾语从句，“Because of this”是一个介词结构，表示原因； “as Ive said”是一个定语从句，修饰“this isnt a problem”；because引导的是一个原因状语从句。翻译：因此，我得确保合理膳食；而且正如我前面所说，合理膳食并不是一个问题，因为我母亲把我们照顾得很好。 Britain was the first country in the world to have a free health care system paid forthe by the government.解析：本句的主干是“Britain was the first country in the world”；“to have a free health care system”是动词不定式结构作定语，修饰前面的country；“paid for the by the government”是过去分词结构作定语，修饰前面的system。翻译：英国是世界上第一个拥有免费医疗系统的国家，整个医疗体系都是由政府资助的。拓展：非谓语作定语在写作中应用相当广泛，有时简单的定语从句可以考虑使用非谓语来代替，这样可以使语言简练地道，例如：The boy whose name is Tom is popular with his classmates. The boynamed Tomis popular with his classmates. They see doctors who work for themselves and pay the doctors through the health insurance company. 解析：本句的主干是“They see doctors and pay the doctors”；who引导的是一个定语从句，修饰前面的doctors；through引导的是一个介词结构，表示方式。翻译：他们看自己的专属医生，并通过医疗保险公司进行支付。三、重点语法 词的转化-名词用作动词 含义： 词的转化（conversion）是英语构词法中的主要方法之一。它指的是一个词不改变词形，而由一种词类 转化成另一种或几种词类。本模块学习名词转化为动词的用法。名词转化为动词是现代英语中很普遍的 现象，同时也是转化构词中最活跃的一种。人们经常把名词不加任何改变就当作动词使用。 用法： 很多表示物件（如下1）、身体部位（如下2）、某类人（如下3）的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词（如下4）也可作动词。例如：1. Did youbooka seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗? 2. We set sail at dawn andheadedfor New York. 我们在黎明起程，直驶纽约。 3. Shenursedher husband back to health. 她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。 4. Welunchedtogether.我们在一起吃了午餐。 体会更多名词用作动词的例子，看你能准确地理解名词动词化后的词意吗？ 1. Hes alwaysbossinghis wife about. 2. The escaped prisoner wascorneredat last. 3.Stopmotheringher, shes 30 years old and can take care of herself perfectly well. 4. People werestreamingout of the station. 5.I did not like the way heeyedme.6.Mr. Smithnoonsfor half an hour every day. 7.Hedoesnthave all ideas of his own. He justparrotswhat other people say.答案揭晓： 1. boss around 颐指气使；把呼来唤去 2. corner 将逼入困境 3.mother 像母亲一般地照料 4. stream 涌出；川流不息；蜂拥 5.eye 看；定睛地看6.noon 午休 7.parrot 学舌；盲目重复或模仿 除了名词转化为动词外，还有副词，连词等转化为动词，动词转化为名词，形容词副词等转化 为名词。如： Wedownedour coffee and left. 我们喝完咖啡就离开了。（down 常为副词，意为“向下”，这里作动词，意为“喝下”）The oldin our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。（old常作形容词，这里作名词，the old 意为“老人”） Lets go out for awalk. 我们到外面去散散步吧。（walk常作动词，这里用作名词，意为“散步”） We will try our best tobetterour living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。（better常作形容词，这里作动词，意为“改善”） will与be going to 本单元学习will和be going to表示“将要”。willbe going to表将要临时决定提前计划，安排，打算表示推测，揣想依据直觉、经验或知识等依据观察到的迹象、证据等 表示“将要” 1. -“Kate is in hospital.” -“Oh, really, Ididntknow. Iwillgo and see her at once.”（临时决定去看Kate）。 2. -“Kate is in hospital.” -“Yes, I know. Iam going tosee her this afternoon.”（提前已打算好去看Kate） 拓展： 1. 推测，揣想： I think it will be rainy tomorrow. 我认为明天有雨。 Look at the clouds; its going to rain. 看看这些云，又要下雨了。2. 在“主将从现”中，一般用will，而不用be going to。例如：I wont go if hedoesntcome. 他不来，我就不去。高中英语必修2（外研版）Unit 2 No drugs知识点总结一、重点词汇 词义辨析：likely/possible/probable 三者都可以表示“可能的”，possible可能性最小，probable可能性最大，但用法不同。主语用法likely人/物/itsb. be likely to do sth.It is likely + that从句possibleitIt is possible (for sb.) to do sth.It is possible +that从句probableitIt is probable +that从句 因此，“我们学英语时可能会犯错”可以表述为： We are likely to make mistakes when learning English. =It is likely/possible/probable that we make mistakes when learning English. =It is possible for us to make mistakes when learning English. 词义辨析：affect/effect/influence 这些动词均含“影响”之意，但在词性和意义上有差别。词性意义affectvt.主要指一时的影响。effectn.（可数或不可数）affect的名词形式，have an effect on意为：对有影响。influencevt.&n.（通常不可数，但有时可连用不定冠词）主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响，have an influence on意为：对有影响。 Both diet and exercise affect blood pressure. 饮食和运动都对血压有影响。 What you read has an influence on your thinking. 你读的东西对你的思想有影响。 词义辨析： in order to/so as to/in order that/so that 都有“为了”的意思，但其用法和位置有不同。用法位置in order that引导目的状语从句句首/句中so that引导目的状语从句/结果状语从句句中so as to与词/短语一起做目的状语句中in order to句首/句中 因此，“为了实现梦想，他努力学习”可以表述为： In order to realize his dream, he works very hard. =He works very hard in order to/so as to realize his dream. =He works hard in order that he can realize his dream. =He worked hard so that he got a good grade. reduce v. 缩小，减少 1. reduce to ：减少到 2. reduce by ：减少了（减少的幅度） The new bridge should reduce travelling time from 50 minutes to 15 minutes. 这座新桥应该能将形成从五十分钟减少到十五分钟。 The workforce has been reduced by half. 职工人数已减少一半。 拓展： 1. decrease to/decrease by ：减少到/减少了 2. increase to/increase by： 增加到/增加了 be addicted to sth./doing sth. ：对.上瘾 We think he will not be addicted to computer games any longer. 我们认为他不在会沉溺于电脑游戏。 break into：破门而入 What will you do if you find your house broken into? 如果发现有人闯入你的房子，你会怎么办? take ones advice：听从某人的建议 I decided to take your advice that I should spend more time staying with my parents. 我听从了你的建议要多陪父母。 ban sb. from doing sth. ：禁止某人做某事 Charlie has been banned from driving for half a year. 查理被禁驾半年。 阅读必备词汇 drug n.毒品，药品 cancer n.癌症 criminal n.罪犯 illegal adj.违法的；不合法的 treatment n.治疗；招待；对待 horrible adj.令人不快的；及其讨厌的 recognize/recognise vt. 认出；承认 distraction n.分心；分散注意力二、重点句型 Users who inject the drug are also in more danger if they share needles with otherusers. 解析：本句的主干是“Users are also in more danger”；who引导的是一个定语从句，修饰前面的users；if引导的是一个条件状语从句。翻译：如果吸毒的人和其他人共用针头的话，他们将会陷入更大的危险。 Participants learn to recognize smoking triggers (things that start them smoking)andthey try to set a date in the future when they will stop smoking. 解析：本句的主干是“Participants learn to recognize smoking triggers and they try to set a date in the future”，主干是由and连接的并列句；括号部分是对前面的triggers的解释，其中that引导的是一个定语从句，修饰things；when引导的是一个定语从句，修饰前面的date。翻译：参与者学着识别吸烟触发因子(诱使人们开始吸烟的东西)，而且他们尽力设定一个在未来戒烟的日期。 Make a list of friends who smoke and places where you smoke. 解析：本句的主干是“Make a list of friends and places”，是一个祈使句；who和where引导的都是定语从句，分别修饰friends和places。翻译：将你吸烟的朋友以及你吸烟的地方列成一个清单。 Choose a time when you will be relaxed but also too busy to think about smoking. 解析：本句的主干是“Choose a time”，是一个祈使句；“when you will be relaxed but also too busy to thinkabout smoking”是由when引导的定语从句，修饰前面的time；该从句中“relaxed”和“too busy to think aboutsmoking”是并列的，由but also连接，其中包含常见句型“tooto”。翻译：选择一个你感觉很放松但又非常忙以至于不会想着吸烟的时间。三、重点语法 非谓语动词：不定式作目的状语 看下面两题，了解相关考点： 1. Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it could fly. A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep 2. We got up early this time be late for the train again. A. in order to B. in order to not C. so as to D. so as not to 解析： 1. D. 考查非谓语动词。句意为“Simon 做了一个大竹箱，目的是为了放那只生病的小鸟”，所以选D。 2. D. 考查不定式短语in order to和so as to，以及not的位置。根据句意应该是否定形式，not要放在to的前面，所以B不正确。 该考点下，同学们需要牢记：1. 不定式常用作目的状语，表示动作尚未发生，意为“为了”。例如： To learn English well, you need time and patience. 要想把英语学好，你需要时间和耐心。 He raised his voiceto be heardby all the students. 为了被所有的学生听到，他提高了声音。注意：其位置可以是句首，也可以是句末。 2. 还可用in order to/ so as to表示目的，意为“以便；为了”。例如：He got up very earlyin order to/so as tocatch the first bus. In order not tomiss the first bus, he got up very early.（注意：句首时不能用so as to） 不定式作宾语 一些词后只能跟to do作宾语。例如: The driverfailed to seethe other car in time. Hedecided to buya new car. 这种搭配的常见动词有：afford，need，agree，ask，decide，choose，hope，offer，plan，hate，refuse等。 拓展： 1.“疑问词+to do”作宾语： I dont knowwhere to go this weekend. 2. it 作形式宾语： I feelitmy dutyto help them.（it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语是to help them） 注意：这种用法常用于句型：“find/feel/think+it+adj./n.+to do sth.” 状语从句：结果状语从句 本模块主要学习so/such.that引导的结果状语： 通过下面三道题，看相关考点： 1. The teacher taught us in such a lovely way _ we would never forget what he taught us. A. as B. that C. so that D. which 2. - Did you catch what the teacher said? - No. She spoke so fast _ Icouldnthear her very clearly. A. which B. that C. when D. Since3. There are _ few problems left _ I believe you can deal with them yourself. A. such; that B. so; that C. such; as D. so; as解析： 1. B. 考查结果状语从句，such + (a/an) + adj. +可数名词（复数）/不可数名词+ that。句意：这位老师的教学方式如此生动，以至于我们永远都忘不了他教授的内容。 2. B. 句意为“她说得太快了，我听不清楚她说什么。考查结果状语从句的引导词，so + adj./adv.+ that.。 3. B. 考查结果状语从句引导词的选用，虽然句中出现了名词problems，但是因为名词前few，只能选so.that.。知识点总结：so/such区别名词such形副so；such+(a/an)+adj.+可数名词（复数）/不可数名词+that.so+adj./adv.+thatso+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+that.多多少少，都用soso+many/much/few/little等+名词+ that.little一词有多义小用such，少用soso+little（少）+名词. + that.such+a little（小）+名词+that. There issolittlewater left that I have to buy some. （little表示“少”） He issuchalittleboy that we all like him. （little表示“小”）高中英语必修2（外研版）Unit 3 Music知识点总结一、重点词汇 lose v.丧失，失去 1. be lost in sth.：全神贯注于 2. get lost/lose ones way ：迷路 He was so lost in reading that he missed the train for work. 他看书太入神了，误了上班的火车。 They got lost because they went in the wrong direction. 他们走错了方向，所以迷了路。 mix v.混合，搅拌 1. mix (sth.) with sth. ：把.与.混合 2. mix up ：混淆，弄乱 The powder is mixed with cold water is to form a paste. 用冷水把粉末搅拌成糊状。 I must have got the times mixed up. 我肯定是把时间弄混了。拓展： mixture 混合物，混杂体 be impressed with sth：对留下深刻印象 Youll be impressed with the brightness and the beauty of the colors. 色彩的明艳美丽会让你大饱眼福。拓展： 1. impression n. 印象 leave/give/make an impression on sb. 给某人留下印象 2. impressive adj.令人印象深刻的 split up：解散；决裂；离婚 Did you know that John and Mary have split up? 约翰和玛丽已经分手了，你知道吗？ After the meeting we split up and went home. 散会以后，我们就分开回家了。 make a note of：记录（=take a note of） Make a note of the reference number shown on the form. 把表格上的编码记下来。 have an influence on：对有影响 Both society and family have an influence on the childrens development. 社会和家庭都会影响孩子的发展。 阅读必备词汇 audience n. 听众genius n.天才 symphony n.交响乐；交响曲；交响乐团 compose vt.作曲；创作 catchy adj. 动人的 complex adj.复杂的 record vt.录音二、重点句型 After studying music in Vienna, Haydn went to work at the court of a prince in easternAustria, where he became director of music. 解析：本句的主干是“Haydn went to work at the court of a prince in eastern Austria”；after引导部分是一个介词结构，表示时间；where引导的是一个定语从句，修饰前面的court。翻译：在维也纳学习音乐之后，海顿去奥地利东部一个王子的宫廷工作，在那里他成了音乐指挥家。拓展：where引导的非限制性定语从句在写作中应用非常广泛，例如： Last week, we went to the park near our school. We had a good time there. Last week, we went to the park near our school, where we had a good time. Having worked there for 30 years, Haydn moved to London, where he was verysuccessful. 解析：本句的主干是“Haydn moved to London”；“Having worked there for 30 years”是一个现在分词结构作时间状语；“where he was very successful”是由where引导的定语从句，修饰前面的London。翻译：在那里工作了30年后，海顿移居伦敦。在伦敦他非常的成功。拓展：“having done”这一结构在写作中应用非常广泛，适当使用不但可以体现语言的多样性，更能使句子显得简单地道，例如： After we got everything ready we began to head for the park. Having got everything ready, we began to head for the park. He showed musical talent when he was very young, and learned to play the violin andpiano from his father, who was a singer. 解析：本句的主干是“He showed musical talent and learned to play the violin and piano from his father”；“whenhewas very young”是一个由when引导的时间状语从句；“who was a singer”是由who引导的定语从句，修饰前面的father。翻译：他在很小的时候就表现出了音乐天赋,并从他的父亲那学会了拉小提琴和钢琴。他父亲是一个歌手。 However, it was Haydn who encouraged Beethoven to move to Vienna. 解析：本句是一个强调句，结构是it was+ Haydn +who+ encouraged Beethoven to move to Vienna，原句是：Haydn encouraged Beethoven to move to Vienna.翻译：然而，鼓励贝多芬去维也纳的人正是海顿。拓展：强调句型的基本结构是：It is/was +被强调部分+that+ 其它部分(如果强调的是人，其中的that还可以换成who)。如何区分强调句型其实很简单，只要把It is/was +that/who去掉，如果剩余部分通过调整语序组成一个完整的句子，那该句子就是强调句，否则就不是。三、重点语法 状语从句：时间状语从句（when/while/as） when, while, as都可作当时解。 若主句表示短暂性动作，从句表示持续性动作，三者都可用。 Hefell asleepwhen/while/ashe was reading. 他看书时睡着了。实际考查时，一般考查三者的区别： 1. when一般表示时间点；while表示时间段。例如： When we arrived in Beijing, it was raining. (arrive不是延续性动词) 我们到达北京时，天正在下雨。 Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework. (write是延续性动词) 我写作业时请不要打扰我。 2. when 表示“这时(突然)”；while表示“而”、“却”(表示对比)We were about to startwhenit began to rain. 我们正要出发，天突然开始下雨了。 He likes coffee,whileshe likes tea. 他喜欢咖啡，而她却喜欢茶。 3. as表示“随着；一边，一边”。Aschildren get older, they become more and more interested in everything. 随着孩子日渐长大，他们对一切变得越来越感兴趣。 过去完成时 1. 概念 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 2. 构成：had+过去分词 3. 用法（1）发生在过去以前的动作，已结束，对过去造成影响。它不能离开过去时间而独立存在，多与 already， yet，just， before， never 等时间副词及 by, before, when等引导的短语或从句连用。如： When wegotto the cinema, the filmhad already begun. 当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。（2）发生在过去以前的动作或状态，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。 By the time Ileftthe school, hehad taughtthe class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。 拓展：（1）用在 It was the first/second/thirdtime that”句型中，that从句要用过去完成时。 This was the first timethat theyhad metin thirty years. 这是三十年里他们第一次见面。（2）动词hope, wish, expect, think, intend, suppose等用过去完成时表示本来打算做而没有做的事，含有某种惋惜。 Wehad hopedthat you would come, but you didnt. 我们本来希望你能力，但是你没有。高中英语必修2（外研版）Unit 4 Fine Arts-Western, Chinese and Pop Arts知识点总结一、重点词汇 词义辨析：alive/living/live/lively 都有“活着的”意思，含义和所做成分各有不同。含义用法alive人或物“活着的”，侧重生与死的界限。表语，只做后置定语或补语living人或物“尚在人间，健在的”定语，表语live物“活着的”，也有“实况转播的”名词前做定语lively人或物“活泼的，活跃，充满生气的”定语，表语，补语 The man alive is greater than he. 在活着的人中，没有人比他更伟大。 The living must finish the work of those dead. 活着的人必须完成那些死去的人的事业。He said he had seen a live whale. 他说他见过活鲸鱼。 He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 他有一种奇特的方法，使他的课生动有趣。 词义辨析：destroy/damage/ruin 都有“破坏”的意思，程度和用法有不同。destroy通常指无法修护的损坏。damage部分的损坏，可以修复。ruin彻底的毁坏，通常指由自然现象、疏忽等造成的破坏。 The fire destroyed the building. 大火毁灭了大楼。 Smoking will damage your health. 抽烟会损害你的健康。 He ruined his prospects by carelessness. 他因粗心大意断送了前途。 be/get tired of：对.厌烦 Im so tired of your stinky shoes. 我真受不了你的臭鞋子。 tell by：从.可看出 In England，its easy to tell a persons class by his speech 在英国，根据一个人的言谈就很容易判断出其所属的社会阶层。 put off：推迟；延期 Because of the bad weather, we suggested putting off the meeting till tomorrow. 因为坏天气，我们建议把会议推迟到明天。拓展：put 词组 1. put up with：忍受 2. put out ：熄灭，扑灭 3. put down：记录，写下 4. put forward： 提出 5. put up：举起；张贴 一词多义：adopt vt.采纳，采用；领养 The store recently adopted a drug testing police for all new employees. 这家商店进来实行新雇员做药检的政策。 Sally was adopted when she was 4.Sally 四岁时被人领养。 一词多义：stand vt. 站立，坐落于；忍受 There stands a tall building between the bus station and the shopping center. 在车站和购物中心坐落着一座建筑物。 I cant stand people smoking around me when i am eating. 我受不了吃饭的时候有人在我旁边抽烟。拓展：英文中表达“忍受”含义的词还有： bear，endure，tolerate，put up with 一词多义：realize/realise vt.意识到；实现 Only after you lose your health, will you realize the importance of health. 唯有在失去健康之后，我们才能意识到健康的重要。 My dream of being a teacher will be realized in 3 years.我当一名教师的梦想会在三年内实现。 一词多义：observe v. 观察；遵守 Officers observed him driving at 90 miles per hour. 警察发现他以40英里每小时的时速驾车。（obseve sb. doing sth.观察某人正在做某事） It is required that all traffic participants should observe the traffic rules to make traffic safer and faster. 确保交通顺利，每个人都要遵守交通规则。 阅读必备词汇 contemporary adj. 当代的 delightful adj.令人愉悦的 scene n.景色；风景 aspect n.方面 imitate vt. 模仿；临摹 reality n.真实；现实；逼真 exhibition n.展览 expression n.表现；表达 landscape n.风景；景色 portrait n. 画像；肖像；人像 realistic adj.现实主义的二、重点句型 This is a painting by the Spanish artist, Pablo Picasso, considered to be the greatestwestern artist of the twentieth century. 解析：本句的主干是“This is a painting”“ by the Spanish artist”是一个介词结构作定语，修饰前面的artist；“PabloPicasso”是同位语，解释补充前面的artist；“considered to be the greatest western artist of the twentiethcentury”是一个过去分词结构作定语，修饰前面的artist。翻译：这是一幅西班牙艺术家毕加索的画，他被认为是20世纪最伟大的西方艺术家。拓展：在写作中适当使用同位语可以提高语言质量，例如： Tom is from England. He is popular with his classmates. Tom, a boy from England, is popular with his classmates. Picasso and another painter, George Braque, started Cubism, one of the mostimportantof all modern art movements. 解析：本句的主干是“Picasso and another pain
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