句子的主要翻译方法.ppt

三句子的主要翻译方法,句子是人们用来交流思想的基本语言单位，它可以表示一个相对完整的意思，具有一定的独立性。因此，在翻译过程中，句子是很重要的翻译单位。如何正确地、地道地翻译好一个句子，是翻译好连贯的篇章的前提和基础。因此，在词的译法基础上，很有必要掌握一些句子的翻译技巧。在本节中，主要联系英汉句式对比，讲述如下几种基本技巧，如拆句分译法、转句译法、合句译法、倒译法、变序译法等。,1英汉句式结构比较与常见的句子翻译方法,在翻译过程中，经常会碰到这样的情况：每个单词的意思都理解，但是就是很难把它组织好，译成地道的目的语。这是因为英汉两种语言由于思维方式不一样，在表达上存在着一些差别，具体表现在三个方面：形合与意合；信息的安排方式；修饰语的位置。,形合与意合,形合与意合在句子的结构上体现为：英语句子结构紧凑严密，汉语句子简练明快。英语句子中，主干结构突出，大量使用连接手段（如分词、不定式、介词引导的词组或连词引导的从句），结构虽然复杂，但语法逻辑上却非常完整、合理。在表达较复杂的意思时，往往开门见山，然后借助关系代词和连词，把各个句子连接起来，形成一串葡萄似的句子。而汉语在表达复杂思想时，通常借助动词，按照时间顺序或逻辑顺序，一步步地展开，一节连一节，形成竹子似的结构，给人以舒缓明快的感觉。例如：,Theisolationoftheruralworldbecauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilitiesiscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.鉴于形合与意合的差别，在翻译中非常有必要采取拆句分译法和合句法。拆句分译法就是把原句中的一个单词、一个短语，或是原句拆开，译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。这样的例子还有：,TheChineseseemedjustifiablyproudoftheireconomicachievements.Somemenhavebeenvirtuousblindly,othershavespeculatedfantastically,andothershavebeenshrewdtobadpurposes.Theregionwasthemostidentifiabletroublespot.NewpriceshikeshitLosAngelessupermarketinghousewives.,Energycanneitherbecreatednordestroyed,auniversallyacceptedlaw.Springhassomuchmorethanspeechinitsunfoldingflowersandleaves,andthecoursingofitsstreams,andinitssweetrestlessseeking!(JohnGalsworthy,TheAppleTree)Theywereathomeinthehomeofthepeople,movingconfidentlywithoutfear.Hisfailuretoobservethesafetyregulationsresultedinanaccidenttothemachinery.,Shehadmadeseveralattemptstohelpthemfindotherrentalquarterswithoutsuccess.Itwasawhitewood-framehouseofthreecreakingstories,withablackwrought-ironfireescapeattachedtoitssidelikeanafterthought.,合句法就是把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句，主从复合句，并列复合句，合译成一个单句。例如：Thelittlegirlwasverymiserable.Shehadnomoneyabouther.Allhersavingshadbeenstolen.WhenwepraisetheChineseleadershipandthepeople,wearenotmerelybeingpolite.In1844,EngelsmetMarx,andtheybecamefriends.,信息的安排方式,不同的语言使用者在组织句子的信息时有不同的安排方式。虽然英语句子和汉语句子的重心相同，都落在结果、结论、假设或事实等上面，但重心的位置不同。在英语中，主要信息通常由主语和谓语或者主句表达出来，并且放在句首，引起读者的注意，松散句（loosesentence）就是很明显的例子。这种句式通常运用于口语和写作中。有时为了悬念，主要信息也会放在句末，这就是掉尾句（periodicsentence）。不过很少用于现代英语写作中，但它是一种有效的表示强调的手段。例如;,Loose:Readthebookagainifyouhavetime.Periodic:Ifyouhavetime,readthebookagain.而在汉语中，主要信息的位置就不像在英语中那样自由。总的来说，汉语中的信息排列更多的是按事物的自然逻辑顺序排列，按照“先发生在前，后发生在后；原因、前提在前，结果、结论在后；铺叙在前，主旨在后；已知、确定、低值信息在前，新知、不确定、高值信息在后”的原则来组织行文，总是把次要部分放在句子开头，然后一步一步地展开，最后才得出结论或说明结果，摆出句子的主要部分，信息的焦点常在句末，其外形看上去就像一节一节的竹竿。例如：生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。（原因-结果）,因此，在翻译过程中，译者必须要根据上下文和目的语行文的需要，对原句中的信息进行重新安排，调整句子重心，所以倒译法用得比较多。例如：Generallytherearetwodistinctphilosophiesonhowtobringupthechildsothatinmaturityhedoesnotmakeanuisanceofhimself.Manythanksforthedinneryesterday,whichmywifeandIenjoyedverymuch.Sheisveryillustrativeofwhattheproblemis.,我原本打算在今年一月访问贵国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。修饰语的位置在汉语中，修饰语不管是词还是词组，一般放在被修饰词的前面，如“红旗”、“美妙的音乐”。有时为了强调，也会放在后面，如“我妹妹，就是那个穿红裙子的”；在英语中，作定语的单词或词组除了可放在被修饰词的前面以外，有些还可放在后面，如“anythinguseful”；一些短语或从句也可作定语，但一般都放在被修饰词后面。如“productstosell”“Thebooksthatyouwanttoborrowareontheshelf.”,2一些英语特别句式的处理,尽管句子的翻译一般遵循以上几种方法，但是对于一些特别的句式，还是要进行个别处理的。下面就分别对英语中的定语从句、长句、比较句、否定句、被动句以及汉语中的无主题句、“得”字句、“把”字句、连动句和长句的翻译一一进行介绍。,定语从句的译法,定语从句在英语中应用及其广泛，它放在被修饰词的后面，可以向右无限扩展；而汉语里没有类似的结构，定语一般放在它所修饰词的前面，而且不易过长。所以，翻译时，需要结合上下文，根据每句特点灵活处理。对定语从句的翻译应从以下三个方面来考虑。首先是结构定位法。由于汉语里没有相应的定语结构，所以翻译时必须进行句法结构的转换。这种转换可以分为“扩展式”和“紧缩式”。,扩展式是根据从句对主导词的限制强弱，以主导词为中心向前后扩展，译成汉语的定语结构或独立的句子。较短的（限制性和非限制性）或对主导词限制较强的，并且与其关系紧密的定语从句，通常向前扩展，译成“的”词组作定语。如：1Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimlivedinmortalfearofhim.,2Mathematicianswhohavetriedtousecomputerstocopythewaythebrainworkshavefoundthatusingeventhelatestelectronicequipmenttheywouldhavetobuildacomputerwhichweighedover10000kilos.3TheuniversitieswereclosedtothosewhodidnotconformtotheChurchofEngland.4Galileolivedatatimewhenthehumanspiritwaswalkingafterathousandyearsofsleep.5Theysawthefirstglimmeringsofthe“neweconomicorder”forwhichmanyThirdWorldcountrieshadlongbeenclamoring.,较长的或对主导词限制力较弱、且与其关系松弛的定语从句，往往翻译时往后扩展，重复先行词，译成并列句。,1Somelittleboyscaughtsight,yesterday,ofalotoffrogs,whichwerehoppingcheerfullyaroundapond.2Oursisaprofessionwhichtraditionallyhasbeenguidedbyapreceptthattranscendsthevirtueofutteringthetruthfortruthssake,andthatis“asfarasdonoharm.”3Shehadtalkedtovice-presentNixon,whoassuredherthateverythingthatcouldbedonewouldbedone.,4Theysawatoncehisface,whichwaspuffy,solemn,andyellowatthebestoftimes.5MygrandmotherlivedinthatleisurelyageWhenservantswereemployedtodohousework.6Shewasadvisedtogobackhome,whereshebelonged,nottocometheretakinghonestmensbreadoftheirmouth.7Itwasgettingdark,wehadtoquickenourpaceandmadeourwayrapidlytowardstheriverwherewehopedtheboatmanwaswaiting.,如果定语从句在意思上是用来进一步补充先行词所牵涉到的具体内容，与主导词关系十分松弛，这时就可省略关联词，按原句序把定语从句译成独立句。如：1Hehadalreadyfoughtthreebloodyduels,inwhichhegaveampleproofsofhiscontemptfordeath.2Theyworkedoutanewmethodbywhichproductionhasnowbeenrapidlyincreased.3Thesun,whichhadhiddenallday,nowcameoverinallitssplendor.,4Ihadnoticedmanychildrenwhoignoredthefencesandfoundholestoallowthemthrough.5LastnightIsawModernTimeswithCharlesChaplinplayingtheleadingrole,whichIthinkoneofthemostamusingfilms.,紧缩式是指有些定语从句与主导词的表层结构关系不怎么紧密或较松弛，但其深层结构关系却十分紧密，这时可通过紧缩方式揭示这种深层关系，从而转换成汉语的句法结构。定语从句与先行词或主句融为一体。如：,1Wearepeoplesthathaveinheritedancientwisdom,thatknowtheworthofbidingonestimeandrecognizedopportunityforcombat.2Mr.CrawleywasnotalittlepleasedwiththecomplimentwhichthegovernesscontinuallypaidhimuponhisproficiencyinFrench.3Inthiscity,wehadnoplacewherewemightlayourheads.,4Ihaveneverseentheindividualwhohasdaredinmyhousetoquestionmyauthority.Ihavenourishedaviperinmybosom.5ThisisthewaythatAmericansthemselvesbecomefamiliarwithoneanother.6Aforeignfriendsaidtheywereafamilythatmustbegtostayalive.,其次是信息传递法。在英语句子中，定语从句总是传递次要的或辅助的信息，对主导词或主句进行修饰、限制、补充或说明。在具体翻译时，要根据信息中心的原则，对主句和从句的结构进行先后顺序的调整。主要分为“限定式”、“修饰式”、“隐蓄式”。当信息焦点落在主句上时，如果定语从句所传递的信息是对主导词或主句所传递的信息加以限制和确定的，那么在翻译时，一定要译成前置式定语。如：,1Thequestionswhichthedirectorstressedinhisreportareveryimportantindeed.2HethoughttobetterhiscircumstancesbymarryingayoungwomanoftheFrenchnation,whowasbyprofessionanoperagirl.,当信息焦点落在主句上时，如果定语从句所传递的信息是对主导词或主句所传递的信息在深层结构上含蓄地说明目的、结果、原因、条件、让步等，使重要信息的传递更加严密、有力。在翻译时，可以把这层含蓄意思揭示出来，把定语从句译成相应的状语从句。如：,表示目的,1ChinesetradedelegationshavebeensenttoAsian-Africancountrieswhowillnegotiatetradeagreementswiththerespectivegovernments2Whileatamuseum,onecanfrequentlyrentasmallrecordingmachinethatwillexplaintheobjectsondisplayasyoumovethroughthemuseum.,表示结果:,1Iwasdowninthecellarofsociety,downinthesubterraneandepthofmiseryaboutwhichitisneithernicenorpropertospeak.2Sheseekshappinessinselfishenjoyment,whereitcanneverbefound.3In1929,thewholeAmericansocietydevelopedanacutecrisisofeconomywhichalmostdestroyedthewholeAmericanEconomy,表示原因:,1Theyarefarmorevaluableendowmentsforafemalethanthosefugitivecharmswhichafewyearswillinevitablytarnish.2Asolidfuel,likecoalorwood,canonlyburnatthesurface,whereitcomesintocontactwiththeair.3Weknowthatacat,whoseeyescantakeinmanymoreraysoflightthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.,表示条件:,1Wemaintainthatnopeacesituationispermanentwhichdoesnottakeintoaccountthelegitimatewishesofthemajorityofthepeopleofanycountry.2Hewouldbearashman,whoshouldventuretoforecasttheresultsofthisexperiment.3Menbecamedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwouldhelpthemtokeeptheirfamilies.,表示让步:,1George,whowasahandicappedman,isgoodatswimming.2Themanagerinsistedonthebuildinganothervilla,whichhehadnousefor.3Tom,whohadcarefullyreadthroughtheinstructionsbeforedoinghisexperiments,couldnotobtainsatisfactoryresults,becausehefollowedthemmechanically.4Themother-in-lawbadgeredthebrideanddemandedatleastanotherthousanddollarsfromSudhasbrother,whobythenwaspreparingforaweddingofhisown.,练习：1.Itwasnotuntilsixtyyearsagothatamethodofextractingaluminumorewasfoundwhichcouldleadtoacheaplarge-scaleprocess.2.Hewhowoulddosuchthingswouldnotdeserverespect.3.Electricalenergythatissuppliedtoalampcanbeturnedintolightenergy.4.Mrs.Smithwhohasbeenmarriedtoherhusbandfornearly20years,stilldoesntknowhimverywell.,5.Sheinsistedonbuyinganothercoatandskirt,whichshehasnousefor.6.Thenervoussystemconsistsofagreatnumberofnerves,whichlikethebloodvesselsextendtoallpartsofthebody.7.Therewasanairaboutherwhichshowedplainerthananywordsthatshewasbothwearyanddisappointed.8.Hewouldhavetobecarefulnottooffendtheforeman,whocouldgivehimthesackatanytime.,9.Buriedundergroundwerebodiesofplantsandanimalswhichweretransformedintopetroleumduringthecourseofhundredsofmillionsofyears.10.Charlie,whoneverbelievedininterferingifitcouldbeavoided,leftheralone,hopingthatshewouldeventuallycomearound.练习答案：1.Hisdismissalwasagreatsurprisetousall.,2.Hehadasoundfeelingthatidiomwasthebackboneofalanguageandhewasallfortheracyphrases.3.Doctorsoftentalkedaboutthatmiracledrug,almostwithawe.4.Incidentally,IhopeMr.andMrs.SmithwillalsoenjoyChinesefood.5.Amidgenerallaughtershewentredandhastilylefttheroom.6.HesoldhisbiketoadormmateforfiftyYuan.,2英语长句的译法,英语造句着重于空间搭架，通常是开门见山，先是主语和主要动词，然后运用连词、介词、分词短语、关系代词和关系副词等把有关的材料组成各种关系词结集，通过从属、修饰和并列的办法，向主语和主要动词前后挂钩，直接或间接地嵌扣，因而很容易形成长句。在翻译长句时，首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思，辨清主次，然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系；接着把每个单句译成汉语，将这些汉语句子按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序，遵循汉语表达习惯进行调整和重新组合。最后，再通读译文，进行润饰，避免出现欧化的句子。总之，翻译长句的基本原则是拆句和改变顺序。具体的常见长句译法主要有以下几种：包孕法、断句法、顺译法、逆序法、分译法、插入法、重组法。,包孕法,就是把长句中后置的修饰部分放到中心词的前面，从而使译文紧凑、连贯。这种方法适合翻译含有一个或几个限定性很强的定语从句的英语长句。如：1Captureddocumentswhichwehaveobtainedfromindividualswhohadbeeninfiltratedthroughthiscorridorplusprisoner-of-warreportsthatwehaveobtainedinrecentmonthsledustobelievethatthevolumeofinfiltrationhasexpandedsubstantially.,2AtnighthesatbesidehislampandreadinthepapersthatwerelefthimoccasionallyorinaBiblethathehadneglectedforyears,buthecouldgetlittlesolacefromthesethings.3Butunfortunatelyhearrivedataplaceinaseawheretravelwasbesetwithdifficultywhenhethoughthecouldobtainwhatheexpected.,4InAfricaImetaboy,whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreak,said,whenIspoketohim,thathewashungrybecausehehadhadnofoodfortwodays.5Despitethebackwardness(inthecommunications)-orperhapsbecauseofit-Chinahopestoleapfrogintothedigitalerabybypassingmanyofthecostlytransitionaltechnologiesthatindustrialnationsarenowseekingtoreplacewithmoreadvanceddigitalsystems.6Thelawofconservationandtransformationofenergyisthechiefbasisofphysical,astronomicalandchemicalreasoningaswellasengineeringpractice.,顺译法,翻译英语长句的过程，其实就是化整体为部分的过程。要想使译文通顺，还必须根据汉语的行文规律，考虑怎样安排每一部分的顺序。有时，一些英语句子叙事的先后次序如果正好与汉语的表达习惯相符，那么就顺着原文的语序，全部或部分顺译出来。这种译法通常多用来翻译并列句和带宾语从句或表语从句的复合句。,1Johnhadnothingtoliveon,becausewheneverhehadagoodjob,themoreheearnedthemorehespent,sothatheneversavedanything.2Hehadattachedawheelwithanotchedrimtotheclock,connectedthiswiththetelegraphline,andsoarrangeditthateverytimethehourwasreached,therightnumberofdotswasautomaticallysentalongthelinebytheturningofthewheel.,3Ifparentswerepreparedforthisadolescentreaction,andrealizedthatitwasasignthatthechildwasgrowingupanddevelopingvaluablepowersofobservationandindependentjudgment,theywouldnotbesohurt,andthereforewouldnotdrivethechildintooppositionbyresentingit.,逆序法,有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，翻译时就必须进行部分或全部逆译。如：1ItwasourviewthattheUnitedStatescouldbeeffectiveinboththetasksoutlinedbythePresident-thatis,ofendinghostilitiesaswellasofmakingacontributiontoapermanentpeaceintheMiddleEast-ifweconductedourselvessothatwecouldremaininpermanentcontactwithalloftheseelementsintheequation,2FoodmanufacturersarefloodingtheUKmarketwithnewproductsinresponsetorisingdemandfromapopulationhungryfor“somethingdifferent”.3PetrahadbecometheleaderofthegirlsassoonasshesnappedoutofheroriginaldepressionatcomingtoPrague.,分译法,有时英语长句中主句与从句或者主句与其修饰语间的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可按汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句中的从句或短语化为句子，分开来翻译。为了使语言连贯，有时可适当增加词语。如：1Undernourishment,afteratime,althoughtheneighboursandthosewhoknewhishistorygladlycontributedfromtheirstore,affectedhisbody;forhewalkedmuchandatelittle.,2Hisoldshoesclumpedsoundlyinthedustashewalked,andhisgray-blacklocks,nowgrownratherlong,struggledoutinadramaticfringeorhalofromunderhishat.3Eagertotrustbutdeterminedtoverify,manysinglewomeninanageofriskyromancearehiringprivatedetectivetocheckthebackgroundoftheirsuitors.,4ThepresidentsaidthatatapressconferencedominatedbyquestionsonyesterdayselectionresultshecouldnotexplainwhytheRepublicanshadsufferedsuchawidespreaddefeat,whichintheendwoulddeprivetheRepublicanPartyoflong-heldsuperiorityintheHouse.,1.分清主从把握结构2.遣词用字恰如其分3.直译意译抓住要点4.适当增添清楚明了5.词语省略言简意赅6.转换变通自然流畅7.结构调整顺理成章8.语态转换约定俗成9.正反交替相得益彰10.定语从句合分替换11.其他从句灵活处理12.长句翻译分切拆组,