资源描述
英语语法非谓语动词讲义在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。例题一、All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6) 句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。 例题二、The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _ to college. A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted 消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是被录取的孩子，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。 例题三._tired of Toms all-talk-no-action attitude, Julia decided to do the job all by herself. A) To get B) To have got C) Getting D) Have got 一般来说，在句子中没有连接词的情况下, 逗号是无力连接两个句子的。据此，首先可以确定 这是一个简单句，非谓语动词短语放在句首作状语。依据非谓语动词短语get tired of与其逻辑主语Julia之间的主动关系，以及谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，没有明显的先后顺序，可以断定应用现在分词一般式作原因状语,即“由于厌倦了Tom只说不做的工作态度”，故正确答案为C。例题四 The last bus (go)_, we had to walk home. Weather (permit)_, the spaceship will be launched tomorrow evening. 这两个非谓语动词短语的逻辑主语都不是句子的主语，而是分别有它自己的逻辑主语，即“是 末班车开走了，而不是我们走了”,“是天气允许,而不是飞船允许”，这种现象或结构就是独立主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动关系,正确答案分别为having gone和permitting。 例题五The work (finish) _, they may go home. The problem (discuss) _ at the meeting- room now, the workers had to wait outdoors. 同样，这两道题的结构也是独立主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的被动关系以及非谓语动词所表示动作发生的时间性，可以判断正确答案分别为finished(已完成)和being discussed(正在进行)。 例题六 _ that Bob had got promoted, his friends came to congratulate him. A) Heard B) Having heard C) Hear D) To hear 依据非谓语动词hear与其逻辑主语his friends之间的主动关系，以及前后句的逻辑关系，可以断定用现在分词形式来作时间状语，再根据现在分词的动作“听说”发生在主要谓语动词“来”之前，由此判断应该用现在分词的完成式(只用作状语时使用)，意为“听说Bob已得到提升，他的朋友都来向他表示祝贺”，故正确答案为B。 非谓非谓语动词的三种形式名称形式用法不定式to do表目的、将来动名词doing表主动及现在分词done表被动及过去非谓语动词的形式变化非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never（不定式的否定形式）完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/动名词一般式doingbeing donesb.或sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing/完成式having donehaving been done现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加not非谓语语法功能的比较做宾语的非谓语动词比较情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resistfeel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意思是，意味着）cant help （to） do（不能帮忙做）cant help doing（忍不住要做）be considered to have done被认为已经做了considerto be认为是consider doing考虑做某事做宾补的非谓语动词比较分 类常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例 句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成I asked to be sent to the countryside.I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.过去分词动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.做定语的非谓语动词比较分 类区 别例 句不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.I havent decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢)现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves/the fallen leaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥非谓语动词高考考点【考点一】不定式作状语不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句，不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。1不定式用来作目的状语：作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，这里往往译作“为了，想要”。To be a winner，you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。 2不定式用于so.as to .，such.as to；enough to；too.to；only to等结构中作结果状语。（1）Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?你能不能行行好，借给我你的自行车？（2）He is such a fool as to think that his strange behaviour can inflect others.他如此愚蠢以至于认为他奇怪的行为会影响他人。（3）He hurried to the booking office only to have been told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处，结果被告诉所有的票已经卖完了。注意：“onlyto do”表示出乎意料的结果，tell 和主语He 之间存在动宾关系，因而应用不定式的被动结构。而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。 （4）His parents died，leaving him an orphan.他的父母去世了，使他成为孤儿。【经典考题】1. There were many talented actors out there just waiting_.Ato discover Bto be discoveredCdiscovered Dbeing discovered2 Why are the students working so hard these days. _ready for the coming entrance examination.ATo get BGetCGetting DGot3 With Fathers Day around the corner，I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.Abuy Bto buyCbuying Dto have bought【考点二】过去分词作状语1过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。（1）Given the right kind of training，these teenager soccer players may one day grow into international stars. 如果得到正确的训练，这些少年足球选手有朝一日可能成为国际明星。（2）Reminded not to miss the flight at 1520，the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. 得到提醒不要错过1520的航班 ，他匆忙出发过了机场。2某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，这样的词有：lost(迷路的)，seated(坐)，hidden(躲)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(感到厌倦)等，不管它们作什么成分都不用其ing形式。Lost in the mountains for a week，we were finally saved by the local police.在大山里迷失一个星期，我们最终被当地警察所救。Absorbed in his book，he didnt notice me enter the room.专心读书，他没注意到我进入房间。【经典考题】1. _from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.ASeen BSeeingCHaving seen DTo see2 Michaels new house is like a huge palace，_with his old one.Acomparing BcomparesCto compare Dcompared【考点三】现在分词作状语1动词的ing 短语作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。动词的ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。（1）Being ill，he couldnt go to school.因为生病，他不能去上学。(原因)（2）My car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay.我的车被交通拥挤堵住，所以延误了。(结果)（3）As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not moving，and asked myself what I was going to do.(伴随)当交通路灯变绿灯时，我站了一会儿，一动不动，自问要做什么事。2现在分词有：一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not 构成。一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作；完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式(having being done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。（1）Not having received a reply，he decided to write again.没有得到答复，他决定再写信去。（2）The old man，having worked abroad for twenty years，came back to his motherland.(work 与句子的主语The old man之间存在主谓关系，而且work这一动作发生在谓语动作之前) 在国外工作了二十年，这位老人回到了祖国。（3）Having been scolded many times，he determined to study hard to catch up with others. 多次被批评之后，他决定努力学习赶上他人。3（记住）有一些固定结构，如：generally speaking，taking everything into consideration，judging from/by等，无论主语是什么都用这种形式作状语。（1）Taking everything into consideration，the result is better than expected.把一切因素考虑进去，结果比预料的要好。（2）Judging from what he said，he must be an honest man.从他说的话来判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。4现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别：如果是意义上的主谓关系，一般用现在分词形式；如果是意义上的动宾关系，则一般用过去分词。（1）Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see 与主语the park之间存在动宾关系)（2）Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)【经典考题】1. Dina，_for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.Astruggling BstruggledChaving struggled Dto struggle2 _at my classmates faces，I read the same excitement in their eyes.ALooking BLookCTo look DLooked3 _a written permission，he had to write another letter to the president of the university.ANot giving BNot having been givenCHaving not given DHaving not been given【考点四】非谓语动词作定语1现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。There are two roads before us，one leading to the beach，the other to the park.在我们面前有两条路，一条通向沙滩，另一条通向公园。2过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit grown on his own farm.早饭他只喝自己农场种植的新鲜水果榨出来的果汁。3动词不定式作定语多表示将来动作。We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举行的聚会。【经典考题】1. Im afraid well have to work extra hours，for there are still some problems_.Aremaining to settle Bremaining to be settledCremained to talk about Dto remain to discuss2 Many buildings in the city need repairing，but the one _ first is the library.Arepaired Bbeing repairedCrepairing Dto be repaired【考点五】非谓语动词作宾补1过去分词作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。（1）Ill have my house painted tomorrow. 明天我会让人把我的房子粉刷一下。(被动)（2）（When I opened the door，I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.当我打开门时，我发现地面被落叶所覆盖。2现在分词作宾语补足语：现在分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。现在分词作宾语补足语强调正在进行的主动动作，即动作过程的一个部分。可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see，watch，hear，observe，feel，find，have，keep等。They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他们使用电脑使交通畅通无阻。【经典考题】1. Listen！Do you hear someone _ for help?Acalling Bcall Cto call Dcalled2 Alexander tried to get his work _in the medical circles.Ato recognize BrecognizingCrecognize Drecognized3 Its wonderful to hike with Dad and I have felt _with him.Ato protected BprotectedCprotecting Dto be protected【 考点六】have, get后接三种形式作宾补have，get 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have，get表示“使、让、叫”之意。1have sth. doneget sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做(叫/让某人做某事)Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。Mr Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.2. have/get sb. /sth. doing 使某人/物持续做某事注意： have sb. doing 若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。I wont have you speaking to your dad like that. 我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。 3. have sb. do sth. 叫某人做某事【经典考题】1 I have a lot of readings _before the end of this term.Acompleting Bto completeCcompleted Dbeing completed2 With the world changing fast，we have something new _ with all by ourselves every day.Adeal BdealtCto deal Ddealing3 Every year，Tom remembers to have some flowers _to her mother on her birthday.Asend BsentCsending Dbeing sent非谓语动词高考真题练习1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ a good college.A. enter。mB. to enterC. entering。mD. entered2He ran as fast as he could _ to catch the early bus.A. to hope。mB. hopeC. hoping。mD. hoped3.He spent every minute he could _ spoken English.A. practise。mB. to practiseC. practising。mD. practised4.Before going abroad he devoted all he could _ his oral English.A. improve。mB. to improveC. improvingD. to improving5. He knows nothing about it, so he cant help _ any of your work. A. doingB. to doC. being doingD. to be done6. All her time _ experiments, she has no time for films.A. devoted to doB. devoted to doingC. devoting to doingD. is devoted to doing7. Once your business becomes international, _ constantly will be part of your life.A. you flyB. your flightC. flightD. flying8. Not only should you get used _ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention _ your work well. A. to work, to do B. to working, to doingC. to work, to doing D. to working, to do9. Both of my parents insisted _ a computer for me, but I dont think it is necessary.A. to buyB. buyingC. on buyingD. in buying10. “Do you have anything more _, sir?” “No. You can have a restordo something else.”A. typingB. to be typedC. typedD. to type11. I dont know whether you happen _ it, but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard12. _ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _ the beautiful scenery. A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiring C. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring13. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run14. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A. put B. to be put C. to put D. putting 15. _ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.A. Having stolen B. Having been stolen C. Stolen D. Stealing16. To answer correctly is more important than _.A. that you finish quickly B. finishing quickly C. to finish quicklyD. finish quickly17. You will see this product made in this factory _ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising18. The monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _ the river.A. to have discovered B. to have been discoveredC. to discover D. having been discovered19. Have you considered _ your job as a teacher?Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _ a gardener.A. to change; to be B. to change; being C. changing; being D. changing; to be20. Mr. Green is said _ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem when young.A. to do B. to have done C. to be doing D. to have been doing21. Seeing the soldiers well _ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.A. prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. having prepared22.（山西省晋中市2009学年度高三年级第一次调研考试题，35）I walked out of the cinema, Id never come back to this hell of a placeAdetermining Bdecided Cto determine Dto decide23.（山东省日照市2009年高三模拟考试，26）Every time he had a chance，he would talk about the great difficulty he had in the new country Asettled Bsettling Cto settle Dsettle24. （山东省济宁市20082009学年度高三第一阶段质量检测，32）There was a sudden burst of light a terrible noise.Afollowing Bto followCfollowedDfollowed by25.（福建福州八中2009年元月高三调研考试试卷，30） in a red skirt in the opening ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games, the little girl Lin Miaoke won the hearts of the people all over the world ADressed BWorn CDressing DWearing26.（福建福州八中2009年元月高三调研考试试卷，34）The problems at the meeting tomorrow are really hard to solve Adiscussed Bto discuss Cto be discussedDdiscussing27.（唐山市2008-2009学年度高一第一次教学质量检测，20）When why he behaved that way at table，he made no replyAbeing asked B asked Casking Dto ask28. （唐山市2008-2009学年度高一第一次教学质量检测，23） ，Mom had a cup of coffee and a few minutes rest AWith her housework done BWith her housework being done CWith her housework doing DWith her housework to do29.（湖南省衡阳市八中2009年上期高二第一次月考试卷，31）The manager introduced the rules that she would like to see _ the next year.A. establish B. establishing C. established D. to establish30.（重庆市一中08-09学年高二上学期期末，22）_ in thought completely, he didnt even know what was going on. A. Losing B. Lost C. Having lost D. Having been lost【答案与解析解析】1. 【解析】其实正确答案应是B此句为省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。2【解析】此题的答案是 C不是A，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。3.【解析】此题答案选 C，这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.4.【解析】此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote to 是固定搭配，意为“把贡献给”；二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。5. 【解析】其实答案应选A。比较以下结构：cant help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事6. 【解析】此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下：(1) devote 意为“致力于，献身于”，主要用 devoteto或be devoted to，其中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。(2) 选A错误：若将 do 改为 doing 则可以。(3) 选B正确：all her time devoted to doing experiments为独立主格结构，用作状语。(4) 选C错误：因为all her time 与 devote 为被动关系，故应将devoting改为devoted。(5) 选D错误：若单独看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式，所以从整体上看仍不对，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，则可选D，或将D将中的is 改为 being也可选它。7. 【解析】最佳答案为D。由于空格后出现了constantly这一副词，这就说明不能选B或C，因为B、C均为名词，不能受副词 constantly 的修饰。A和D均是可能的，因为其中有动词 fly。但若选A，you fly 是一个主谓结构，与其后的谓语 will be 相冲突，所以只能选D，即动名词flying在此用作主语。8. 【解析】正确答案为B，因为 get used to与pay attention to 这两个结构中的to均为介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不能动词原形。类似地，以下各结构中的 to 也是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时也应用动名词，而不是动词原形9.【解析】答案应选C。其实，动词 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词，因为insist 通常用作不及物动词；若语义上需接宾语，要借助介词 on或upon，即用于 insist on upon (doing) sth；但它有时的确也可用作及物动词，不过其宾语通常只能是 that 从句，而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。10. 【解析】最佳答案是B。确实，在“have+宾语+不定式”结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义，如 I have some clothes to wash等，即尽管其中的 some clothes 与其后的不定式 to wash 具有被动关系，但却习惯上用主动式表示被动意义。但值得指出的是，这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系，如 I have some clothes to wash 中的 to wash 就是由该句主语 I 来完成的。而上面一题的情形有所不同，即其中的 to type 这一动作不是由句子主语 you来完成的，而是由说话者“我”来完成的。11.【解析】happen to have done sth 为不定式的完成时, 表示一个已经完成了的动作,强调对于现在的影响. 【答案】D12.【解析】tired and out of breath为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事【答案】C13. 【解析】非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,选项A、D表示将来可能发生的动作;B表示宾语持续性动作,根据句意选B,表示水不停地流出。【答案】B14. 【解析】catch sb doing sth表示发觉或当场捉住 sb在做一件事情。 【答案】D 15. 【解析】从动作发生的时间来看，应是先偷钻石，再找地方藏匿，故用-ing形式的完成式。【答案】 A16. 【解析】题意为“正确做出答案要比快速完成更重要”。两个非谓语动词短语在形式上应保持一致。【答案】C17. 【解析】advertise意为“为登广告”。made in this factory作定语修饰product; advertised作宾语补足语。【答案】B18. 【解析】用不定式的完成式表示动作发生在(定语)从句谓语动作之前。【答案】 A 19. 【解析】consider 作“考虑”解时，后常接-ing形式（短语）作宾语；作“认为” 解时，后常接含有名词、形容词或to be的复合结构。【答案】D20. 【解析】由when young可知此处应该用不定式的完成式，表示此动作发生在谓语动作之前。【答案】B 21.【解析】由固定短语be (well) prepared for可知此处应用过去分词作宾补。【答案】C22.【解析】determining 与主语I 是主谓关系，逗号后面不是一个并列句，因此排除选项B。不定式一般表示将来，不符合题意。【答案】 A23.【解析】have difficulty （in）doing sth为固定搭配，因此选B。【答案】B24. 【解析】根据常识，先看见闪电，后听见雷声，因此要用过去分词，由by引出宾语。【答案】D 25.【解析】Dressed in+衣服，固定搭配，表示处于一种状态。 【答案】 A26.【解析】The problems 与discuss之间是被动的关系，应用被动语态；tomorrow这个时间状语决定应该是将来的事情，不定式可以表示将来，因此选C。【答案】C 27.【解析】句意：当他被问到在餐桌旁为什么那样表现时，他没有做出回答。根据题意，应选过去分词，此处为省略句，相当于when he was asked.。【答案】B28. 【解析】housework和do是动宾关系，过去分词done表示被动和完成，符合题意。意思是“做完家务后，妈妈喝了一杯咖啡，然后休息了一会儿。”【答案】 A29.【解析】see sth done 固定搭配，establish与rules之间是动宾关系。句子的意思是：经理介绍了一些她希望明年生效的规定。【答案】C 30.【解析】句意强调主语沉思，而不知道下一步将要做什么事情。由主语he，我们可知应用主动语态，排除选项D；Having lost表示动作发生在主语动作之前，不和题意，排除C；过去分词作形容词，可以表示主语所处的一种状态，符合题意。【答案】B16
展开阅读全文