2022-2023年考博英语-昆明理工大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第46期

2022-2023年考博英语-昆明理工大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题This newly established institution has to face a whole range of crimes and（ ）.问题1选项A.femininityB.prescriptionsC.delinquenciesD.authenticity【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项femininity“女性气质”；B选项prescription“处方，药方”；C选项delinquency“不法行为，违法行为”；D选项authenticity“真实性，确实性”。由and可知空格处与crimes（罪行，犯罪）具有同样的感情色彩，因此选C。句意：这个新成立的机构必须面对一系列的罪行和违法行为。2. 单选题Of the great variety of opinions concerning “marriage for money”，the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons.For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive), in so far as society does not insist upon the couples equal social status a condition, however, that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions, state of health, temperament, internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group, the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare.The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirely by the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference to procreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact, in this respect, it is the only right and proper thing.Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong togetherand it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships.1.According to the text, what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures?2.Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in what strata of society?3.The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because（ ）.4.How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?5.Panmixia is said to（ ）.问题1选项A.Personal dignityB.Economic declineC.Monetary considerationsD.Financial growth问题2选项A.UpperB.MiddleC.LowerD.Lowest问题3选项A.we demand too much of our partnersB.partners dont give complimentsC.people are too differentiated sociallyD.the economic disparity in many regions is growing问题4选项A.They fuel mutual instinctual attraction.B.They inspire individual responsibilities.C.They deflect superficial relationships.D.They prohibit suitable marriages.问题5选项A.aid the selection processB.complement individualizationC.inspire positive resultsD.set up biological decline【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all.（完全基于经济动机的婚姻不仅存在于所有时期和发展的所有阶段，而且在原始群体和根本不构成犯罪的条件下尤其普遍）可知经济因素影响婚姻的兼容性和稳定性，因此C选项“货币因素”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts（官方坚持至少假装爱可能会误导人，这是没有说服力的理由的尤其是在高层，他们复杂的环境常常阻碍最纯粹本能的发展）可推测以金钱愿望为动机的婚姻在社会的高层，更可能伪装，相反，在社会的最低层，最不可能伪装，因此选D。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves.（在高度文明的文化环境中随处可见的结婚率下降的部分原因是，高度分化的人很难找到一个完全与符合自己的互补）可知结婚率下降的部分原因是很难找到与自己互补的人，说明人们之间的差异大，因此C选项“人们在社会上的差异太大”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together（在为钱而结婚的情况下，一对夫妇的结合是由一个与种族适当性完全无关的因素决定的，就像对金钱的重视常常会使真正属于一对夫妇的人分开一样）可知D选项“他们阻止合适的婚姻”符合题意。5.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species.（为钱而结婚直接造成了一种无差别的情况不分个人素质的不分青红皂白的配对生物学已经证明，这种情况是导致人类物种最直接和最有害的退化的原因）可知D选项“引发生物衰退”符合题意。3. 单选题He set the engine of the car（ ）.问题1选项A.goingB.goC.to goingD.on going【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。set sth. doing表示“使开始”；set to do表示“动手干（认真开始干，争论，拳赛，殴斗）”。此处表示使车的引擎发动，因此选A。句意：他发动了汽车的引擎。4. 单选题The Chinese volleyball team announced that they would not（ ）first place to any team.问题1选项A.yellB.yieldC.yokeD.yearn【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项yell“叫喊，大声叫”；B选项yield“屈服，投降，让步，放弃”；C选项yoke“给上轭，强行；使结合，使联合”；D选项yearn“渴望，渴求”。由first place（第一名）可知B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：中国排球队宣布他们不会把第一名让给任何一支球队。5. 单选题Benjamin Franklin, tactless in his youth, became so diplomatic, so（ ）at handling people that he was made American Ambassador to France.问题1选项A.shrewdB.foxyC.considerateD.adroit【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项shrewd“精明的，敏锐的”，指有头脑，善于判断分析，精明过人；B选项foxy“狡猾的”；C选项considerate“考虑周到的，体贴的”；D选项adroit“（尤指待人接物）精明的，干练的，机敏的”。根据空格处前后句意，可知空格处与tactless（得罪人的，不圆通的）表示的意思相反，因此选D。句意：本杰明富兰克林，年轻时并不圆滑，后来变得很有外交手腕，善于与人打交道，因此被任命为美国驻法国大使。6. 单选题She was delirious last night, but she seems quite（ ）this morning.问题1选项A.insaneB.lucidC.patientD.messy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项insane“精神失常的，精神错乱的”；B选项lucid“表达清楚的，头脑清晰的，清醒的”；C选项patient“有耐心的，能忍耐的”；D选项messy“肮脏的，凌乱的”。由but（表示转折关系）可知空格处与前面的delirious（极度亢奋的，精神错乱的）意思相反，因此选B。句意：她昨晚神志不清，但今天早上似乎很清醒。7. 单选题The（ ）view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.问题1选项A.predominantB.credulousC.inclusiveD.sustainable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项predominant“主要的，占主导地位的”；B选项credulous“轻信的，易受骗的”；C选项inclusive“包括的，包罗广泛的”；D选项sustainable“可持续的”。此处表示英国和其他西方国家的主要观点，故选A。句意：英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化通常与衰落、依赖、孤立以及贫穷有关。8. 单选题We have done all we could and now our cherished project is（ ）our new CEO.问题1选项A.on the agenda ofB.in the power ofC.under the guidance ofD.with the guidance of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项on the agenda of“列入会议议程的”；B选项in the power of“受支配，在的控制下”；C选项under the guidance of“在的指导下”；D选项with the guidance of“在的指导下”，作伴随状语表原因。由project（项目）与CEO（执行总裁）之间的关系可知项目应处于CEO的控制下较符合逻辑搭配。句意：我们已经竭尽所能，现在我们珍视的项目掌握在新任CEO的手中。9. 单选题Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in（ ）computers.问题1选项A.abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项abstract“抽象的，理论上的”；B选项obsolete“淘汰的，废弃的，过时的”；C选项obstinate“固执的，顽固的，棘手的”；D选项obese“臃肿的，虚胖的，病态肥胖的”。原句表示“专业档案管理员和图书管理员有方法以其它格式复制资料，并有专门技能挽回困在_计算机中的资料”，因此B选项符合语境。句意：专业档案管理员和图书管理员有方法以其它格式复制资料，并有专门技能挽回困在废弃计算机中的资料。10. 翻译题Translate the following two paragraphs into ChineseOnce you turn over a new leaf, you cant expect to change completely right away. You are bound to vacillate at times. The key is to be satisfied with gradual improvement, expecting and accepting the occasional slips that come with any change. And even after you are handling these decisions in a firmer and more confident manner, you cant expect your children to respond immediately. For a while theyll keep on applying the old pressures that used to work so well. But theyll eventually come to respect your decisions once they learn that nagging and arguing no longer work. In the end, both you and your children will be happier for it.The trends are quickly accelerating for a simple reason: Information is power, and technology democratizes and universalizes the availability of information. Hence, organizations will no longer be able to subsidize processes and jobs that glorify hierarchical control but turn off the spigot on knowledge-flow. Futurist George Gilder describes a world where the economy is based on sand, glass and air. Sand is the silicon used to make microchips, the building blocks of computingand that building block is growing exponentially. The performance of microchips doubles every 18 months.【答案】一旦你翻开新的一页，你就不能指望马上完全改变。有时你肯定会犹豫不决。关键是要满足于渐进的改进，预料并接受任何变化带来的偶然失误。即使在你以更加坚定和自信的方式处理这些决定之后，你也不能指望你的孩子会立即做出反应。在一段时间内，他们将继续施加过去行之有效的旧压力。但一旦他们知道唠叨和争论不再有效，他们最终会尊重你的决定。最后，你和你的孩子都会因此而更快乐。这种趋势正在迅速加速，原因很简单：信息就是力量，而技术使信息变得民主化和普遍化。因此，组织将不再能够资助那些美化等级特权并阻止信息交流的工作体系了。未来学家乔治吉尔德描述了一个以沙子、玻璃和空气为基础的经济世界。沙子是用来制造微芯片的硅，芯片（计算机世界的建筑材料）正以指数级的速度增长。微芯片的性能每18个月翻一番。11. 翻译题Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.当我们谈及智力，我们不是指在某种考试中取得高分的能力，也不是指学习好的能力。我们所谈的智力指的是一种生活风格，一种生活，一种在各种情况下的行为方式。真正的智力测验不是测试我们对怎样做知道多少，而是测试当我们不知道做什么时会怎样做。无论年老年少，有才智的人遇到新情况或问题时，都会豁达地面对。他努力用心和感觉去尽可能地掌握所有细节。他考虑该情况或问题，而不是考虑他自己或是这将给他带来什么后果。他大胆地、富有想象力地、机智地，而且如果不是信心十足地，至少是充满希望地去解决问题；假如他无法圆满解决，对自己的错误他也并不害怕或是感到惭愧，而且尽量从中吸取教训，这就是智力。【答案】When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get a good score on a certain kind of test, or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a style of life, a life, a way of behaving in various situations. The true test of intelligence is not to test how much we know how to do, but how we behave when we dont know what to do. The intelligent person, young or old, meeting situation or problem, opens himself up to it. He tries to take in with mind and senses everything he can about it. He thinks about it, instead of about himself or what it might cause to happen to him. He grapples with it boldly, imaginatively, resourcefully, and if not confidently, at least hopefully; if he fails to master it, he looks without fear or shame at his mistakes and learns what he can from them. This is intelligence.12. 单选题Your advice would be（ ）valuable to him, who is at present at his wits end.问题1选项A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项exceedingly“非常，极其”；B选项excessively“过度地”；C选项extensively“广大地，广泛地”；D选项exclusively“唯一地”。根据valuable（很重要的，宝贵的）可知A选项符合语境。句意：你的建议对他来说是非常宝贵的，因为他现在束手无策。13. 单选题At three thousand feet, wide plains begin to appear, and there is never a moment when some distant mountain is not（ ）.问题1选项A.on viewB.at a glanceC.on the sceneD.in sight【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项on view“在展出，陈列着”；B选项at a glance“立刻，一眼就”；C选项on the scene“在场，出现，到场”；D选项in sight“看得见，在视野内”。分析“some distant mountain is not_”可知空格处的内容作表语，说明主语some distant mountain（远处的山脉），结合句意，可知D选项符合语境。句意：在三千英尺的地方，宽阔的平原开始出现了，而且时刻可以看得见远处的山脉。14. 单选题If we dont stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will be（ ）.问题1选项A.contaminatedB.pollutedC.annihilatedD.invaded【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contaminate“污染，玷污，腐蚀（人的思想或品德）”；B选项pollute“污染，弄脏 ”；C选项annihilate“消灭，毁灭，彻底击败”；D选项invade“侵入，侵略”。flirt with表示“调戏，玩弄，不认真地考虑”，deathly nuclear weapons表示“致命核武器”，结合语境可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：如果我们不停止玩弄那些致命的核武器，整个世界将被毁灭。15. 单选题It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans, life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure deathand our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain agesay 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”，so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.1.What is implied in the first sentence?2.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that（ ）.3.The authors attitude toward Richard Lamms remark is one of（ ）.4.In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care（ ）.5.The text intends to express the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.Americans are better prepared for death than other peopleB.Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever beforeC.Americans are over-confident of their medical technologyD.Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy问题2选项A.medical resources are often wastedB.some treatments are too aggressiveC.doctors are helpless against fatal diseasesD.medical costs are becoming unaffordable问题3选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.Slight contemptD.enthusiastic support问题4选项A.more flexiblyB.more extravagantlyC.more cautiouslyD.more reasonably问题5选项A.medicine will further prolong peoples livesB.life beyond a certain limit is not worth livingC.death should be accepted as a fact of lifeD.excessive demands increase the cost of health care【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.（据说在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大死亡是不可避免的，在加利福尼亚死亡是可选择的）以及其后介绍的医疗技术的进步，使美国人在过去的一个世纪里，预期寿命几乎翻了一翻，因此C选项“美国人对他们的医疗技术过于自信”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第二段中的Death is normal.Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.（死亡是正常的我们要求一切可以为我们做的事情，即使它是无用的。最明显的例子是晚期癌症护理。医生们因无法治愈疾病而感到沮丧，并且担心病人失去希望，他们常常采用远远超出科学依据的极端治疗）可知A选项“医疗资源经常被浪费”符合题意。3.观点态度题。根据题干关键词Lamm定位到文章第三段中，可知Lamm的观点是the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way”（年老体弱的人有义务死亡，以免挡住道路）。由第四段中的I would not go that far.As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.（我不会走这么远作为一个只有68岁的人，我希望能像他们一样富有成效地衰老）和最后一段中的I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures（我知道最昂贵和最戏剧性的措施可能是无效和痛苦的我们可能为寻求不太可能治愈的方法提供了过多的资金）可推测作者基本同意Lamm的观点，但仍然有所保留，因此选B。4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.（我还知道，日本和瑞典的人们在医疗上花费更少，他们的寿命比我们的更长，更健康）可知D选项“更合理”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出尽管有一个伟大的医疗卫生体系，但死亡不可避免；第二段提出死亡是正常的，但我们却想尽一切方法来延缓生命；第三段提出医疗资源不应该被浪费在一些没有挽救意义的人身上；第四段提出老年人的生活也可以是有价值的；第五段指出寿命的长短，依靠的不仅仅是医疗资源，应该合理使用。故本文旨在说明人们要勇于接受死亡，因此C选项“死亡应该被接受为生活中的事实”符合题意。16. 单选题The （ ）physicist has been challenged by others in his field.问题1选项A.respectableB.respectfulC.respectiveD.respecting【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项respectable“可敬的，值得尊敬的”；B选项respectful“尊敬的，有礼貌的”；C选项respective“各自的，分别的”；D选项respecting“尊敬，尊重”。根据选项的意思，可知A选项最符合句意。句意：这位受人尊敬的物理学家在他的领域受到了其他人的挑战。17. 单选题Although the body is made up of many different tissues, these tissues are arranged in an（ ）and orderly fashion.问题1选项A.incredibleB.internalC.intricate