2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考前模拟强化练习题43（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题在当今快速发展变化的世界，各行各业的领导者都需要有充分的想象力和批判精神，而非某种不成熟的狭隘观点。就现实而言，坚实的人文和科学学科的教育通常会对很多具有挑战性的高级职业，以及越来越多的成年人追求的职业做着最实实在在的准备。没有任何一个特别的研究领域会永远成为安全感、领导力和个人满足感的门票。【答案】In todays fast changing world, leaders in all walks of life need to have sufficient imagination and critical spirit, rather than the narrow view of some immature. Realistically, the solid education in the humanities and sciences often be a lot of challenging senior career, as well as a growing number of adults pursuing career doing the most tangible preparations. There is no one particular area of research will always be a sense of security, leadership and personal satisfaction tickets.2. 单选题A “scientific” view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic, as they were by these “scientific” thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstancesreal or fictionalthat are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the “scientific” view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive;pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.1.According to the passage, to reject rhetoric and still hope to persuade people is（）2.It can be inferred from the passage that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric was regarded as（）3.The passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail if it does NOT（）4.Which of the following persuasive devices is NOT used in the passage？5.Which of the following best states the authors main point about logical argument？问题1选项A.an aim of most speakers and writersB.an indication either of dishonesty or of credulityC.a way of displaying distrust of the audiences motivesD.a characteristic of most humanistic discourse问题2选项A.the only necessary element of persuasive discourseB.a dubious art in at least two waysC.an outmoded and tedious amplification of logicD.an open offense to the rational mind问题3选项A.distort the truth a little to make it more acceptable to the audienceB.appeal to the self-interest as well as the humanitarianism of the audienceC.address listeners emotions as well as their intellectsD.concede the logic of other points of view问题4选项A.A sample of an actual speech delivered by an orator.B.The contrast of different points of view.C.The repetition of key ideas and expressions.D.An analogy that seeks to explain logical argument.问题5选项A.It is a sterile, abstract discipline, of little use in real life.B.It is an essential element of persuasive discourse, but only one such element.C.It is an important means of persuading people to act against their desires.D.It is the lowest order of discourse because it is the least imaginative.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】第1题:根据最后一段的最后一句“But those who.very naive; ”但那些认为修辞是在说谎而拒绝使用修辞的人，同时又希望说服别人采取行动的人，要么是骗子，要么就是天真的人。选项B中的不诚实和易上当受骗的人与之相对应，所以正确。第2题:根据第一段的第二句“ Under the force.wholly condemned. ”在这种观点的影响下，修辞艺术可能不可避免地要从被认为具有可疑价值的地位过渡到被完全谴责的地位。所以，选项B符合原文。第3题:根据第一段的最后一句，一篇试图说服人们的演讲，如果不考虑到他们与这些希望和恐惧有关的方面，是不会有什么结果的。选项C正确。第4题:试题分析：结合全文内容可知，文中并没有提到演说者演说的实际例子，所以本题选A。第5题:根据第一段“Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this.”逻辑论证就像任何演讲或文章的情节一样，都是有礼貌地试图说服人们的。然而，它只是修辞的一个特点，并且超越了这一点。选项B符合原文。3. 单选题With the release of the Piano, a powerfully emotional story set in nineteenth-century New Zealand about a womans sexual awakening, the New Zealandborn Jane Campion has established herself as one of the most talented female filmmakers to come upon the scene in recent years. The film not only received praiseful reviews from critics and moviegoers but won the Cannes Film Festivals top prize the Palme DOr, making Campion the first woman over to be so honored. Campions success is notable also because she is a relative newcomer to the film world: the forty-year-old director has made just three features (including The Piano), a television movie, and a handful of shorts dating from her student days.Although Campions films appear at first glance to have little in commonher first feature, Sweetie, is a very honest (some would say cruelly unfeeling) portrait of a dysfunctional family and her second, An Angel at My Table, is a sympathetic biography of the new Zealand novelist Janet Frame-each reflects her feeling for strong-willed, often misunderstood women who refuse, or are unable to give themselves up to their respective societies definitions of womanhood. According to David Sterritt writing in the Christian Science Monitor, The Piano gain much of its effectiveness from Campions directing style, which combines the dreamlike atmosphere of her early film Sweetie with the sensitivity to feelings that made her last movie An Angel at My Table, so extraordinary. Also contributing to the films success was Campions ability to induce fine performances from her character. She directs actors differently from anyone Ive ever known, Sam Neil told Paul Freeman in an interview for the Chicago TributeI always felt that there was a big safety net under the and that I was permitted to take as many risks as I wanted to. Genevieve Lemon, who had played the title role in Sweetie and took the supporting role of Nessie in The Piano, agreed Campion is already at work on her next project an adaptation of Henry Jauress novel The Portrait of a Lady.1.The passage is primarily concerned with （）.2.According to the passage, Campions three movies share which of the following characteristics?3.It can be concluded that Campion is regarded as one of the most talented filmmakers in recent years because（） .4.It can be inferred from the passage that Campions directing style of the third movie（） .5.The author implies that Campion is different from other filmmakers in that（ ） 问题1选项A.presenting the interrelationships between Campions three moviesB.commenting on Jane Campion as a filmmaker and her recent movie, The PianoC.explaining why The Piano was a successD.criticizing Jane Campion and her three movies问题2选项A.All of them seem to be quite commonplace at first glance.B.All of them deal with stories that took place in New Zealand.C.All of them describe a woman who is rebellious against the traditional view of female.D.Each movie minors the time when the movie was produced.问题3选项A.the movie that has brought such great honor to her is just the third feature she has producedB.she is only 40 years oldC.she is the first woman who has received such honorsD.she began her movie production from her student days问题4选项A.is a simple combination of those in her two early moviesB.contributed greatly to the success of the movieC.is much of an imitation of previous onesD.is quite creative问题5选项A.she is especially good at making the actors perform to the best of their abilityB.she is quite able to assure the actors of their successC.she tends to encourage the actors to take as many risks as possibleD.she always places a big safety net under the actors when directing the movies【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】第1题:通读全文可知，本文主要是讲Jane Campion和她最近的电影钢琴课。选项B正确。第2题:根据原文可知，Campion一共拍了3部电影，看似都是平淡无奇，实则体现出新时代女性反对传统的观念。选项C符合原文。第3题:根据第一段的最后一句话的内容可知，Campion之所以被认为是近年来最有天赋的制作人之一，因为她是电影界的新人：这位40岁的导演只拍过三部电影（包括钢琴课）、一部电视剧，还有几部学生时代的短片。电影届的新人说明Campion在这个年纪就已经拍出了不错的电影，为她带来如此巨大荣誉的电影只是她制作的第三部电影，后面还会有更大的发展，所以，选项A更符合原文。第4题:根据第二段“The Piano gain much of its effectiveness from Campions directing style.”钢琴课在很大程度上得益于Campion的导演风格，正是这种风格导致了电影的成功。所以选项B正确。第5题:根据第二段”Also contributing to the films success was Campions ability to induce fine performances from her character.”可知，同样使电影获得成功的是Campion让演员尽其所能的能力。选项A符合原文。4. 单选题Why do some new products succeed, bringing millions of dollars to innovating companies, while others fail, often with great losses? The answer is not simple, and certainly we cannot say that good products succeed while bad products fail. Many products that function well and seen to meet consumer needs have fallen by the wayside.Sometimes, virtually identical products exist in the market at the same time with one emerging as profitable while the other fails. Mc Neal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, yet Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market at about the same time with Neotrend, also a substitute for aspirin, which quickly failed.The nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumers perception of the products need-satisfying capability. Any new product conception should be aimed at meeting a customer need, and the introductory promotion should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer to try the product. Often, attitude change is involved, and, in the extreme, changes in life-style may be sought.Here the company walks a tightrope, a new product is more likely to be successful if it represents a truly novel way of solving a customer problem but this very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customer to team new behavior patterns. The customer will make the change if the perceived benefit is sufficient but inertia is strong and customers will often not go to the effort that is required. During the late sixties and early seventies Bristol-Meyers met with new product failures that exemplify both of these problems. In 1967 and 1968 the company entered the market with a $5 million advertising campaign for Fact toothpaste, and an $11 million campaign to prorate Resolve, Both products failed quickly, not because they didnt work or because there was no consumer need but apparently because consumers just could see no reason to shift from an already satisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit.1.The first sentence of the first paragraph is a question to which the answer is（） .2.What are Tylenol and Neotrend?3.The success or failure of a product seems to be determined by a number of factors, one of which the author emphasizes is the customers perception of the products （）.4.What does the author mean when he says the company walks a tightrope (Sentence 1, paragraph 3)?5.Bristol-Meyers failed in promoting Fact toothpaste and Resolve because（） .问题1选项A.that the good products succeed while the bad failB.that the “good” are not really good but the “bad” are actually badC.that new products will succeed if they function well and fail if they dontD.not given in the paragraph问题2选项A.They are names of two drug manufacturers.B.They are probably two new brands of medicine which serve as a substitute for aspirin.C.Tylenol is a drug manufacturer whereas Neotrend is a new substitute medicine for aspirin.D.They are probably the names of chemists who invented the new medicine.问题3选项A.quality and priceB.usefulness and durabilityC.need-satisfying capabilityD.appearance and inner packing问题4选项A.The company has both the chance to succeed and to fail in dealing in a new product.B.The company has to study customers behavior before a new product is introduced.C.The company has to find a new way to solve customers problems before a new product is put on the market.D.The company has to make a great effort to overcome the customers inertia.问题5选项A.these products were too expensive as compared with their direct competitorsB.both products failed to meet the customers needsC.the customers could see no sense of a radical change of their habitsD.the company forgot an English saying: You cannot teach an old dog new tricks【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:根据第一段的内容，问题是：为什么一些新产品成功了，为创新公司带来了数百万美元，而另一些却失败了，而且往往损失惨重？第一段的后半部分只是围绕这个问题进行了举例说明，并没有在本段给出答案，所以选D。第2题:根据关键词定位到第一段的最后一句话“Mc Neal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, . Neotrend, also a substitute for aspirin, which quickly failed.”Tylenol做为阿司匹林的替代品成功了，而Neotrend作为阿司匹林的替代品失败了。可见它们两个都是阿司匹林的替代品，选项B正确。第3题:根据关键词“customers perception”定位到第二段的第一句“The nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumers perception of the products need-satisfying capability.”选项C正确。第4题:根据第三段的第一句“Here the company walks a tightrope.new behavior patterns.”在这种情况下，公司就像走钢丝一样，如果一种新产品代表了一种真正新颖的解决客户问题的方法，那么它就更有可能成功，如果不是，客户可能会寻求新的行为模式。说明公司应该努力克服客户方面的各种行为反映，不管是积极的还是不积极的。选项D符合原文。第5题:根据关键词“Bristol-Meyers”定位到第三段，由最后一句话“Both products failed quickly,.no reason to shift from an already satisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit.”可知，这两种产品很快就失败了，不是因为它们不起作用，也不是因为消费者没有需求，而是很明显，消费者找不到任何理由从一种已经令人满意的产品转向另一种不会带来任何好处的新产品。所以选项C符合原文。5. 翻译题The entry of the Anglo-Saxon peoples into Britain, and their centuries-long successful struggle to establish Germanic kingdoms there, is among the most famous ventures of the Age of Migrations, but like other historical events of the time it is obscure in much of its detail: the identity and place of origin of the peoples taking part, the needs and desires that moved them to entry and conquest, the lines of invasion, the duration of native resistance, the historicity of the British Arthur （亚瑟王）.【答案】盎格鲁萨克逊民族进入英国，并经过几百年的斗争，最终在那里建立起日耳曼王国，那是移民时代最为著名的冒险故事。但是和其他同时期的历史事件一样，这些事迹的很多细节模糊不清：如参与迁移民族的发源地以及他们的身份，他们处于什么样的需求和愿望进入并征服大不列颠，入侵的路线，当地人抵抗的时间持续了多久，以及亚瑟王传说的真实性。6. 单选题Water is the giver and, at the same time, the taker of life. It covers most of the surface of the planet we live on and features large in the development of the human race. On present predictions, it is an cement that is set to assume even greater significance.Throughout history, water has had a huge impact on our lives. Humankind has always had a rather ambiguous relationship with water, on the one hand receiving enormous benefit from it, not just as a drinking source, but as a provider of food and a means whereby to travel and to trade. But forced to live close to water in order to survive and to develop, the relationship has not always been peaceful or beneficial. In fact, it has been quite the contrary. What has essentially been a necessity for survival was turned out in many instances to have a very destructive and life-threatening side.Through the ages, great floods alternated with long periods of drought have assaulted people and their environment, hampering their fragile fight for survival. The dramatic changes to the environment that are now a feature of our daily news are not exactly new: fields that were once lush and fertile are now barren; lakes and rivers that were once teeming with life are now long gone; savannah has been turned to desert. What perhaps is new is our native wonder when faced with the forces of nature.Today, we are more aware of climatic changes around the world. Floods in far-flung places are instant news for the whole world. Perhaps these events make us feel better as we face the destruction of our own property by floods and other natural disasters.In 2002, many parts of Europe suffered severe flood damage running into billions of euros. Properties across the continent collapsed into the sea as waves pounded the coastline wreaking havoc with sea defenses. But it was not just the seas. Rivers swollen by heavy rains and by the effects of deforestation carried large volumes of water that wrecked many communities.Building stronger and more sophisticated river defenses against flooding is the expensive short-term answer. There are simpler ways. Planting trees in highland areas, not just in Europe but in places like the Ganges Delta, is a cheaper and more attractive solution. Progress is already being made in convincing countries that the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is causing considerable damage to the environment. But more effort is needed in this direction.And the future? If we are to believe the forecasts, it is predicted that two thirds of the world population will be without fresh water by 2025. But for a growing number of regions of the world the future is already with us. While some areas are devastated by flooding, scarcity of water in many other places is causing conflict. The state of Texas in the United States of America is suffering a shortage of water with the Rio Grande failing to reach the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in 50 years in the spring of 2002, pitting region against region as they vie for water sources. With many parts of the globe running dry through drought and increased water consumption, there is now talk of water being the new oil.Other doom-laden estimates suggest that, while tropical areas will become drier and uninhabitable, coastal regions and some low-lying islands will in all probability be submerged by the sea as the polar ice caps melt. Popular exotic destinations now visited by countless tourists will become no-go areas. Todays holiday hotspots of southern Europe and elsewhere will literally become hotspots too hot to live in or visit. With the current erratic behavior of the weather,it is difficult not to subscribe to such despair.Some might say that this despondency is ill-founded, but we have had ample proof that there is something not quite right with the climate. Many parts of the world have experienced devastating flooding. As the seasons revolve, the focus of the destru