2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解3

2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Sometimes it can be shown that the tissue not only looks homogeneous, but actually is so, because, if the tissue is cut in half, each half will regulate to give rise to the same pattern as would otherwise have been produced by the whole.问题1选项A.createB.occurC.emergeD.deteriorate【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 create “创造，创作；造成”；B选项 occur “发生；出现；存在”；C选项 emerge “浮现；摆脱；暴露”；D选项 deteriorate “恶化，变坏”。句意：可以证明，组织不仅看起来是均匀的，而且实际上是均匀的，因为如果组织被切成两半，每一半将调节以产生与整体相同的图案。结合此处关键词 give rise to “造成；引起；导致”，得知A为正确答案。2. 单选题European Union environmental officials have determined that two kinds of genetically modified corn could harm butterflies, affect food chains and disturb life in rivers and streams, and they have proposed a ban on the sale of the seeds, which are made by DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and SyngentA.The preliminary decisions are circulating within the European Commission, which has the final say. Some officials there are skeptical of a ban that would upset the powerful biotechnology industry and could exacerbate tensions with important trading partners like the United States. The seeds are not available on the European market for cultivation.In the decisions, the environment commissioner, Stavros Dimas, contends that the genetically modified com, or maize could affect certain butterfly species, specifically the monarch, and other beneficial insects. For instance, research this year indicates that larvae of the monarch butterfly exposed to the genetically modified com “behave differently than other larvae.” In the decision concerning the corn seeds produced by Dow and Pioneer, Mr. Dimas calls “potential damage on the environment irreversible.” In the decision on Syngentas com, he says that “the level of risk generated by the cultivation of this product for the environment is unacceptable.”A decision by the European Union to bar cultivation of the genetically modified crops would be the first of its kind in the trade bloc, and would intensify the continuing battle over genetically modified corn. Banning the applications for corn crops also would mark a bold new step for European environmental authorities, who are already aggressively pursuing regulations on emissions from cars and aircraft, setting it at odds with the United States and angering industries.“These products have been grown in the U.S. and other countries for years,” said Stephen Norton, a spokesman for the United States trade representative, “We are not aware of any other case when a product has been rejected after having been reviewed and determined safe by European food safety authorities,” he said.Barbara Helfferich, a spokeswoman for Mr. Dimas, declined to comment on the specifics of the procedure because commissioners had not yet made a final decision. But she said that the European Union was within its rights to make decisions based on the “precautionary principle” even when scientists had found no definitive evidence proving products can cause harm. She said that the decisions by Mr. Dimas could go before the commission within a few weeks, but she said that no date had been set. In the decisions, Mr. Dimas cited recent research showing that consumption of genetically modified “com byproducts reduced growth and increased mortality of non-target stream insects” and that these insects “are important prey for aquatic and riparian predators” and that this could have “unexpected ecosystem-scale consequences.”Although still preliminary, his decisions could drastically tilt the policy against future approvals of genetically modified crops, said Nathalie Moll, a spokeswoman for Europabio, an industry group with 80 members including Syngenta, Pioneer and Dow. Europabio says that the crops grown using the genetically modified com are already imported into several European countries, including France and Germany, where they are used to feed animals like cows and chickens.Rob Gianfranceschi, spokesman at the United States mission to the European Union in Brussels, said it was too early to comment on a decision that had not yet been formalizeD.But he made clear that the United States remained frustrated with European policies on genetically modified crops.1. The preliminary decisions are made by _ .2. To the decisions, the European Commission officials attitudes are _.3. About the decisions, which one of the following statements is TRUE?4. Mr. Dimas cited many researches on the genetically modified corn in his decision in order to _.5. The word “tilt” in ParA.6 most probably means _.问题1选项A.Stavros DimasB.European Union environmental officialsC.European CommissionD.DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and Syngenta问题2选项A.skepticalB.controversialC.divergentD.contradictory问题3选项A.The decisions aim to put a ban on the sale of the seeds of genetically modified corn due to political and biological concernsB.The decisions could probably be made even if no definitive evidence proving the products harmful is foundC.The decisions are warmly embraced by all EU members but bitterly rejected by their trade partnersD.There is high possibility that the decisions would be approved by the European Commission问题4选项A.dispel some officials doubt on his decisionsB.assure that they can be presented before the commission with solid evidenceC.demonstrate the latest achievement of his decisionD.enhance the strength of his decision-making问题5选项A.induceB.affectC.inclineD.evoke【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词“preliminary decisions”（初步的决定）可定位到文中第一段第二句“The preliminary decisions are circulating within the European Commission,”（初步决定正在拥有最终决定权的欧盟委员会内部流传），故判断C选项“欧盟委员会”正确。2.细节事实题。由题干关键词“European Commission official”（欧盟委员会官员）可定位到文中第一段第三句“Some officials there are skeptical of a ban that would upset the powerful biotechnology industry and could exacerbate tensions with important trading partners like the United States.”（一些官员对这一禁令持怀疑态度，因为它将扰乱强大的生物技术产业，并可能加剧与美国等重要贸易伙伴的紧张关系）。A选项“持怀疑态度的”符合题意，因此A选项正确。B选项“有争议的”，可排除。C选项“发散的”，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“矛盾的”不符合题意，可排除。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词“decisions”（决定）可定位到文中第三段“A decision by the European Union to bar cultivation of the genetically modified crops would be the first of its kind in the trade bloc, and would intensify the continuing battle over genetically modified corn”。中文翻译：欧盟禁止种植转基因作物的决定，将是欧盟首次做出此类决定，并将加剧围绕转基因作物的持续斗争。A选项“出于政治和生物方面的考虑，这些决定旨在禁止销售转基因玉米种子”符合题意，因此A选项正确。B选项“即使没有确凿的证据证明产品有害，也有可能做出决定”，可排除。C选项“这些决定受到所有欧盟成员国的热烈欢迎，但遭到其贸易伙伴的强烈反对”，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“这些决定很有可能得到欧盟委员会的批准。”不符合题意，可排除。4.细节事实题。由题干关键词“Mr. Dimas”可定位到文中的第二段。A选项“打消了一些官员对他的决定的怀疑。”官员对于转基因玉米对环境的影响持肯定态度，Mr. Dimas与他们的观点一致，因此可排除A选项。B选项“确保向委员会提供确凿证据。”符合题意，B选项正确。C选项“展示他决定的最新成果。”联系上下文，Mr. Dimas的观点不是为了展示他决定的最新成果，因此可排除。D选项“增强他的决策力。”也不符合题意，也可排除。因此，选项B正确。5.词义辨析题。由题干关键词可定位到文中第六段。A选项“诱导；引起”，B选项“影响”，C选项“倾向于；（使）倾向于”，D选项“引起，唤起；博得”。根据关键词“policy”（政策），可排除A、D选项，由关键词“drastically”（彻底地，激烈地）可推测这个决定的所产生的后果比较严重，因此B选项可排除。C选项与词义意思相近，因此，C选项正确。3. 单选题Three labour economists suggest that effort at work is correlated with race. After rejecting a number of 1 explanations for why this might be, they finally 2 the discrepancy to unexplained “cultural differences”. Acutely 3 of the sensitivity of these findings, they delayed publication until after the 4 election. The paper may yet be 5 on by those who are keen to root out “political correctness” and are unhappy with current anti-discrimination laws. The studys method is straightforwarD.The data come from nearly 36,000 “daily diaries”, self-reporting on how Americans spent their working hours, 6 from 2003 to 2012. Relying on the 7 that workers are equally honest in admitting sloth, the authors calculate the fraction of time spent not working while on the job-spent-relaxing or eating, say- and find that it varies by race to a small but 8 significant degree. The gap remains, albeit in weaker form, even with the addition of extensive controls for geography, 9 and union status, among others. Non-white male workers spend an 10 1.1% of the day not working while on the job, or an extra five minutes per day.问题1选项A.excusableB.plausibleC.rationalD.accountable问题2选项A.subscribeB.conferC.dueD.attribute问题3选项A.awareB.consciousC.knowingD.ignorant问题4选项A.presidentB.presidencyC.presidentialD.presiding问题5选项A.attackedB.seizedC.criticizedD.pin-downed问题6选项A.respondedB.documentedC.gatheredD.collected问题7选项A.assumptionB.resumptionC.thesisD.hypothesis问题8选项A.datumB.statisticC.presumablyD.statistically问题9选项A.industryB.provinceC.facultyD.discrepancy问题10选项A.addingB.additionalC.deductionD.induction【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B第6题:D第7题:A第8题:D第9题:A第10题:B【解析】1.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 excusable“可原谅的；可辩解的；可免除的”；B选项 plausible“看似可信的；花言巧语的，巧言令色的”；C选项rational“合理的；理性的”；D选项accountable“有责任的；有解释义务的”。根据上下文，以及关键字explanations（解释），可推测经济学家拒绝了许多合理的解释，由此可推测C选项正确。2.考查动词词义辨析。A选项subscribe“签署；赞成；捐助”；B选项 confer “授予；给予”；C选项 due to“由于；应归于”；D选项 attribute“归属；把归于”。根据上下文，以及关键字 discrepancy“矛盾”，可排除A、B选项，C选项due不能作为动词使用，也可排除。由此D选项正确。3.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项aware“意识到的；知道的”；B选项 conscious “意识到的；故意的；神志清醒的”；C选项knowing“明知的，故意的；认知的”；D选项ignorant“无知的；愚昧的”。根据关键字sensitivity（敏感性）判断出这几位科学家意识到这类发现有“敏感性”，以及后文they delayed publication（他们推迟出版）可排除C、D选项，B选项conscious（指内心的感觉，强调深刻的心理活动）因此也可排除，A选项aware（侧重感知，多与of连用），因此A选项正确。4.考查近义词词义辨析。A选项 president “总统；董事长；校长”；B选项 presidency “总统（或董事长、会长、大学校长等）的职位（任期）”；C选项 presidential“总统的；首长的；统辖”；D选项 presiding“主持；担任（会议）主席”。根据关键词theelection （选举）可排除D选项，B选项presidency（总统的职位）强调职位，也可排除，A选项president（总统）为名词，也可排除，中文翻译为：直到总统选举结束。判断出此处C选项正确。5.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 attacked “攻击；侵害”；B选项seized“逮住；咬住”；C选项 criticized“批评”；D选项 pin-downed“发现，查明；确定；使受约束”。句意：这份报告可能会被那些热衷于根除“政治正确性”并对现行反歧视法不满的人所利用。判断出B选项正确。6.考查动词词义辨析。A选项 responded“回答，回报；反应”；B选项 documented “记录”；C选项 gathered“聚集”；D选项 collected“收藏；聚集；聚积”。句意：他的数据来自于2003年至2012年收集的近36000份“每日日记”，这些日记是关于美国人如何度过工作时间的。根据关键词data（数据），A选项可排除。B选项，文中不是他本人所记录的，也可排除。C选项“gathered”，表示由少到多的收集，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“collect”表示有目的或有挑选的收集，可知D选项正确。7.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 assumption“假定；设想；担任”；B选项 resumption“恢复；重新开始；取回；重获”；C选项 thesis“论文；论点”；D选项 hypothesis“（凭空的）猜想”。根据下文workers are equally honest in admitting sloth（工人们同样坦诚地承认自己懒惰）可排除B、C选项。D选项hypothesis（凭空的）猜想也可排除，可知A选项正确。8.考查词义辨析。A选项 datum“数据，资料；基准点”；B选项statistic“统计资料；统计学”；C选项presumably“大概；推测起来；可假定”；D选项statistically“统计地；统计学上”。根据关键词significant（有意义的）可知前面应填副词，可排除A、B选项，C选项与文中significant不匹配，因此D选项正确。9.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 industry“产业；工业；勤勉”；B选项province“省；领域；职权”；C选项faculty“科，系；能力”；D选项discrepancy“不符；矛盾；相差”。根据关键词geography（地理）以及union status（工会地位）可推测，中间应填一个与其意思相近的名词，根据上下文，可知A选项正确。10.考查词义辨析。A选项 adding“增加”；B选项 additional“附加的，额外的”；C选项 deduction“扣除，减除；推论”；D选项induction“感应；归纳法；感应现象”。根据关键词“an”可排除C选项，根据1.1%可知应填形容词进行修饰，因此可排除A、D选项。可知B选项正确。4. 单选题Although the study of animal communication has played a vital role in our understanding of human communication ever since the dawn of time, recent research in this area has revealed a number of striking similarities between animal and human communication. Researchers have discovered that animals 1 with humans a number of characteristics, including 2 associated with attraction and mating, territoriality, familiar ties, division of labor, and a number of other traits that we once 3 were uniquely “4”.For example, the 5 between squirrel monkey mothers and infants is not unlike that of human. When infants are separate from their mothers, they emit loud, easily 6, and individually recognizable sounds. 7, the mother can find her child and 8 its needs. 9, mother squirrel monkeys have their own form of “motherese ”, or adult speech that is 10 in order to communicate with their infants.问题1选项A.resembleB.shareC.contrastD.differ问题2选项A.whatB.thatC.thoseD.ones问题3选项A.assumedB.guessedC.justifiedD.reasoned问题4选项A.animalsB.humaneC.humanityD.human问题5选项A.bondB.tiesC.affectionD.joint问题6选项A.simulatedB.locatedC.situatedD.detected问题7选项A.In this wayB.ThusC.Because of thisD.Therefore问题8选项A.supplyB.helpC.getD.serve问题9选项A.ConverselyB.LikelyC.LikewiseD.Comparatively问题10选项A.alteredB.modifiedC.revisedD.adapted【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A第6题:B第7题:A第8题:A第9题:C第10题:D【解析】1.考查动词词义辨析。A选项 resemble“ 类似”；B选项 share“共用”；C选项contrast“对比；对照；显出明显的差异”；D选项differ“不同”。句意：人类交流研究人员发现，动物和人类有许多共同的特征。这里是说动物和人类有许多共同的特征，由此可知B选项正确。2.考查非限定性定语从句。A选项 “what”以及B选项 “that”不能引导非限定制性定语从句，故排除A，B选项。选项D “ones” 只能作为代词，不能引导非限定性定语从句，故排除。因此选项C为正确答案。3.考查上下文语义辨析。A选项assumed“假设；（承担）责任”；B选项 guessed “猜想”；C选项justified“调整；证明正当”；D选项reasoned“说服”。上文说到研究者对动物交流的研究就在我们理解人类交流方面起着至关重要的作用，可推测此处应填研究者的推论，B选项guess指的是毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断，可排除，由此可知A选项正确。4.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 animals “动物，动物世界；牲畜”；B选项 humane “仁慈的，人道的；高尚的”；C选项 humanity“人道；仁慈；人文学科”；D选项 human“人类”。中文翻译为：我们猜想我们是独一无二的人类，判断出此处D选项正确。5.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 bond“纽带”；B选项ties “结”；C选项 affection “喜爱，感情；影响；感染”；D选项 joint“关节；接缝”。句意：松鼠猴的母亲和婴儿之间的纽带就像人类一样。判断出A项正确。6.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 simulated“ 模拟的；模仿的；仿造的”；B选项 located“ 处于，位于；坐落的”；C选项 situated“位于的；处于境遇的”；D选项 detected“检测到的”。根据下文，the mother can find her child（妈妈能找到她的孩子）。可知B选项正确。7.考查连词。A选项 In this way“这样；用这种方法”；B选项 Thus “因此；从而；这样；如此”；C选项 Because of this“因为这个”；D选项 Therefore“因此”。由上文“当婴儿与母亲分开时，他们会发出响亮的、容易定位的、单独可识别的声音”的这种方式，可推测A选项正确。8.考查动词词义。A选项 supply“供给，提供；补充”；B选项help“帮助”；C选项get “使得；获得；受到；变成”；D选项serve“ 招待，供应”。根据find“找到”以及后文its needs “它的需要”， D选项“serve”所提供的服务是虚拟的，A选项“supply”所提供的服务是现实的，可知A选项正确。9.考查副词词义辨析。A选项 Conversely“相反地”；B选项Likely“很可能；或许”；C选项Likewise“同样地；也”；D选项Comparatively“比较地；相当地”。联系下文mother squirrel monkeys have their own form of “motherese”.（松鼠猴妈妈有自己的妈妈语），可知C项正确。10.考查动词词义辨析。A选项 altered“改变，改动，修改”；B选项 modified“修改；更改”；C选项 revised“修改；校订；复习”；D选项adapted“ 使适应，改编”。根据上文mother squirrel monkeys have their own form of “motherese ”（松鼠猴妈妈也有自己的妈妈语），下文in order to communicate with their infants.（以便与婴儿交流），B选项modified强调细小的变化，常含“缓和”的意味，可排除，D选项adapted（适应，改编）符合题意，D选项正确。5. 翻译题Mother languages, along with linguistic diversity, matter for the identity of individuals. As sources of creativity and vehicles for cultural expression, they are also important for the health of societies. Not least, languages are factors for development and growth. We know how important education in the mother language is for learning outcomes. Mother language instruction is a powerful way to fight discrimination and reach out to marginalized population. As wellsprings of knowledge, languages are also starting points for greater sustainability in development, for managing more harmoniously our relationship with the environment and change.【答案】母语，以及语言多样性，对个体的身份认同至关重要。作为创造力的来源和文化表达的工具，它们对社会的健康也很重要。重要的是，语言是发展和增长的因素。我们知道母语教育对学习成果的重要性。母语教学是消除歧视和接触边缘人口的有力途径。语言作为知识的源泉，也是提高发展可持续性、更和谐地管理我们与环境和变革的关系的起点。6. 单选题The members of the branch were indignant that government had planted two spies among them.问题1选项A.irateB.indifferentC.insensibleD.inspired【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项irate “生气的；发怒的”；B选项 indifferent “冷淡的；不关心的；中等的”；C选项 insensible “昏迷的；无知觉的；麻木不仁的”；D选项 inspired“品质优秀的；能力卓越的；借助于灵感创作的”。句意：支部的成员对政府在他们中间安插了两名间谍感到愤怒。结合此处关键短语 planted two spies among them“安插了两名间谍”，可推测支部的成员会对此十分气愤，得知A选项正确。7. 单选题Cambridge University was easily _, and he returned there to begin his major research activities.问题1选项A.accessibleB.attributableC.attainableD.attachable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 accessible “易接近的；可进入的；可理解的”；B选项 attributable “可归于的；可归属的”；C选项 attainable “可得到的；可达到的；可到达的”；D选项 attachable “可附上的；可连接的；可逮捕的；可没收的”。句意：剑桥大学很容易进入，他回到那里开始了他的主要研究活动。根据句意可知A选项正确。8. 单选题Many renowned scientists questioned the validity of the assumption.问题1选项A.creditB.weaknessC.correctnessD.uncertainty【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项credit“信用，信誉”；B选项 weakness“弱点；软弱；嗜好”；C选项correctness“正确性”；D选项 uncertainty“犹豫；不确定的事物；不确定度”。句意：许多著名的科学家对这一假设的正确性提出了质疑。结合此处关键词 questioned the of the assumption（对假设提出质疑），结合句意，得知C选项正确。9. 单选题Fortune-tellers are good at making _ statements such as “Your sorrows will change”.问题1选项A.philosophicalB.ambiguousC.literalD.invalid【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 philosophical “哲学的（等于philosophic）；冷静的”；B选项 ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的；不明确的，不明朗的；引起歧义的”；C选项 literal “文字的；逐字的；无夸张的”；D选项 invalid “无效的；有病的；残疾的”。句意：算命的人擅长说一些模棱两可的话，比如“你的悲伤会变的”。根据句意，B选项正确。10. 单选题Air attacks in Afghanistan are focused on airports and training camps to avoid civilian _.问题1选项A.involvementB.rebellionC.casualtiesD.anguish【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项involvement “参与；牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难” ；B选项rebellion “叛乱；反抗；谋反”；C选项 casualties“伤亡；人员伤亡”；D选项anguish“痛苦；苦恼”。句意：阿富汗的空袭主要集中在机场和训练营，以避免平民的。可推测为了不使平民受到伤亡，所以阿富汗的空袭主要集中在机场和训练营。结合此处语境，C选项正确。11. 单选题Learning disabilities are very common. They affect perhaps 10 percent of all children. Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.Since about 1970, new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better. Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many different things. There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability. There is no outward sign of the disorder. So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.In one study, researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things. One involved cells in the left side of the brain, which control language. These cells normally are white. In the learning-disabled person, however, these cells were gray. The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.The study was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind, an early expert on learning disabilities. Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally. Probably, he said, nerve cells there did not connect as they shoulD.So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.Other studies did not examine brain tissue. Instead, they measured the brains electrical activity and made a man of the electrical signals.Frank Duffy experimented with his techniques at Childrens Hospital Medical Center in Boston. Doctor Duffy said his research is evidence that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain, not just the left side.1. Scientist found that the brain cells of a learning-disabled person differ from those of a normal person in _.2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?3. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT that _.4. Doctor Duffy believed that _.5. According to the passage we can conclude that further research should be made _.问题1选项A.structure and functionB.color and functionC.size and arrangementD.color and arrangement问题2选项A.Learning disabilities may result from the unknown area of the brainB.Learning disabilities may result from damage to a wide area of the brainC.Learning disabilities may result from abnormal organization of brain cellsD.Learning disabilities may result from problems in the left side of the brain问题3选项A.many factors account for learning disorderB.a learning-disabled person shows no outward signsC.read