基础医学英语课件U.ppt

Unit1,Holism,Word-Formation,homeo-相同，象；同一，同,(homeostasis),hypno-睡眠,（hypnosis/hypnotic/hypnotherapy）,psych/o心理，精神,(psychotherapy),ovari/o-卵巢,(ovarian),splen/o脾,(spleen),leuk/o白,(leukemia),lymph/o淋巴,(lymphoma),melan/o黑色,(melanoma),onco-瘤，肿,(oncology),anti-抗,防止,(antioxidant),tox/o毒，毒素,(genotoxic),intra-内，内部的,(intravenous),crani/o颅骨,(craniosacral),-ic的,(psychosomatic),-iatry医疗术，医治法,(psychiatry),diet饮食,(dietitian),chemo-化学,(chemotherapy),oxy-氧，氧化,(antioxidant),ven/o-,ven/i-静脉,(venous),-stasis停滞，淤积,(homeostasis),-osis状态，病态，病，症,(hypnosis),-therapy治疗,(chemotherapy),-emia血症,(leukemia),-oma肿瘤,(melanoma),-logy学科，研究,(oncology),-ant剂,(antioxidant),-ous的,有的,分泌的,(venous),整体医学的发展概况21世纪社会的发展以人为本，人的发展以健康为本。人是一个不可侵害的有机整体，人所需要的卫生服务是整体性的服务，要提高这种服务必须树立整体医学观，掌握系统整体的思维方式，开展生物-心理-社会医学模式，做好以患者为中心而不是以疾病为中心的服务。,BackgroundKnowledge,医学观就是医学工作者对医学的本质、构成和目的的根本看法。整体医学观就是用整体观认识医学的各个要素。世界上的任何事物都可以被看成是一个有一定内部结构的系统整体，生命系统是按照从低级到高级的严格系统程序组成，也是从简单的原子开始，逐渐从低级到高级发展起来的。从分子细胞组织器官系统躯体个人两个人家庭社会生态系统。部分与整体之间存在着对立统一的辩证关系。整体总是由相互联系、相互制约的各个部分构成，没有部分的整体和脱离整体的部分都是毫无意义的。,黑格尔曾指出：“一只手，如果从身体上割下来，按照名称仍然可以称为手，但按其实质来说，已经不是手了。”医学的整体观要求把医学看成一个有机整体，从整体上来认识医学的性质、对象和目的。整体医学从广义上是指从总体上研究医学的结构及其与各分体的关系，探讨各个学科的发生、发展和演变规律的科学。亦即高度综合的人体生命科学。在狭义上，它是指从整体水平出发，将人体看作是一个具有“自稳态”性质的开放系统，研究人与自然以及人体内部各器官间信息联系的一门医学学科.,美国、日本整体医学的概况20世纪后半期，西方发达国家以技术革新为先导，推动经济发展，结果经济确实快速增长起来，但经济高速增长造成的诸多矛盾开始显露，如环境的恶化日趋严重等，不少学者意识到问题的严重性，著书立说，提出改革或替代方案。对于医疗现状提出的替代方案是“整体健康”。生物医学模式等传统的理念和做法日益显露其弊端，现状促使人们进行反思，逐步认识到：身体、精神、环境不可分离，使它们处于一种相互平衡调和的状态才叫做健康。,美国在对越南战争中阵亡士兵的尸体进行解剖时发展，营养供应全面的20岁左右的士兵，不少已患了动脉硬化。美国人开始对自己生活方式及医疗保健体系的正确性产生怀疑。当医学领域的矛盾也同样在日本显露出来时，日本人开始重新重视自己的传统思想文化，很快地接受了整体的观念。,整体医学的理论体系，现在尚未正式形成，但已具雏形，大致包括：(1)强调整体的健康观；(2)治疗的出发点是激发自然治愈力；(3)治疗疾病的主角是患者自身，治疗者不过是援助者；(4)把各种治疗方法综合起来加以应用。美国整体医学的兴起，可以说是始于美国加利福尼亚州巴克莱整体健康中心的设立。此后，类似的整体健康中心很快在美国各大城市建立，在全美掀起了一个整体健康运动。,1987年，全美整体医学协会成立，美国替代医学的绝数门类都属于整体医学范畴。日本整体医学的发端晚于美国，但其发展的势头超过了美国。这是因为日本原有的东洋医学的传统与整体医学的观念十分接近，因此，整体医学传至日本后便很快与东洋医学结合起来，得到迅速普及。,我国整体医学发展概况自从20世纪80年代我国实行改革开放以后，经济建设得到迅速的发展，特别是我国进入WTO后医疗卫生必须适应国际化的要求。21世纪社会的发展以人为本，人的发展以健康为本，健康才是人生最宝贵的财富。人是一个不可侵害的有机整体，人所需要的卫生服务是一种整体性的服务，要提供这种服务必须树立整体医学观，掌握系统整体性的思维方式。,随着医学科学的发展，传统的生物医学模式正在转变为生物-心理-社会医学模式，要求临床医务人员具备的知识结构符合这种模式要求，医学院校完善自己的教学体系成立相应的教研室。1979年北京大学医学院率先成立了医学心理学教研室，至今几乎所有的医学学院已正式开设了医学心理学的课程或讲座。整体护理也在各级医院得到深化和推广。2002年我国创办了中华全科医生杂志，宣传、交流、推广整体医学，使整体医学得到普遍重视。,整体医学的崛起给中医药学国际化带来了机遇，整体医学与中医药学的关系是十分密切的。从理论体系看，整体医学的理论与中医药学的学说实际上是相通的。如黄帝内经中就提出“人与天地相参”的观点。“人与天地相参”可以认为是黄帝内经对医学认识的根本指导思想，其含义可以归结为四个方面：一是人是自然界运动变化的产物；二是自然界是人类赖以生存的基本条件；三是人体与自然界有着共同规律；四是人体生理机制与病理过程受自然界的影响，所以中医药学与整体医学是相通的。,美国整体医学主要表现替代疗法的常用的十六种方法中，有5种属中医药学范畴，日本整体医学界也十分重视中医学的各种疗法。中医、中药、针灸、气功、推拿被广泛应用于倡导整体医学的医院、诊疗所、疗养院中，所以整体医学的崛起将给中医药学的国际化带来机遇。,整体医学发展趋势我国原有的卫生服务体系采用各种卫生服务相互独立、各自为政、垂直管理的模式，分别由相应的部门来管理，由专门的机构来实施，由不同的专业人员来提供，相互之间缺乏协调和合作，难以实现横向整合，这种模式不能适应社会发展的需要。医疗服务是一种整体性服务，特别需要对卫生服务进行横向整合，加强各部门、系统和人员之间的协调和合作，只有这样才能充分满足社会对卫生服务的要求，才能使有限的卫生资源产生最佳的效率和效益。,随着整体医学在国内外的不断发展，一个整体医学理论体系即将建立，医学研究的对象更为明确，医学的最终目的将是鉴别疾病、治愈疾病、控制症状、预防疾病、帮助患者适应症状和环境，尽可能恢复功能，满足患者的需要，改善个人的生活质量，进而改善全体人民的生活质量。整体医学与中医药学的关系密切，整体医学的崛起将给中医药学的国际化带来机遇。现在应解放思想，实事求是，大胆开拓，使中医药学进一步走向世界。,Groupdiscussion,Whatdoyouknowabout:1.holism2.holisticmedicine3.holistichealth,Holism(fromholos,aGreekwordmeaningall,entire,total)istheideathatallthepropertiesofagivensystem(biological,chemical,social,economic,mental,linguistic,etc.)cannotbedeterminedorexplainedbythesumofitscomponentpartsalone.Instead,thesystemasawholedeterminesinanimportantwayhowthepartsbehave.Thetermholismwascoinedin1926,bytheSouthAfricanstatesmanGeneralJanChristianSmuts.,Introduction,holisticadj.describinganapproachtopatientcareinwhichthephysical,mental,andsocialfactorsinthepatientsconditionaretakenintoaccount,ratherthanjustthediagnoseddisease.Thetermisappliedtoarangeoforthodoxandunorthodoxmethodsoftreatments.机能整体性的描述照料病人的一种思路：应考虑病人的身体、精神、以及社会等各方面因素，而不是仅仅考虑经诊断的疾病。此术语适用于一系列正统的和非正统的治疗方法。,UnderstandingtheText,PartIIntroduction(para.1-3)1.DefinitionofholisticmedicinegivenbyCanadianHolisticMedicalAssociation(para.1-2),AmericanHolisticMedicalAssociation(AHMA)(Foundedin1978)http:/www.holisticmedicine.org/,BritishHolisticMedicalAssociation(BHMA)(Formedin1983)http:/www.bhma.org/new_site/about.php,optimal-adj.thebestormostfavorableordesirablee.g.Anoptimalenvironmentforhealingwellbeing/wellness-n.healthalternate/alternative,DifficultPoints,AlternativeMedicine-替代医学awiderangeoftreatmentsformedicalconditionsthatpeopleuseinsteadoforwithwesternmedicine.Itisoftenusedbythegeneralpublicandsomehealthcarepractitionerstorefertomedicaltechniqueswhicharenotknownoracceptedbythemajorityconventionalmedicalpractitioners.Suchtechniquescouldincludenon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquessuchasMedicalHerbalism,Acupunture,hypnotherapy,naturopathyandmanyothers.However,thistermcanalsorefertoanyexperimentaldrugornon-drugtechniquethatisnotcurrentlyacceptedbyconventionalmedicalpractitioners.,2.Holistichealth/holistichealing(para.3)Questions:Whatisholistichealth?Whatisthegoalofholistichealing?,Holistichealthisaphilosophyofmedicalcarethatviewsphysicalandmentalaspectsoflifeascloselyinterconnectedandequallyimportantapproachestotreatment.Holistichealthisnotitselfamethodoftreatment,butisanapproachtohowtreatmentshouldbeapplied.,DifficultPoints,takesabroaderspectrumofmind,body,andspirit(para.3)spectrum-range,field,scope领域,范围;谱;系e.g.broad-spectrumantibiotic广谱抗生素healer(para.3)-apersonskilledinaparticulartypeoftherapy(Synonym:therapist),PartIIOverview(para.4-5),Questions:1.Whatarethehealthylifestylehabitspromotedbyhealthprofessionals?2.Whatdoesaholisticapproachgenerallymeaninmainstreammedicine?,Mainstreammedicine/careComplementarytherapy/medicinePreventivecare/publichealthHealthprofessionals/providersAmoreinclusiveapproachtoapersonshealth,DifficultPoints,Mainstream/Conventionalmedicinee.g.chemotherapysurgeryradiationtherapyhormonetherapy,ComplementaryMedicine补充医学,Anon-mainstreamhealthcareprovidedinadditionorinsteadofstandardmedicalpractice.Itisoftenusedbyconventionalmedicalpractitionerstorefertonon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquesusedasacomplementtoconventionalmedicaltreatmentssuchasdrugsandsurgery.Thetermimpliesthatconventionalmedicineisusedasaprimarytoolandthenon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquesareusedasasupplementwhenneeded.,Preventivecareisasetofmeasurestakeninadvanceofsymptomstopreventillnessorinjury.Thistypeofcareisbestexemplifiedbyroutinephysicalexaminationsandimmunizations.Theemphasisisonpreventingillnessesbeforetheyoccur.(compare:Publichealth),healthcareprovider/healthprofessional-Ahealthcareproviderorhealthprofessionalisanorganizationorpersonwhodeliversproperhealthcareinasystematicwayprofessionallytoanyindividualinneedofhealthcareservices.Healthcareprofessionalsincludephysicians,physicianassistants,supportstaff,nurses,pharmacists,therapists,psychologists,veterinarians(兽医),dentists,optometrists(配镜师),andawidevarietyofotherindividualsregulatedand/orlicensedtoprovidesometypeofhealthcare.,Amoreinclusiveapproachtoapersonshealth(para.5),inclusiveadj.-1)coveringawidescope;involvingmuchoreverything;2)all-around,general,comprehensive,e.g.gender-inclusive不分性别的all-inclusive包罗万象的,PartIIIPromotionofUse(para.6-7),Questions:1.Whatarethecomplementarytherapiesmentionedinpara.6?2.Whatarethedifferentkindsofcancerclaimedtobecuredbyholisticmethodsinpara.7?,DifficultPoints,anecdotal(para.7)-informal(unscientific）ArttherapyHypnosisImageryMeditationPsychotherapySpiritualityandprayeryoga,ArtTherapy艺术疗法Othercommonnames:creativeartstherapy,expressiveartstherapyArttherapyisusedtohelppeoplemanagephysicalandemotionalproblemsbyusingcreativeactivitiestoexpressemotions.Itprovidesawayforpeopletocometotermswithemotionalconflicts,increaseself-awareness,andexpressunspokenandoftenunconsciousconcernsabouttheirillnessandtheirlives.Expressiveartstherapyorcreativeartstherapymayalsoincludedanceandmovement,drama,poetry,phototherapyandothers,aswellasthemoretraditionalartmethods.,Hypnosis催眠疗法Othercommonnames:Hypnotherapy,HypnoticSuggestion,Self-HypnosisHypnosisisastateofrestfulalertnessduringwhichapersonusesdeeplyfocusedconcentration.Thepersoncanberelativelyunawareof,butnotcompletelyblindto,herorhissurroundings,andmaybemoreopentosuggestion.Itisconsideredtobeatypeofcomplementarytherapy.,Imagery想象(疗法)Othercommonnames:GuidedImagery,VisualizationImageryinvolvesmentalexercisesdesignedtoallowthemindtoinfluencethehealthandwellbeingofthebody.,Meditation冥想(疗法)Othercommonnames:mindfulnessmeditation,transcendentalmeditationMeditationisamind-bodyprocessthatusesconcentrationorreflectiontorelaxthebodyandcalmthemind.Ithasbeendefinedastheintentionalself-regulationofattention,amentalfocusonaparticularaspectofonesinnerorouterexperience.OnecommonlypracticedtypeisTranscendentalMeditation,whichinvolvesrepeatingawordorphrase,eithersilentlyoraloud.Anotherismindfulnessmeditation,inwhichapersonobservessensations,perceptions,andthoughtswithoutjudgmentastheyarise.,Psychotherapy心理/精神疗法Othercommonnames:Therapy,Counseling,PsychologicalIntervention,PsychotherapeuticTreatmentPsychotherapycoversawiderangeofapproachesdesignedtohelppeoplechangetheirwaysofthinking,feeling,orbehaving.,SpiritualityandPrayer宗教/精神疗法Othercommonnames:Religion,spiritualhealingSpiritualityisgenerallydescribedasanawarenessofsomethinggreaterthantheindividualself.Itisoftenexpressedthroughreligionand/orprayer,althoughtherearemanyotherpathsofspiritualpursuitandexpression.,Yoga瑜珈Othercommonname:HathaYogaYogaisaformofnon-aerobicexercisethatinvolvesaprogramofpreciseposture,breathingexercises,andmeditation.Yogacanbeausefulmethodtohelprelievesomesymptomsofchronicdiseasessuchascancer,arthritis,andheartdiseaseandcanleadtoincreasedrelaxationandphysicalfitness.Availablescientificevidencedoesnotsupportyogaasaneffectivetreatmentforcanceroranyotherdisease;however,itmayenhancequalityoflife.Somecancertreatmentcentersevenofferyogainadditiontostandardmedicaltreatment.,PartIVCoverage(para.8-11),Questions:1.Whatdoallpractitionersstresswhentheyarepracticingholisticmedicine?(Para.8)2.Whatdoesholisticmedicineinvolve?(Para.9-10),DifficultPoints,Helicobacterpylorisupplement:补品(natural/botanical/health/dietary/nutritional)syntheticinterferonhealingtouch,HelicobacterPylori:幽门螺杆菌Helicobacterpyloriisabacteriumthatinfectsthemucusliningofthehumanstomach.ManypepticulcersandsometypesofgastritisarecausedbyH.pyloriinfection,althoughmosthumanswhoareinfectedwillneverdevelopsymptoms.Thisbacteriumlivesinthehumanstomachexclusivelyandistheonlyknownorganismthatcanthriveinthathighlyacidicenvironment.Itishelix-shaped(hencethenamehelicobacter)andcanliterallyscrewitselfintothestomachliningtocolonize.(helix-螺旋线),早在一个世纪前就有人发现胃内存在一种螺旋状微生物，由于长期未能分离而未受到重视。直至1983年澳大利亚佩思皇家医院的Warren和Marshall报道从胃内成功地分离出“未鉴定的弯曲状杆菌”(unidentifiedcurvedbacilli)后,才引起医学界的广泛兴趣，从各方面进行了深入的研究。人们在研究这种细菌的生物学物性时，曾几次对其易名，直到1989年才正式将其命名为:幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacterpylori,Hp）,interferons干扰素-small,naturalorsyntheticproteinandglycoproteincytokines(细胞素)thatareproducedbyleucocytes,T-lymphocytes,andfibroblasts(成纤维细胞)inresponsetoinfectionandotherbiologicalstimuli.Incancertreatment,theyareusedasimmunotherapyagainsttheproliferation(增生)ofcancercells.,Healingtouch触摸治疗,HealingTouchisarelaxing,nurturingenergytherapy.Gentletouchassistsinbalancingyourphysical,mental,emotional,andspiritualwell-being.HealingTouchworkswithyourenergyfieldtosupportyournaturalabilitytoheal.Itissafeforallagesandworksinharmonywithstandardmedicalcare.,HealingTouchisusedinawidevarietyofsettingsincludinghospitals,longtermcarefacilities,privatepractices,hospices(临终关怀医院),andspas(疗养院).JanetMentgen,RN,foundedHealingTouchin1989asacontinuingeducationprogramfornurses,otherhealthcareprofessionals,andlaypersons.TodayHealingTouchhasspreadinternationallyandistaughtinuniversities,medicalandnursingschools,andothersettingsinternationally.,ReducingstressCalminganxiety,depressionDecreasingpainStrengtheningtheimmunesystemEnhancingrecoveryfromsurgeryCompletingcareforneckandbackproblemsSupportingcancercareCreatingasenseofwell-beingEasingacuteandchronicconditions,Someofthebenefitsofhealingtouch,PartVAshorthistory(para.12-13)PartVIScientificevidence(para.14-15),Questions:1.Whydoesscientificresearchgenerallynotfocusonholisticmedicineitselfasacureforcanceroranyotherdisease?(Para.14)2.Accordingtohealthprofessionals,whatdoesapersonshealthdependon?(Para.15),DifficultPoints,cost-effective(para.14)-adj.economicalintermsofthegoodsorservicesreceivedforthemoneyspent.成本效益高的,经济的,上算的,划得来的clergy(para.15)-n.clergymen,thebodyofpeopleordainedforreligiousservice.牧师;教士,PartVIIPossibleproblemsorcomplications(para.16)Question:Inyouropinion,whatlimitationdoesholisticmedicinehave?,OtherTermsAssociatedwithHolisticMedicine,NaturopathyHomeopathy(homoeopathy)Allopathy,Naturopathicmedicine(alsoknownasnaturopathy,ornaturalmedicine)isacomplementaryandalternativemedicinewhichemphasizesthebodysintrinsicabilitytohealandmaintainitself.Naturopathsprefertousenaturalremediessuchasherbsandfoodsratherthansurgeryorsyntheticdrugs.Naturopathicpracticeincludesmanydifferentmodalities.Practitionersemphasizeaholisticapproachtopatientcare,andmayrecommendpatientsuseconventionalmedicinealongsidetheirtreatments.,Homeopathy(homoeopathy)Asystemofmedicinebasedonthetheorythatlikecureslike.Thepatientistreatedwithextremelysmallquantitiesofdrugsthatarethemselvescapableofproducingsymptomsofhisparticulardisease.ThesystemwasfoundedbySamuelhahnemann(1755-1843)attheendof18thcenturyandisfollowedbyaminorityofdoctorsintheUK.ThereisaRoyalLondonHomeopathicHospital.,顺势疗法以“以毒攻毒”理论为基础的医学体系。用极小量的药物治疗病人，而该药本身就能产生病人所患疾病的症状。该体系由创立于18世纪末，目前在英国仍被少数医生沿用。并有一所伦敦皇家顺势疗法医院。homeopathic(homoeopathic)adj.(1)oforrelatingtohomeopathy顺势疗法的，与顺势疗法有关的(2)infinitesimallysmall,asappliedtothedoseofadrug极小的（指一药物的剂量）,Allopathyisatermforconventionalmedicine,usedmostfrequentlybyitscritics.ThewordwascoinedbySamuelHahnemann.Allopathyn.-theorthodoxsystemofmedicine,inwhichtheuseofdrugsisdirectedtoproducingeffectsinthebodythatwilldirectlyopposeandsoalleviatethesymptomsofadisease.对抗疗法一种传统的医疗体系，药物使用的目的为在体内直接对疾病症状产生作用而加以缓解。,PhrasesintheText,1.holisticmedicine/health/healing2.alternative/alternatemedicine3.modalitiesofdiagnosisandtreatment4.mainstream/conventionalmedicine(care)5.healthprofessionals/plementarytherapy7.preventivecare,8.radiation/hormonetherapy9.oralhygiene10.genotoxicagents11.syntheticinterferon12.sideeffects13.physicaltherapists,