高考英语完形填空题型解析.doc

高考英语完形填空题型解析浙江省温州市龙湾区教师发展中心 卢晓江完形填空题是高考英语卷中的重要题型，该题不仅侧重于考查学生的逻辑思维能力和对具体语境的把握能力，更是对学生整体语篇意义理解的连贯性和运用语言的准确性考查。它属于有一定难度的障碍性阅读理解题，是学生感到最难把握的题型之一。完型填空主要考查学生综合运用语言的七种能力：1）词语辨析能力 2）语法结构分析能力 3）语篇理解能力 4）逻辑推理能力5）文化背景透析能力6）作者意图剖析能力7）生活常识综合运用能力。一、命题特点及思路 高考完形题的特点是突出语篇，以文章的语境理解为主，考查学生综合运用语言知识的能力。所以准确把握短文的大意是正确答题的基础。 完形填空所选短文的体裁以记叙文为主，说明文和议论文为副，写人或记事，兼有个别议论的句子。选用日常生活中常见的语言材料，考察考生获取信息和使用语言进行社会交际的能力。所选题材大多有关校园生活，心理问题，奇闻轶事等热点话题，趣味性强并兼有教育意义。一般为270至300单词的一篇短文，其内容逻辑性强，文章结构严谨，层次分明。文章首句不设空，但交待相关的背景材料，可挖掘的信息点很多，对整篇文章的理解起着至关重要的作用。 近几年高考的完形填空题在命题设计上出现了重大突破，一改过去对语法，句式关系及固定句型的考查，以单纯考查语法和词义为目的的题在设题中很少出现,而侧重于考查学生的逻辑思维能力和对具体语境的把握，尤其是对整体语义的理解能力,词语辨析题的比例有所增加。完形填空题选项中的三个干扰项不一定是错误的，而是不符合所在语篇的特定语言环境，这更加突出了语境化和整体性。它要求考生不但要有比较扎实的语言知识，较大的词汇量，而且要具有一定的语篇分析能力及逻辑思维能力。要做好这种题型，考生除了必备的语言基础知识和基本技能之外，还应了解其命题特点，掌握一定的解题技巧。考生只有通过文章所给出的语境，善于运用逻辑推理能力，才能准确做出判断。它所考查的是考生灵活运用所学词汇的能力。学生在复习词汇时要注重同义词、近义词的归纳。 二、设题类别及解题思路 1. 做完形填空时要注意文章开头提示句的点题作用和短文中完整句的启示作用。首先要快速浏览全文，弄清各段落之间，各层次之间的内在联系，把握文章的完整性，根据上下文语境来确定最佳选项。结合上下文所给的提示（明示或暗示），对文章整体的需要进行理解和把握。切忌只分析个别句子和段落，那样会只见树木不见树林，犯片面性的错误。因此快速浏览全文，掌握短文大意和作者用词习惯是选择这类题答案的诀窍，只有这样才符合这种题型的解题思路。这类题在设题中所占比例较大，只要学生了解并掌握该类题的设题思路，就较容易拿分。2.根据词语的习惯用法和固定搭配来确定选项。这类题多数涉及动词的用法和固定的搭配。这类题在设题中也占相当的比例，只要学生有一定的词汇基础，得分也比较容易。 3.根据词汇的意义及用法，辨析词义从而确定选项。这是对文章深层次的理解和对词语意义及用法的高度结合题，属学生不容易得分的题。解决这类题的关键是将词语辨析与整体上感觉文章作者的写作意图及作者在本文中所体现的表达思路结合起来。从词义及用法区别上着手，以文章的情节和逻辑为线索来选择答案。 4.根据生活常识及文化背景知识进行逻辑推理，确定最佳选项。这是体现语言学习离不开语言背景为特色的类型题。解决这类题学生要有相关文化背景知识和一定的生活常识。这类题在整篇的完形填空题中所占比例并不大。 三、解题步骤 1.研读首句，通读全文，把握主旨。学生做题时需要整体把握。所以应先通读全文，掌握文章大意，从整体上把握文章脉络、结构，理解作者的态度、观点和表达习惯，为下一步做题打好基础。 2.注重语境，上下结合，试选答案。在掌握文章大意的基础上复读全文，边读边选。从上下文语境、语意、语法、词义等多种角度进行筛选分析，试选出答案。 3.检查全文，统筹兼顾，确保最佳。填空全部完成后，学生还要进行回查，仔细推敲，校正全文，使短文恢复原貌。检查文章语意是否前后一致，上下顺通连贯，内容完整，所选答案是否符合语法、句法结构。要做到整体把握，局部服从整体，对有疑问的地方，应结合文章的主题，从意义、语法或其他方面重新考虑，及时对答案做出调整。四、做题三忌1、急于求成，未通读全文便忙于答题，不了解文意，无整体概念边读边填，两眼忙于空白与选项之间，欲速则不达。2、只抠字眼，语法，不顾文意，抓不住关键。3、断章取义，就题论题，不管前后联系，互不照应，前后矛盾。五、解题策略1、上下文语境法：【实例演练】1.Travelling west, you set your clock (1) ; traveling east ,you set it ahead. A behind B. forward C. back D. ahead2. Many old people dont have good (2) .They cant watch TV, but they can listen to the music. A. hearing B. health C. eyesight D. time3. Many Africans are very (3) and so they cant afford to eat much meat with their cereal(谷物). A healthy B. poor C. rich D .weak4 .Traveling (4) , today becomes yesterday; traveling west it is tomorrow. A .south B. east C. north D. west Key: CCBB【自我检测1】I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was 1 and the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad 2 a step and fell, sending my new suitcase 3 down the stairs.1. A. helpless B. lazy C. anxious D. tired2. A. took B. minded C. missed D. picked3. A. rolling B. passing C. dropping D. turning分析：在把握上文“我提着衣箱缓慢地上楼梯”的情况下，可知1题答案为D. tired，即当我到达三楼时，已经很累了；再从爸爸“提着两只衣箱跟在我后面”以及下文的信息词“fell”可知此句的意思是：爸爸少跨了一步摔倒了，衣箱滚下了楼梯。因此2、3题的答案分别为C、A，尽管其它选项在语法上均无错误。【自我检测2】But Ella Fant, who was filled with 1 , shouted at the top of her voice, Look at 2 Theyre all out of 3 except my John Isnt he the best1. A. sadness B. happiness C. surprise D. regret2. A. them B. those C. that D. him3. A. sight B. order C. mind D. step 分析：考虑上下文的语境，第一个空的后边既然“是声嘶力竭的喊叫”就不能是A、D项，特别是通过最后一句Isnt he the best推知母亲此时的感觉是“幸福”的。所以1题的答案选B。2题的答案选A. them是因为其后用了theyre。3题通过全篇语境知道此时描述的游行队伍里一个人的步伐与其他人的不同，答案应与“步伐”有关，所以答案选D. step。2、常识背景法：【实例演练】1 In the summer vacation of 1997 , I was fixed with a job . I worked as a(n) (1) at Mr. Breens fruit shop. A .operator B . assistant C .waiter D. secretary2There,1345 feet above the street ,a (2) figure was walking on air. A. great B. strange C. public D. tiny3The slave escaped from his master and fled to the (4).As he was wondering about there , he came upon a lion. A. street B. park C. forest D. fieldKey: BDC【自我检测1】It was an early morning in summer. In the streets, sleepy-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their1 . This was the beginning of another 2 day in New York City.1. A. jobs B. homes C. buses D. offices2. A. working B. hot C. same D. ordinary分析：从信息词“early morning”和“sleepy-eyed”来判断，B. homes不符合逻辑，按生活经验，他们是去上班。这时有些考生也许会认为，既然上班，就要去“挤公交车”或“去办公室”。但上班的方式也有步行的、骑车的或坐地铁的，也有自己开车去的。人们上班有去农场的、煤矿的，还有去工厂车间的，不一定去办公室。因此，C. buses和D. offices不符合生活实际。1题只有A. jobs才是最合乎逻辑的选项，人们起床后，各自奔向自己的工作岗位。而这种情况是天天发生，是平平常常的，因此2题答案是D. ordinary。【自我检测2】（NMET1998）Every morning she would give him breakfast 29 bed and bring him the papers to 30 .29. A. to B. at C. in D. by30. A. check B. read C. keep D. sign分析：29题的答案是C，bed的前面应当用介词in。至于30题，就要用到相应的文化背景知识：外国人有早上读报的习惯，句中papers即报纸（newspapers）。这是理解文章细节的关键。有了这些文化背景知识，便可迅速推断出最佳选项B. read。因为生活中过分溺爱孩子的母亲，让儿子“在床上”吃早饭，“读”早报是很自然的事情，这也正与文章的主旨相吻合。3、习惯搭配法：【实例演练】(重庆试卷) As for this, there is a great (1) between human beings and insects. The former (2) every possible efforts to avoid being discovered, while the latter quickly(3) attention to themselves. 1. A. connection B. difference C. communication D. similarity2. A. do B. take C. make D. try3. A. give B. keep C. pay D. drawKey: BCD【自我检测1】（NMET1992）Mrs. Clark was 38 tea at the time.38. A. cookingB. makingC. burning D. serving分析：从动词与名词的搭配关系角度考虑，“沏茶”用make tea, “上茶”用serve the tea,这是语言使用过程当中约定俗成的习惯用法，所以该题正确答案是B. making，考生也不应受汉语思维习惯的影响而误选A。【自我检测2】The other day I was sitting in a small restaurant 1 a quiet drink and a talk with a few friends when it suddenly 2 me that almost everyone in the restaurant was smoking. It wasnt long 3 the whole room was filled with smoke.1. A. have B. had C. having D. have had2. A. seemed B. struck C. sank D. showed3. A. ago B. after C. before D. now分析：解题1选C，是因为它在这里表伴随。解题2选B是因为struck的意思有”使想到”,其它几个意思不符，搭配也不合理。解题3选C，it isnt long before是一个固定搭配的句型。4、词义辨析法： 【实例演练】1. Soon I heard a (1) like that of a door burst in , and then a clime of feet. A. sound B. cry C. voice D. noise2. It was a pleasant way of passing time for an old man who lived (2). A. lonely B . alone C. away D . busily 3. The back door and the windows were all closed and there was no (3) of forced entry. A .scene B . show C. sign D .sight4There is nothing really new about (4) in exams. A. lying B. cheating C guessing D discussingKey: ABCB【自我检测1】Dad taught me a lot about life, especially its hard times.I remembered one of his 1 , one night when I was ready to quit (退出) a political campaign（运动）I was losing, and wrote about it in my diary.Tired, feeling the months of 2 , I went up to my study to make some notes.1. A. classesB. advice C. lessons D. talks2. A. struggle B. working C. battle D. defence分析：class（课，班级，阶级）advice（忠告，建议，不可数名词）lesson（课程，教训）talk（谈话，讲演），根据短文中提供的信息，应该是作者准备退出一场失败了的政治活动时，父亲“教训”了他一顿，所以1题的答案是C. lessons。2题的选项B. working（工作，劳动）, D. defence（防卫，辩护）明显不合乎逻辑，A. struggle意为“斗争，战争”，C. battle是指大型战役中的小规模“战斗”。作者在这次政治活动中经历了数月的艰辛，为争取某种权利而进行了艰苦的“斗争”，根据文章的情节线索我们可以确定最佳选项是A。这两个题的解决都借助了词义的辨析，同时也离不开对短文情节发展的把握。【自我检测2】She noticed how nervous he was and suggested he should stand near the stage where he could watch and follow the play.It was a good 1 of getting rid of his nervousness, she said. She was right, it seemed to 2 .1. A. idea B. way C. path D. plan2. A. do B. win C. work D. act分析：句中“她”注意到“他”很紧张，建议“他”观看表演以消除紧张。显然，“她”所建议的是一种消除紧张的“方法”。1题的四个选项A. idea（想法，意见） B. way（路线，方法） C. path（小路，路线） D. plan（计划，规划）中只有B选项有此含义，无疑是最佳答案。紧接下来的一句话是“她说得对，这个方法似乎有效。”2 题的四个选项A.do（做，尽力） B. win（获胜，夺得）C. work（工作，起作用） D.act（行动，表演）中只有C选项有“奏效”这个含义，自然应该是最佳答案。这两个题的解答也是在考虑上下文的前提下，从词汇意义入手的。 5、语法分析法：【实例演练】（浙江试卷）It was raining. I went into a cafe and asked for a coffee. (1) I was waiting for my drink, I realized there were other people in the place,.1.A. Before B. Since C. Although D. While Key: D6、逻辑分析法：【实例演练】（浙江试卷）I saw their bodies, but I couldnt feel their souls 23 their souls belonged to the 24 .23. A. because B. when C. until D. unless24. A. home B. world C. Net D. CafKey: AC【自我检测】（江苏试卷）The obvious explanation is that I couldnt admit I had seen the title (1) admitting that I had been looking at the things on his desk. (2) there must have been more behind it. 1. A. by B. beside C. through D. without 2. A. But B. Though C. Otherwise D. Therefore Key: DA7、排除保留法：【实例演练】（浙江试卷）He was chatting online and, (1) , he was playing a computer gamea war game. I was (2) .1. A. first of all B. just then C. at the same time D. by that time2. A. surprised B. delighted C. moved D. frightenedKey: CA【自我检测】（重庆试卷）Hearing a strange noise from the (1) of the car, he naturally got out to (2) the wheels carefully, but he found nothing wrong, so he (3) his way. Again the noise began (4) and became even louder.1. A. front B. back C. left D. right2. A. clean B. change C. test D. examine3. A. drove B. continued C. pushed D. forced4. A. normally B. gently C. actually D. immediatelyKey: BDBD六、完形填空训练题阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题上将该项涂黑。Mrs Hammond ,though old and blind, was determined to do everything for herself. She used to go for walks once a day and found her way by 1 things with her stick. She learned 2 everything was, and never lost her way.One day, some men came and cut down some of the familiar 3 at the side of the paths she 4 . When she reached there that evening, she didnt 5 the trees with her stick, so she was in 6 .She 7 for a while and listened, but did not 8 anyone else. She went on walking, and then heard 9 below.“Am I 10 ? I suppose so,” she said. “I must be on a 11 , and there must be a river under me. Ive been 12 that theres a river in this part of the country, but I dont know its exact 13 . How can I get back?”Then she heard a mans friendly 14 . ”Excuse me, can I help you?”“How kind of you !” She answered. “Some of the trees I follow have been 15 today. If I hadnt been 16 enough to meet you, I dont know what Id have done. Can you please accompany me to my 17 ?”“Certainly,” the man answered. “Where do you live?”She told him her address, and he took her to her house. She told the man how 18 she was that she had met him. But the man said, “I want to say 19 to you” . Mrs Hammond asked, “Whatever for?”“Well,” the man said quietly, “I was balanced on the edge of that bridge for ages in the dark, trying to make up my mind to 20 myself into the river and drown myself. But now Ive changed my mind.” 1 A. seeingB. watchingC hearingD. touching2 A. howB. whereC. whatD. that 3 A. plantsB. bushesC. treesD. grass4 A. followedB. ledC. walkedD. headed 5 A. knowB. feelC. smellD. climb6.A. needB. dangerC. darkD. difficulty 7 A. restedB. walkedC. stoppedD. waited8 A. noticeB. findC. meetD. hear9 A. voiceB. waterC. rainD. boat 10 A. lostB. wrongC. aloneD. right11 A. boatB. roadC. bridgeD. ship12 A. saidB. toldC. shownD. thought 13 A. sizeB. nameC. positionD. address14 A. touchB. voiceC. soundD. noise15 A. lostB. destroyedC. removedD. planted 16 A. luckyB. kindC. goodD. foolish17 A. shopB. homeC. hospitalD. school18 A. pleasedB. anxiousC. worriedD. wonderful19 A. “Good luck”B. “Happiness”C. “Thank you”D. “Be careful” 20A. putB. throw C. jumpD. push完形填空训练题答案： 15 DBCAB 610 DCDBA 1115 CBCBC 1620ABACB完形填空训练题答案详解：1. 常识题。因为Mrs Hammond眼睛瞎了，所以用她的stick 来“碰，触摸”东西。正确答案：D。2. 从下一部分“she never lost her way”，推断出“她记住各种东西的位置，以它们为向导（参照物）”。所以正确答案为Bwhere。3. trees为参照物，下一行提到。正确答案：C. trees。4. she followed作定语，修饰trees，即她的向导树。正确答案：A。5. 词语辨析题。因树被砍，所以她摸（feel）不着。正确答案：B。6. 因熟悉的树被砍，找不到路，遇到了困难（in difficulty）。正确答案：D。7. 她停下来（stopped），听是否有人经过。正确答案：C. stopped8. 从前面的listened推断，她没有听到（hear）别人经过。正确答案：D. hear 9. 推理题。下文提到下面是河，因此她听到了水声。正确答案：B. water10. Am I lost?“我迷路了吗？” 正确答案：A. lost 11. 上下文提示。因为下面是河，所以她现在站在桥上。正确答案：C. bridge 12. 词语辨析题。Ive been told “有人曾经告诉过我”。 正确答案： B. told 13. 推理题。上句为“有人曾经告诉过我这里有座桥”，下句是“但是我不知道桥准确的位置（position）正确答案：C. position。14.词语辨析题。人的嗓音用“voice”。正确答案：B. voice 15. 上下文提示。向导树被砍（removed），文章第二段用了cut down, 此处用removed。正确答案：C.removed。 16. 推理题。“要不是我有幸（lucky）碰到了你，” 正确答案为A.。 17. 从下文“Where do you live?”推断出正确答案为B. home18. 推理题。因为碰到好人帮助，所以很高兴（pleased）。正确答案为A. pleased 。 19. 推理题。因为看到老太太瞎了眼睛，尚且坚强地生活着，他放弃了轻生的念头。所以才有“感谢”之意。正确答案：C. “Thank you”。 20. 固定搭配题。throw oneself into the river 为“投河（自尽）”。正确答案：B. throw