大学英语英语专业精读6重点词汇总结.doc

大学英语英语专业精读6 重点词汇总结Lesson 1 How to Get the Poor off Our Conscience - John Kenneth Galbraith1. In the presenting the historical solutions, the author is implicit in his criticism. However, he comes out into the open when he deals with the current designs. implicit: adj. implisit 1) 不言明的;含蓄的 Her silence gave implicit consent. 她的沉默表示默许。 2) 内含的;固有的(+in) It is implicit in our agreement that she will be a partner. 我们的协议中含有她将成为合伙人这一意思。 3) 无疑问的;无保留的;绝对的B The crew had implicit faith in the captains judgment. 全体船员都绝对相信船长的判断。 2. Some economists predict that the implementation of the Bush tax cut plan will exacerbate the polarization in American society. implementation: ,mplmnten n. 1) 履行;完成 2) 成就exacerbate: v. make (pain, disease, a situation) worse; aggravate 使（疼痛 疾病 情形）恶化; 加剧: Scratching exacerbates a skin rash. 皮疹搔後会恶化。 Her mothers interference exacerbated the difficulties in their marriage. 她母亲从中干预使他们的婚姻雪上加霜。polarization: 极化 to produce a polarization of , multi-polarization3. Jeremy Bentham, a near contemporary of Adam Smith, came up with the formula that for perhaps fifty years was extraordinarily influential in British and, to some degree, American thought. a near contemporary of: 与同一时代extraordinarily (highly) influential: 极具影响力 extraordinarily good overwhelmingly honest 4. In the economic life, as in biological development, the overriding rule was survival of fittest. overriding: adj. 最主要的It is of overriding importance to finish the project this week. 最重要的是本星期要完成这一项目。Our overriding concern is the eradication of illiteracy. 我们最关心的事是消除文盲。predominant优越的，卓越的，有力的 preponderant占优势的，压倒性的 preponderating adj. 主要的，占多数的 paramount极为重要的，至高无上的Melancholy is the preponderant mood of the poem. 忧郁的感情是该诗的基调。This matter is of paramount importance. 此事至关重要。= overriding importanceThe reduction of unemployment should be paramount. 降低失业率应是头等大事。survival of fittest: 适者生存-Herbert Spencer5. It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone. 谴责的口吻6. The allegation of government incompetence is associated in our time with the general condemnation of the bureaucrat- again excluding those concerned with national defense. (注意此句的名词)allegation: act of alleging 陈述; 宣称; 声称; 辩解 ; statement made without proof （无证据的）陈词: These are serious allegations. 这是很严重的提法. The teacher made serious allegations against a colleague.incompetence: n. 无能力，不合格，不能胜任His incompetence has brought the company to the brink of bankruptcy. 他很无能，公司已因而濒於破产。The doctor was struck off for incompetence. 那医生因不称职而被除名。He was accused of incompetence. 他被指责为不称职。condemnation: n. 谴责，非难，定罪， 非难或定罪的理由Moral disapproval; condemnation 道义上不允许; 非难She cares nothing about the condemnations of her action. 她对别人对她行为的多方谴责一点也不在乎。The Chinese are unanimous in their condemnation. 全中国人民一致提出谴责。condemn denounce/trounce lecture (From PPT) It was a shame for me to be lectured in front of the whole class. 当着整个班级的面被训斥了一顿，真让我感到羞辱。reprimand berate decry责难，诽谤 The mayor decries gambling in all its form. 市长谴责各式各样的赌博。He decried her efforts (as a waste of time). 他贬低她所作的努力(认为是浪费时间).remonstrate rimn.streit表示异议，抗议，责备I remonstrated with him about his rudeness. 他粗暴无礼，我给他提了意见。lambaste lmbeist 痛打，痛骂 excoriate 撕去皮，严厉批评 objurgate 怒斥，谴责bureaucrat: n. 官僚作风的人，官僚，官僚政治论者A four-to-seven-year-old does as much paperwork as any bureaucrat.一个四至七岁的孩子所做的书面作业和任何一个官僚所做的一样多。I suppose my application have been lost by some incompetent bureaucrat.我估计我的申请书不知道让哪个无能的官僚给弄丢了。7. We have nearly abolished poverty among the old, greatly democratized health care, assured minorities of their civil rights, and vastly enhance educational opportunity. vastly enhance: extraordinarily enhance 8. There is no proof of this- none, certainly, that compares that damage with the damage that would be inflicted by the loss of public assistance. inflict: inflikt vt. 施以，加害，使遭受，折磨I am sorry to have to inflict myself upon you. 很抱歉，我不得不打扰你。Im sorry to inflict myself on you so late, but my car ran into the fence and I must telephone the garage. 很抱歉这么晚来打扰你，但我的车撞到篱笆墙了，我得打电话给修理厂。We should inflict severe chastisement on criminals. 我们应该对罪犯施加严厉的惩罚。比较 afflict, inflictafflict: cause great unhappiness for; distress; (be afflicted with/by) (使折磨;折磨)inflict: impose something unpleasant (强加于)She was afflicted by the death of her parents.Famine and war still afflict mankind. 饥荒与战争依旧给人类带来痛苦。He was afflicted with cancer. 他患了癌症。 She was afflicted with conscience. 她受良心责备。Dont inflict your ideas on me. 别把你的想法强加于我。Jack was afflicted with running sores. Jack wanted to know why God inflicted pain and sorrow on him.9. Freedom consists of the right to spend a maximum of ones money by ones own choice, and to see a minimum taken and spent by the government. 10. Though we hear much about the limitation on freedom of the affluent when their income is reduced through taxes, we hear nothing of the extraordinarily enhancement of the freedom of the poor from having some money of their own to spend. affluent: adj. 富裕的 n. 支流 Possessing or exhibiting great wealth富裕的占有或具有大量财富的; 丰富的Affluent he may be, but he is by no means sure what to tip the doorman or the chambermaid.尽管他可能是富裕的，但他一点不知道该付多少小费给看门人和清理卧室的女服务员。He was affluent in worldly goods. 他拥有许多财产。opulence: n. 富裕，丰富He owns his opulence to work hard. 他的财富乃辛勤工作得来。The room was decorated with stagy opulence. 那房间装饰得富丽堂皇，像戏台似的。sumptuousness smptjusnis n. 奢侈，豪华11. a cat may look at a king. 小人物也有权利/人人平等put the cat among the canaries vi. 挑起纠纷 (兴风作浪，激发强烈情感)I then said I had never known the Services reduced to such a parlous condition. This fairly put the cat among the canaries. 接着我说,我从来就不知道英国三军的力量削弱到如此危险的程度,我这话引起了轩然大波。12. seethe: si: v. 沸腾，煮沸，起泡 n. 拥挤，激动，骚动 seethe with anger 大发雷霆They fell into the seething waters of the rapids. 他们跌进了汹涌的急流中。She was seething (with rage) at his remarks. 他的评论把她气得火冒三丈。seething mass of groups川流不息的团队、人群 seethe with joy喜气洋洋13. fecundity fiknditi;fikndti 多产，丰饶，肥沃fecundity of the mind 想象力丰富的心灵The boys fecundity of imagination amazed his teacher. 男孩想像力的丰富使教师感到惊异。Lesson2 Woods Were Tossing with Jewels- Marie St. John1. He was “a man of enterprise”, dexterous with axe, plow, fishing line, and above all, gun. a man of enterprise: 有进取心的人 He was always hard up, but being a man of enterprise knew all the best people, as well as all the worst, so that he dined out every night. 他手头总是很紧,但是由于他敢作敢为,他认识一切最好的和最坏的人物,所以他天天在外面吃晚饭。Tom is a man of great enterprise. 汤姆很有进取精神。2. Watson was an infamous outlaw. Every lawman in southern Florida was acquainted with his treachery and cunning. an infamous outlaw: 臭名昭著的罪犯（违法者）be acquainted with: 与.相识: They are acquainted with each other. 他们互相认识。 了解: He is already acquainted with the facts. 他已知道那些事实了。treachery: n.背叛，变节，背信 pl.背叛行为acquaint (From PPT)1)To cause to come to know personally 2)To make familiar 3)To informLet me acquaint you with my family.请让你认识一下我的家人I acquainted myself with the controls.我熟悉了一下规定Please acquaint us with your plans.请告诉我们你的计划Warning:“Acquainted” has lost its passive sense, is now usually used as an adjective. e.g.: “我是去年认识他的。” 不能译作: I acquainted him last year. 或 I was acquainted with him last year. 第一句是语态错误, 第二句混淆了“状态”和“动作”, 只能译成: I got became acquainted with him last year. 或 I made his acquaintance last year.3. South Florida was uninviting to many because of the mosquitoes, panthers, crocodiles, swamps, and wetlands. But these marks of wild country called to my father like legendary siren song.- Unpleasant as the wild country was, my father was deeply attracted simply because of his qualities of enjoying the challenge.uninviting: not pleasant or attractive; disagreeable 不吸引人的; 令人反感的I found myself thrown among strange people; everything here was grim and uninviting, with teachers continually shouting at me, and myself constantly feeling awkward and uncomfortable.an uninviting meal of cold fish and chips 凉鱼和炸土豆条这样一顿不起眼的饭食 The hotel room was bare and uninviting. 这个旅馆房间光秃秃的, 很不好看.legendary adj. 传说的，富有传奇色彩的，传奇的siren song: siren call-the enticing appeal of something alluring but potentially dangerous 有诱惑力但不能听信的理论、事物Deep in his life-processes Life itself sang the siren song of its own majesty, ever a-whisper and urgent, counseling him that he could achieve more than other men, win out where they failed, ride to success where they perished. Obviously Iraqi oil is a siren song to Bush and his followers.swan song: n. 最后作品，天鹅临死时的叫声, 绝唱，辞世之作、归天之作All the tickets have been sold for the singers performance in Paris this week-the public clearly believes that this will be her swan song. 这位歌唱家本星期在巴黎演唱的全部门票都销售一空显然，公众认为这将是她最后一次告别演出。According to Ovid (Metamorphoses V), the Sirens were the companions of young Persephone (the Queen of the Underworld), and were given wings by Demeter to search for Persephone when she was abducted. Their song is continually calling on Persephone. The term siren song refers to an appeal that is hard to resist but that, if heeded, will lead to a bad result.Odysseus was curious as to what the Sirens sounded like, so, on Circes advice, he had all his sailors plug their ears with beeswax and tie him to the mast. He ordered his men to leave him tied to the mast, no matter how much he would beg. When he heard their beautiful song, he ordered the sailors to untie him but they bound him tighter. When they had passed out of earshot, Odysseus demonstrated with his frowns to be released (Odyssey XII, 39).4. He had secluded himself in this remote area of the Everglades because he was not welcome elsewhere; from time to time he was halfheartedly sought for trial, though few crimes seemed to lead directly to his door. - Occasionally the law officials would make some efforts without real earnest to investigate Watson and to bring him to court, but there seemed to be little concrete evidence to prove that he was responsible for certain illegal activities.seclude: keep away from others (= isolate) 隔离;使孤立;使隐退,使隐居(+from)He secluded himself in his study to write a book. I told my father all about it, and why I felt it was necessary that I should seclude myself, and my reason for not seeing my friends.The rich secluded themselves from contact with the poor. 富人不肯同穷人接触。She secludes herself in her study to work. 她把自己关在书房里埋头研究.5. The legend persisted, however. The native whites feared him as you would a rattlesnake, but the Indians and black people were susceptible to his manipulations. susceptible: susceptible to someone or something, you are very likely to be influenced by them.Young people are the most susceptible to advertisements.James was extremely susceptible to flattery. (From PPT)形容词 a. 1.易被感动的,易动感情的;多情的2.易受.影响的F(+to) We are all susceptible to advertising. 我们都容易受广告的影响。 3.敏感的,过敏的F(+to) She is rather susceptible to colds. 她易患感冒。 4.容许.的;可以有.的F(+of/to) This agreement is not susceptible to alteration. 这一协议不容更改。Byron had always been susceptible to women. 拜伦对于女性总是容易动感情。manipulation: n.巧妙的运用，巧妙的操作6. On our swimming excursions that winter to the outer islands, we gathered clams for fritters and chowder. The oysters we got along the clear tidal creeks were as big as a mans foot. excursion: n. 远足，短途旅行The excursion was the high spot of our holiday (vacation). 我们那个假日的最大乐趣是远足。Early that morning he had decided to make a long excursion through the neighbouring country. 当天一早,他打定主意,在近处好好溜达一番。go on for an excursion 去远足 clam klm n. 蛤，沉默寡言的人 vi. 挖蚌fritter frit vt. 逐渐浪费，弄碎 n. 油炸馅饼chowder taud n. 食杂脍 (一种用鲜鱼与咸肉，洋葱等煨成的食品)7. Despite the unrelenting heat, we were happy to be let off from our hours of school indoors, sessions which our mother kept every day, rain or shine.- Although it was very hot outside in the sun, we were happy to be dismissed from my mothers seasons indoors. We would have to read and write with her every day no matter what the weather was like.unrelenting heat: 极热unrelenting= relentless形容词 a. 1.不宽恕的;无情的2.坚定的;不退让的3.不缓和的,不松懈的It was forecast that the unrelenting ice storm had swept that area for over 10 hours.They were unrelenting in their support for the local community. unrelenting perseverance 不屈不挠的毅力rain or shine: adv. 不论晴雨(无论如何)I know you are my best friend, rain or shine. 我知道你在任何情况下都是我最好的朋友。I get up at five oclock in the morning, rain or shine. 无论晴雨，我都是早上五点起床。The fete will take place on Sunday, rain or shine. 游园义卖会定於星期日举行，风雨无阻。8. All he saw were two nonchalant little boys sitting with their guns beside them, slapping mosquitoes. (一脸茫然，面无表情)nonchalant: = casual 不感兴趣的; 不热心的; 不激动的; 漠不关心的:If you describe someone as nonchalant, you mean that they appear not worry or care about things and that they seem very calm.He appeared nonchalant in court even when the judge spoke to him.The girl was nonchalant about her role in the play.She defeated all her rivals for the job with nonchalant ease. 她从容不迫地击败求职的所有竞争者.9. quack n. 庸医 adj. 骗人的 n. (鸭子)嘎嘎叫声 vi. 嘎嘎地叫There were ducks quacking on the lawn.a quack doctor庸医 quack remedies/cures庸医般的治疗quack oneself to death拼命吹嘘自己Dont be taken in hes just a quack. 可别上当-他纯粹是江湖医生.Lesson 3 At War with the Planet- Barry Commoner1. For Commoner, World War II represents a watershed.watershed: n. 流域，分水岭，转折点 Leaving her first job was a watershed in her life. 辞去她的第一份工作是她生活中的一个转折点。Her visit to India proves to be a watershed in her life. 她的印度之行成了她一生的转折点。Our marriage was at a watershed. 我们的婚姻到了一个转折关头2. He points out that the harm done to the environment is human-made so it is also within our power to remedy.remedy: to relieve or cure (a disease or disorder) n. 药物，治疗法，补救 vt. 治疗，补救，矫正Aspirin may remedy a headache. 阿斯匹林可治头痛。If I made a mistake, I will try to remedy it. 我如果有错的话,我会改正的。Is there a sovereign remedy for this condition? 在这种情况下有没有万全之策?sovereign: svrin 名词 n. C 1) 君主,元首;最高统治者 2) 主权国家 3) 英国旧时的一镑金币King George was then the sovereign of England. 乔治国王那时是英国的君主。 形容词 a. 1) 最高统治者的2) 拥有最高统治权的;具有独立主权的For a brief time Texas was a sovereign nation. 德克萨斯在一段短暂的时间内曾是一个主权国家。 3) 最高的,至尊的;至高无上的 Character is of sovereign importance. 性格是头等重要的。 4) 完全的,不折不扣的5) 极好的;极有效的 There is no sovereign remedy for colds. 伤风感冒没有灵丹妙药。3. As Commoner puts it,” The human attack on the ecosphere has instigated an ecological counterattack.”instigate: serve as the inciting cause for (promote, inspire, incite; cause, stimulate) 使（某事物）开始或发生; 鼓动; 唆使; 煽动; 怂恿 instigator: 教唆犯；煽动者The antigovernment gangsters instigated a rebellion. My children finally instigated me to buy a laptop.a. 唆使采取 某种行动 to They instigated him to the evil deed. 他们唆使他做坏事b. 唆使 煽动 (incite) He instigated the two boys to quarrel. 他挑动那两个少年争吵counterattack: v. & n. 反击，反攻We should seize the opportunity to counterattack. 现在，我们应乘机反攻。Our troops counterattacked under the cover of darkness. 我军在夜幕掩护下进行反攻。4. Like the Creation, the portending global events are cosmic - Like the Creation of the universe, events that happen in this world may have vast effects, especially on the relationship between the planet Earth and the sun.portend: to serve as an omen or a warning of 预示; 预兆; 预告Black clouds portend a storm. 乌云是暴风雨的前兆。 (=presage)What do these strange events portend? 这些奇怪的事件预示着什么?It portends the approach of a violent revolutionary storm. 预示一场猛烈的革命风暴的来临.His silence portends trouble. 他沉默不语可不是好兆头.It portends we are in danger. 这预示我们陷入危险。(from PPT) prognosticate: to say what you think will happen in the future usually said to be obtained from a divine source vt. 预知,预言,预测 His gloomy prognostications proved to be false. 他那悲观的预测已证明是错误的.forebode v. 预兆，预感These developments forebode disaster. 这些情况预示著要有灾祸。Her angry face forebodes a confrontation. 她一脸怒气预示将有一场冲突。presage: presid n. 预感，预兆，预知 v. 成为 . 的前兆，预示，预言 Such incidents often presage war. 那样的事件常成为战争的前兆。Suddenly he had a presage about the near danger. 他突然对即将到来的危险有了一种预感。The clouds presage a storm. 乌云预示着暴风雨的到来。augur: n. 占兆官，占卜师，相命者 v. 预言，预测 An augur of ancient Rome, especially one who interpreted omens derived from the observation of birds. 预言者古罗马的预言者，尤指解释来自对鸟类的观察而得到的预兆的人Does this unfortunate news augur war in the near future? 这个不幸消息预示最近的将来会发生战争吗？(=presage)对为 (之) 前兆for It augurs well ill for me the future. 这件事对我 将来 是吉 凶 兆。5. is a vast stream of energy that bathes the Earths surface, fluctuating from day to night and season to season.fluctuate: vary irregularly; be unstable, have ups and downs (= swing)The old man fluctuated between hope and fear. (忽喜忽忧) Prices fluctuate from year to year. 物价年年波动。6. Even if the global warming catastrophe never materializes, and the ozone hole remains an esoteric, polar phenomenon, already human activity has profoundly altered global conditions in ways that may not register on the camera.materialize: v. come into being; become reality (=happen, appear, come true) vt. 使物质化，使变得现实vi. 成有形，实现They feel very sad that their dream failed to materialize.You can materialize your lofty aspiration through hard working. He planned to materialize his idea in wordsA black automobile materialized out of the mist. 一部黑色汽车突然由雾中出现ozone hole: 臭氧洞profoundly alter= vastly change/ extraordinarily alteresoteric: =mysterious exoteric adj. 秘传的，神秘的，难懂的I hate studying those esoteric philosophical theories.To me an English teacher, Buddhism is totally esoteric.7. great forests have been cut down, destroying ecological niches and their resident species.niche: the specific space occupied by an organism with its habitat n. 壁龛，适当的位置，（特定产品或服务的）用户群，生生态龛 vt. 放在适当的位置Amy, trying to keep as far from him as possible, moved across the stone floor of the tower roof, and found a niche which concealed her. He found the right niche for himself. (他为自己找到一份称心的工作.) 他找到了适当的栖身处所 适得其所8. Yields rose, but not in proportion to the rate of fertilizer application; year by year, less and less of the applied fertilizer was taken up by the crop and progressively more drained through the soil into groundwater, in the form of nitrates that contaminated river, lakes, and water supplies.in proportion to: agreeing in amount, magnitude, or degree 与 . 成比例, 与.相称The room is wide in proportion to its height. 这房间就其高度的比例而言是很宽的.Payment will be in proportion to the work done, not to the time spent doing it. 报酬将与工作量成比例, 而不是与花费的时间成比例.progressively: advancing in amount or intensity (= more and more, increasingly) adv. 渐进地，逐渐地His eyesight is becoming progressively worse. 他的视力越来越差.The bank has progressively increased its liquidity. 银行逐渐地增加其流动资产。contaminate: make impure; (= pollute) 使某事物某人受污染:The industrial wastes contaminated the lake. Dont drink the water-its contaminated.They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these subversive ideas. 他们这些颠覆作乱的思想是对我们年轻人的精神污染.9. Synthetic organic chemistry began innocuously enough about 150 years ago with the laboratory production of a common natural substance- urea- but soon departed from this imitative approach to produce a huge array of organic compounds never found in nature and, for that reason, often incompatible with the chemistry of life. array: : n. an orderly arrangement (arrangement) n. 数组，(陈)排列，大批，一系列 vt. 排列，布署，打扮He turned and strode away, across the dewy fields, and disappeared beyond an array of trees. The tiled floor was thick with dust, and a remarkable array of miscellaneous objects was veiled in the same grey covering.innocuously: = harmless adv. 无害地，无毒地 Everyone has had the experience