英语副词分类详解

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英语副词分类详解一、时间副词1.常见的时间副词常见的时间副词有now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, finally, before, early, today tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, suddenly, immediately, already, just等。2.时间副词在句中的位置(1)表确定时间的副词(如today, yesterday等)通常位于句末,有时也位于句首:He went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home.他昨天回家了。而那些表示非确定时间的副词(如soon, recently, suddenly等)除可用于句末或句首外,还可位于句中(通常位于实意动词之前,动词be、助动词、情态动词之后):He went to Paris recently. / He recently went to Paris. / Recently he went to Paris.最近他去了巴黎。(2)still, already, just等几个表示时间的副词通常位于句中(实意动词之前,动词be、助动词、情态动词之后):Hes just left for school.他刚刚去学校。I have already finished my work.我已经做完了工作。当要表示强调时,still和already也可位于动词be、助动词等之前:She was still still was beautiful at the age of forty.她到了40岁仍然很美。I already have told him about it.我已经把情况告诉他了。still若用于否定句,则总是位于助动词之前:I still dont understand what you mean.我还是不明白你的意思。另外,still和already还可位于句末,表示惊奇:Are you on page one still?你还在看第1页?Is your mother back already?你妈妈就已经回来了?二、地点副词1.常见的地点副词常见的地点副词有here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, halfway, upstairs, downstairs等。2.地点副词在句中的位置地点副词在句中通常位于句末或句首,但从不位于主语和谓语之间。若有多个副词排列,地点副词通常位于方式副词之后,时间副词之前:Can you help to carry this table upstairs?你能帮忙把桌子搬到楼上去吗?The boy read quietly over there all afternoon.这男孩整个下午都在那儿静静地看书。三、方式副词1.方式副词的特点方式副词表示动词的行为方式,许多以-ly结构的副词都是方式副词,如carefully, happily, quietly, heavily, warmly, correctly, politely, angrily等。2.方式副词在句中的位置(1)方式副词通常位于动词(及其宾语)之后:He read the letter slowly.他从容不迫地看了那封信。方式副词通常不位于动词与宾语之间,除非动词后的宾语很长:不可说:We like very much it. (应改为We like it very much.)但可说:We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们可以很清楚地看到在我们前方有一道奇怪的光。若遇到“动词+介词+宾语”结构,方式副词既可位于“介词+宾语”之前,也可位于“介词+宾语”之后,但是若该结构的宾语较长,则方式副词通常位于“介词+宾语”之前:He looked at me curiously. / He looked curiously at me.他好奇地打量着我。He looked curiously at everyone who got off the plane.他好奇地打量着从飞机上走下来的每一个人。(2)方式副词(主要是单个的方式副词)有时也可位于主语与动词之间:He quickly got dressed.他赶紧穿好衣服。He angrily tore up the letter.他很生气,把信撕碎了。(3)有的方式副词(如bravely, cleverly, cruelly, foolishly, generously, kindly, secretly, simply等)位于动词之前和位于句末会导致句子意思的变化:They secretly decided to leave the town.他们秘密决定离开这个城市。They decided to leave the town secretly.他们决定秘密地离开这个城市。He answered the questions foolishly.他对这个问题作了愚蠢的回答。He foolishly answered the questions.他愚蠢地回答了这个问题。(4)有的方式副词(如gently, quietly, slowly, suddenly等)有时可位于句首,以达到某种戏剧性的效果(这主要见于书面语中):Suddenly, the driver started the engine.突然地,司机启动了发动机。四、频度副词1.频度副词的特点频度副词表示动作发生的次数,常见有的ever, never, rarely, seldom, once, often, occasionally, constantly, frequently, usually, continually, always等。2.频度副词在句中的位置频度副词通常位于实意动词之前,动词be、助动词、情态动词之后:He often comes to see us.他常来看我们。He is seldom late for school.他上学很少迟到。有时为了强调,频度副词也可位于动词be、助动词等之前:She always was late.她老是迟到。有的频度副词可位于句末(尤其受very, only修饰时):I get paid on Fridays usually.我通常在星期五领工资。We go out very seldom.我们很少外出。Do you go to the cinema very often?你常去看电影吗?有的频度副词(如sometimes, often, usually, frequently, occasionally等)可位于句首(此时多半是因为强调或对比):Sometimes he went there by bus.有时他坐公共汽车去那儿。Very often the phone rings when Im in the bath.电话经常在我洗澡时响。【注】含有否定意义的频度副词置于句首时,其后要用倒装语序:Never have I been there.我从未去过那儿。Seldom does he see a film.他很少看电影。另外,频度副词always和never通常不位于句首,除非是祈使句:Always remember this.时刻记住这一点。Never go out at night.晚上千万不要出去。3.频度副词在否定句中的位置在否定句中,有的频度副词可位于否定词not之后或之前(如usually, often),有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后(如always, constantly, continually, continuously,均含有“连续不断”之意),而有的频度副词却必须要位于否定词not之前(如sometimes, frequently):He doesnt usually come here. / He usually doesnt come here.他通常不来这儿。She doesnt always come late.她并非总是迟到。(不能说always doesnt)He is sometimes not responsible for what he does.他有时对所做的事不负责任。五、程度副词1.程度副词的特点程度副词用于表示程度,常见的有fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, nearly, half, highly, awfully, deeply, partly, perfectly, really等。2.程度副词的用法注意点(1)程度副词主要用于修饰形容词和副词,有的还可修饰比较级(如much, rather等)和最高级(如quite, much, almost等):Houses are much more expensive these days.如今的房价贵多了。This is quite much the most expensive radio here.这是这里最贵的收音机。【注】quite有时也修饰比较级,但只用于quite better(身体康复)这一表达。(2)有的程度副词(如quite, rather, almost等)可修饰动词,但有的(如fairly, pretty, very等)则不能修饰动词:I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。(不用fairly, pretty, very)We rather like the film.我们很喜欢这部电影。(不用fairly, pretty, very)(3)个别的程度副词(主要是quite和rather)还可修饰名词(注意词序):Its quite rather a good idea. / Its a quite rather good idea.那可真是个好主意。若此结构中没有形容词,则quite和rather则只能放在冠词之前:It was quite rather a success.那事相当成功。六、连接副词1.连接副词的分类连接副词可分为两类,一类是用于连接句子或从句,常见的有therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover, still, thus, meanwhile等;另一类是用于引导从句或不定式,主要的有when, why, where, how等。2.连接句子或从句的连接副词其性质类似于并列连词,使用时其前通常用分号或句号;若其前用逗号,则通常带有并列连词(如and):I dont like it; besides, its too expensive.我不喜欢它,而且也太贵了。We all tried our best; however, we lost the game. / We all tried our best. However, we lost the game.我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。注意,有的连接副词(如however等)后通常有逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。另外,这类副词有的还可位于句中或句末:He may, however, come later.不过,他也许一会儿就到。We all tried out best. We lost the game, however.我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。Peter is our youngest child, and we have three others besides.彼特是我们最小的孩子,我们另外还有三个。3.引导从句和不定式的连接副词用于引导从句(名词性从句)或不定式的连接副词主要有when, why, where, how等:Tell me when we shall leave. / Tell me when to leave.告诉我什么时候离开。I dont know how I can find him. / I dont know how to find him.我不知道如何找到他。Where we can get the money is just our problem. / Where to get the money is just our problem.到哪里去弄这笔钱正是我们头痛的事。Thats why he speaks English so well.那就是他为什么英语讲得这么好的原因。【注】连接副词why后不能接不定式,如可说I dont know why I must leave.(我不知道我为什么必须离开),但不能说I dont know why to leave。七、关系副词1.关系副词的特点关系副词用于引出定语从句,主要有when, where, why:Sunday is the day when very few people go to work.星期日是没什么人上班的日子。Thats the reason why he dislikes me.这就是他不喜欢我的原因。Do you know a shop where I can find sandals?你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗?【注】关系副词用于引出定语从句,且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因。2.使用关系副词的注意点(1)how不能用作关系副词,不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way后表示方式:他说话就是那个样子。误:This is the way how he spoke.正:This is how he spoke. / This is the way (that, in which) he spoke.(2)关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,但why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句,可用for which reason)。(3)引导定语从句时,when的先行词为时间,where的先行词为地点,why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason),但是反过来却不一定:Dont forget the time (that) Ive told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。This is the house (that) he bought recently.这就是他最近买的那座房子。Please tell me the reason (that) you know.请告诉我你所知道的原因吧。八、疑问副词1.疑问副词的特点疑问副词有when, where, why, how等,用于引出特殊疑问句:Where do you come from?你是哪里人?When will it be ready?这什么时候能准备好?Why was she crying?她刚才为什么哭?2.两类易混句型的区别。请看以下两句:Where do you think he has gone?你认为他去什么地方了?Do you know when he will come?你知道他什么时候来吗?上面第一句为特殊疑问句,第二句为一般疑问句,它们不能倒过来说成Do you think where he has gone? When do you know he will come?其区别是:可以用yes或no回答者,用一般疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句中,即主句之后),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有know, hear, ask, tell等;不能用yes或no回答者,用特殊疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句首),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有think, believe, suppose, guess等。3.使用疑问副词的注意点(1)疑问副词用于引导特殊疑问句,通常位于句首,但有时也不一定:Without friends where are we?没有朋友我们会怎样?(2)疑问副词引导特殊疑问句时,其后应接一般疑问句,但有时可有所省略:Why argue with him?为什么要与跟他争吵?Why not ask the teacher? / Why dont you ask the teacher?为什么不问问老师呢?【注】Why或Why not后接动词原形,不接带to不定式,主要用于现在或将来,不用于过去,如不说why not tell me yesterday?应改为Why didnt you tell me yesterday?(昨天为什么不告诉我?)(3)有时两个疑问副词连用:When and where were you born?你生于何时何地?九、句子副词1.句子副词的特点句子副词用于修饰句子(而不是修饰某个单词),反映说话人的观点和看法,如actually, certainly, clearly, definitely, evidently, fortunately, frankly, honestly, luckily, obviously, perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, undoubtedly, unexpectedly等。2.句子副词在句中的位置句子副词通常位于句首(或分句句首):Obviously he cant tell the difference between them.显然他无法区别两者的不同。I arrived late but luckily the meeting had been delayed.我迟到了,幸而会议推迟了。但有些句子副词也可以出现在句中:He smiled nastily. He evidently knew something I didnt.他发出狞笑,他显然知道一些我所不知道的事。有的句子副词也可用作其他种类的副词,不过这往往会导致位置和语义的变化:Clearly he didnt say so.显然他没有这样说。(句子副词)He didnt say so clearly.他说得没有那么清楚。(方式副词)Frankly, you are wrong.说实在的,你错了。(句子副词)He spoke frankly about his past life.他坦率地谈了他过去的生活。(方式副词)
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