英语写作过程性词汇表

Similarity Relationslikelook*likeresembl*approximate*similar toidentical withidentical toparallel toparallel withanalogous tothe same ascomparable toshar*akin toa kind ofcounterpart*ofcorrespond*tomatch*proportional toan equivalent ofequal toequivalent toindistinguishable frosynonymous withconsist*ofconstitut*represent*considered asinterpreted asregarded asthought of asapproachDifference Relationsas opposed todifferent fromdissimilardistinct fromdistinguished fromoppositeunlikediffer*fromconflict*polarcontradictoryInclusion Relationsa kind ofa sort ofa member ofa type ofbelong*tofall*intofell intoa case ofa class ofa form ofa variant ofa family ofcontain*embody*cover*encompass*include*as illustrated byexemplified byrepresented byan example ofprototype ofrepresentative ofoccur*asrang*fromvar*fromcategor*famil*variet*classification*coverage*group*a component ofan ingredient ofan element ofa part ofa section ofa segment ofcomposed ofcomprised ofdivided intosubdivided intopartitioned intoequipped withfilled withformed bymade frommade up ofprovided withcompris*consist*ofcomponent*member*the remainingportion*subunit*unit*system*a fragment ofa piece ofa portion ofappear*incharacteristic*oftrait*offeature*ofpart*ofcharacterized bypossess*form*the*feature ofExclusion Relationsabsent fromexcluded fromto the exclusion ofdevoid offree oflack*missingChange of Statearis*fromarose fromaris*out ofarose out ofa derivative ofa product ofcom*fromcame fromderiv*fromdevelop*fromoriginat*fromgiv*rise togave rise togiv*away togave away toyield*follow*caus*produc*belong*todue toproduced byproduced fromthe result ofresult*fromresult*inthe reason whythe finding ofconverted tobecom*becamebranch*intoevolv*intotransform*intorender*turn*intoswitch*chang*intogrow*grewshift*develop*process ofFunctioningact*as act*to behav*likefunction asha*a role inplay*the role ofplay*a part inprovid*serv*asuseful forused forused to dochosen asemploy*asmethod*meansSpatial Relationsadjacent tocontained incontained withincoated withcovered withembedded inequidistantparallel toinserted intopositioned atseparatedsurrounded byfac*situat*sit*satstand*stoodresid*surroundfound inexist*inthere*arrangeddistributedlocatedplacedextend*lielaylainlyingoppositeTemporal Relationsprevious*current*presentat oncesoonformerlaterpastfollowingtemporal*permanent*last*gradual*sudden*eternal*immediate*timelyearlylatedurationalreadyyetpre-*post-*urgent*thereuponhithertohenceforwardhenceforthfirst*second*third*forth*fifth*sixth*at firstfirst of allin the endat lastfinal*next*annual*yearlymonthlyweeklydailyalwaysoftensometimesseldomhardlynevereveroncetwicefrequent*constant*simultaneous*no longerno morenot any morenot any longercontinual*continuous*averageregular*futurewith*frequencyPhysical Characteristicsextend*measur*maintain*weigh*-colored*-sized*-formed*-part*-shapedha*a*-like appearancein the form ofin the shape ofin shades ofdimensionbeisarewaswerebeingbeenin shapewith a*cwith*coshapelookQuantity Modificationa high percentage ofa small percentage ofa percentage ofrate ofpercentproportioa variety ofa quantity ofvolume*ofamount*ofnumber*ofpart*ofa class ofa family ofa series oa set of1. It 作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say. 2. 强调句型 It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us. 3. All+抽象名词或抽象名词+itself(very+形容词) He was all gentleness to her. 4. 利用词汇重复表示强调 A crime is a crime a crime. 5. something(much)of和nothing(little)of something of相当于to some extent， 表示程度。 在疑问句或条件从句中， 则为anything of，可译为有点，略微等。译为毫无，全无。much of译为大有，not much of 可译为算不上，称不上，little of可译为几乎无。something like 译为有点像，略似。 They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar. 6. 同格名词修饰是指 of 前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，of以及它前面的名词构 一个形容词短语，以修饰of后面的那个名词。如her old sharper of a father，可译为：她 那骗子般的父亲。 Those pigs of girls eat so much. 7. asascan(may)be It is as plain as plain can be. 8. It is in(with)as in(with) It is in life as in a journey. 9. as good as相等于，就像，几乎如;实际上，其实，实在。 The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him. 10.many as wellas和might as well as many as wellas可译为与其，不如，更好，以这样做为宜，如同， 也可以等等。might as wellas表示不可能的事，可译为犹如，可与一样 荒唐，与其那样不如这样的好等等。 One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. 11.to makeof的译法(使成为，把当作) I will make a scientist of my son. 12. oo+不定式，not(never)too+不定式，toonot+不定式 She is too angry to speak. 13. only(not, all, but, never) too to do so 和too ready (apt) + to do结构中，不定式也没 有否定意义，凡是not，allbut 等字后+tooto，不定式都失去了否定意义，在too ready(apt) +to do结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。 You know but too yell to hold your tongue. 14. no more than句型 A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 15. not so muchas和not so much as 结构，not so muchas=not so much as ， 其中 as 有进可换用 but rather，可译为：与其说是毋须说是。而not so much as=without(not)even，可译为甚至还没有。 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 16. Nothing is morethan和Nothing is so as结构，Nothing is morethan和Nothing is so as都具有最高级比较的意思， Nothing I可换用no， nobody， nowhere， little，few，hardly，scarcely等等，可译为没有比更为，像 再没有了 ，最等。 Nothing is more precious than time. 17. cannottoo结构,cannottoo意为It is impossible to overdo或者，即无论 怎样也不算过分。 not可换用hardly， scarcely等， too可换用enough， sufficient 等。 You cannot be too careful. 18. 否定+but 结构，在否定词后面的but，具有which not，who not，that not， 等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成没有不是或都等。 Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse. 19. 否定+until (till)结构，在否定词no，not，never，little，few，seldom等 的后边所接用的 until/ till，多数情况下译为直到才，要才，把否定 译为肯定。 Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried. 20. not sobut和not such a but结构，这两个结构和否定+but的结构差不多，不 同之点是这两个结构中的but是含有thatnot意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为还没 有到不能做的程度，并不是不，无论怎样也不是不能等。 He is not so sick but he can come to school. 21. 疑问词+shouldbut结构，这个结构表示过去的意外的事，意为nonebut，可译 为除了还有谁会，岂料，想不到竟是等。 Who should write it but himself? 22. who knows but (that)和who could shouldbut结构， 这个结构是反问形式， 一般 意译为多半，亦未可知等等，有时也可直译。 Who knows but (that) he may go? 23. 祈使句+and和祈使句+or结构，祈使句+and表示Ifyou，祈使名+or表示 ifnot，you。 24. 名词+and结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。 A word, and he would lose his temper 25. as,so结构， 这里的so的意思是in the same way(也是如此)。 此结构表明两个概念 在程度上和关系上相似。 As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart. 26. if any结构，if any和if ever，意思是果真有，即使有，表示加强语 气。与此类似的还有：if anything(如有不同的话，如果稍有区别)，if a day(=at least，至 少)。 There is little, if any, hope. 27. be it ever(never)so和let it be ever(never)so结构，这里，be it中的be是古英语假 设语气的遗留形式，现代英语则使用let it be。ever so和never so都表示同一意思，都表 示very。 Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home. 28. the last+不定式和the last +定语从词结构，这种结构中的last意思是the least likely，用于否定性推论。可译为最不大可能的，最不合适的，由原意的最后一个 变成最不可能的一个。 He is the last man to accept a bride.29. sotha t句型，这个句型的意思是如此，以致于，但在翻译成汉语时， 许多情况下，并不是一定要译成如此以致于，而是变通表达其含义。 He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up. 30. more + than+原级形容词(副词)结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的more有 rather的意思。 It is more than probable that he will fall. 31. more than +动词结构，这种结构表示动词的程度，可译为异常，岂止，十二 分地等。 This more than satisfied me. 32. good and 的副词用法， 译为非常， 很等。 类似还有nice and , fine and , lovely and , bright and , rare and , big and 等，均表示程度。 The apples are good and ripe. 33. and that结构，这个and that应译为而且，表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加 强，that代表前面的整个陈述部分。 Return to your work , and that at once. 34. at onceand结构，这个结构译为既又，起相关连接的作用，相当于 bothand。 The novel is at once pleasing and instructive. 35. in that结构，这个结构的意思是在那一点上(方面)，可译为因为。类似的结 构还有in this。 The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs. 36. the name notwithstanding结构，这个结构中notwithstanding是介词，这个介词可以 置前，可以置后，比如也可写成：notwithstanding the name。起让步状语的作用。 Some people think of the storage battery as a sort of condenser where electricity is stored. But this is an entirely wrong conception, the name notwithstanding. 37. Everynot 和 Allnot 结 构 ， Everynot 表 示 不 见 得 每 个 都 是;Allnot表示不见得所有都是的意思。 Every man is not polite, and all are not born gentlemen. 38. may as well notas结构，此结构可译为与其不如不。 One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly. 39. have only to do结构，此结构表示只须(消)就能的意思。 We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison to see the significance of it. 40. not (no) unless句型 No increase in output can be expected unless a new assembly line is installed. 41. betterthan句型 Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love. 42. as it were是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是好象，可以说等。 Apiece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment. 43. 复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于 anyone 的定语从句过长，把谓语 must realize 提到 定语从句之前。 Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do notinfr