2022-2023年考博英语-西北师范大学模拟考试题(含答案解析)第20期

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2022-2023年考博英语-西北师范大学模拟考试题(含答案解析)1. 单选题Just over a decade into the 21st century, womens progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghana-in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women arent allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1000 women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U.S. rose to 14.5% last year.To measure the state of womens progress. Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at five areas that affect womens lives: treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care. Analyzing data from the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined (神圣化). But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nations top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly. “Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference,” says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for U.N. Women.Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes and generalities. Some things simply cant be measured. And cross-cultural comparisons cant account for differences of opinion.Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. “When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world,” she said. “Theres a stimulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.”1.What does the author think about womens progress so far?2.In what countries have women made the greatest progress?3.What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?4.What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nations top office?5.What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?问题1选项A.It still leaves much to be desired.B.It is too remarkable to be measured.C.It has greatly changed womens fate.D.It is achieved through hard struggle.问题2选项A.Where women hold key posts in government.B.Where womens rights are protected by law.C.Where womens participation in management is high.D.Where women enjoy better education and health care.问题3选项A.They care little about political participation.B.They are generally treated as equals by men.C.They have a surprisingly low social status.D.They are underrepresented in politics.问题4选项A.It does not necessarily raise womens political awareness.B.It does not guarantee a better life for the nations women.C.It enhances womens status.D.It boosts womens confidence.问题5选项A.Give women more political power.B.Stimulate womens creativity.C.Allow women access to education.D.Tap womens economic potential.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.观点态度题。文章第一段介绍了女性在各个领域取得的进步,但接下来第二段说到But hold the applause.(但请不要鼓掌。),还有很多地方女性的地位和权力都落后于男性,所以作者对女性至今为止的进步的态度是觉得还有很多需要改进的地方。因此A选项“仍有许多需要改进的地方”正确。B选项“太了不起了,无法衡量”,C选项“极大地改变了女性的命运”,D选项“是通过艰苦奋斗实现的”均不符合题意,所以B,C,D错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第一句Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined.(得分最高的国家往往集中在西方国家,在这些国家,性别歧视是违法的,平等权利在宪法中得到体现。),说明女性取得进步最大的国家是权利受到法律保护的国家。因此B选项“女性权利受到法律保护的地方”正确。A选项“女性在政府中担任重要职务的地方”,C选项“女性参与管理的程度高的地方”,D选项“女性享有较好的教育和医疗服务的地方”不符合题意,所以A,C,D错误。3.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第三、四句Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi.(一些原本排名靠前的国家在政治代表性方面的得分相对较低。加拿大总体排名第三,但在权力方面排名第26位,落后于古巴和布隆迪等国。),说明加拿大的女性在政治代表性方面的程度较低。因此D选项“她们在政治上的代表性不足”正确。A选项“她们很少关心政治参与”,B选项“她们一般被男性平等对待”,C选项“她们的社会地位低得出奇”在文中均没有提及,所以A,B,C错误。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段最后一句“Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference,” says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for U.N. Women.(联合国妇女署和平与安全顾问安妮-玛丽-戈兹说:“试图量化或衡量妇女在政治中的影响是很难的,因为在很少的国家,有足够的女性在政治中发挥作用。”),说明安妮-玛丽-戈兹认为女性担任国家职务并不能对提升女性的地位起到作用。因此B选项“并不能保证国家女性过上更好的生活”正确。A选项“不一定能提高女性的政治意识”,C选项“能提高女性的地位”,D选项“能增强女性的信心”在文中均没有提及,所以A,C,D错误。5.语义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段第三、四句“When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world,” she said. “Theres a stimulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.”(“当我们解放女性的经济潜力时,我们就提高了社区、国家和全世界的经济表现。”,她说。“当女性有更多就业和参与国家经济生活的机会时,就会产生一种刺激效应:政治更稳定。更少的军事冲突。更多的食物。为孩子提供更多的教育机会。通过利用所有女性的经济潜力,我们将增加所有人的机会。”),说明希拉里克林顿认为应该解放女性的经济潜力,这样能让世界变得更美好。因此D选项“挖掘妇女的经济潜力”正确。A选项“给予女性更多的政治权力”,B选项“激发女性的创造力”,C选项“让女性有机会接受教育”均不符合题意,所以A,B,C错误。2. 单选题( )dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.问题1选项A.AlthoughB.WhateverC.AsD.However【答案】D【解析】考查让步状语的连接词。修饰形容词dull的词必须为副词,although和as是连词,后面接句子,因此排除A和C;whatever后面接名词,因此排除B。however dull he may be表示不管他有多迟钝,因此D选项正确。3. 单选题There is no( )evidence that people can control their dreams, at least in experimental situations in a lab.问题1选项A.rigidB.solidC.smoothD.harsh【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项rigid“严格的”;B选项solid“可靠的”;C选项smooth“光滑的”;D选项harsh“严酷的”。句意:没有确凿的证据表明人们可以控制自己的梦,至少在实验室的实验情况下是这样。本句表示可靠确凿的证据。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题Sadly, as spending on private gardens has( ), spending on public parks has generally declined.问题1选项A.heightenedB.liftedC.flownD.soared【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项heightened“提高”;B选项lifted“举起”;C选项flown“飞行”;D选项soared“飙升”。句意:遗憾的是,在私人花园的花费飙升的同时,公共公园的花费却普遍下降。本句表示花费飙升,因此D选项正确。5. 单选题A UCSF study has revealed new information about how the brain directs the body to make movements. The key factor is “noise” in the brains signaling, and it helps explain why all movement is not carried out with the same level of precision.Understanding where noise arises in the brain has implications for advancing research in neuromotor control and in developing therapies for disorders where control is impaired, such as Parkinsons disease.The new study was developed “to understand brain machinery behind such common movements as typing, walking through a doorway or just pointing at an object,” says Stephen Lisberger, PhD, senior study investigator who is director of the W. M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience at the University of California, San Francisco. Study co-investigators are Leslie C. Osborne, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow at UCSF, and William Bialek, PhD, professor of physics at Princeton University.The study findings, reported in the September 15 issue of the journal Nature, are part of ongoing research by Lisberger and colleagues on the neural mechanisms that allow the brain to learn and maintain skills and behavior. These basic functions are carried out through the coordination of different nerve cells within the brains neural circuits. “To make a movement, the brain takes the electrical activity of many neurons and combines them to make muscle contractions,” Lisberger explains. “But the movements arent always perfect. So we asked, what gets in the way?” The answer, he says, is “noise”, which is defined as the difference between what is actually occurring and what the brain perceives. He offers making a foul shot in basketball as an example. If there were no noise in the neuromotor system, a player would be able to perform the same motion over and over and never miss a shot.“Understanding how noise is reduced to very precise commands helps us understand how those commands are created,” says Lisberger, who also is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a UCSF professor of physiology.In the study, the research team focused on a movement that all primates are very skilled at: an eye movement known as “smooth pursuit” that allows the eyes to track a moving target. In a series of exercises with monkeys in which the animals would track visual targets, the researchers measured neural activity and smooth pursuit eye movements. From this data, the team analyzed the difference between how accurately the animals actually tracked a moving object and how accurately the brain perceived the trajectory. Findings showed that both the smooth pursuit system and the brains perceptual system were nearly equal.“This teaches us that these very different neural processes are limited to the same degree by the same noise sources,” says Lisberger. “And it shows that both processes are very good at reducing noise.” He concludes, “Because the brain is noisy, our motor systems dont always do what it tells us to. Making precise movements in the face of this noise is a challenge.”1.Of the following movements instructed by the brain, which one is NOT mentioned in the article?2.How does the brain direct a body movement?3.How does “noise” affect a basketball players performance?4.Which of the following titles doesnt belong to Stephen Lisberger?5.The findings of the study with monkeys show that( ).问题1选项A.Pointing at an object.B.Walking through a doorway.C.Jogging.D.Typing.问题2选项A.By sending signals to the muscles directly.B.By combining the electrical activity of neurons.C.By sending nerve cells to the muscles.D.By creating different nerve circuits.问题3选项A.It helps him hit the target every time.B.It makes him a perfect player.C.It makes him miss the shot sometimes.D.It allows him to follow the brain instruction.问题4选项A.Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.B.Director of the W. M. Keck Center.C.UCSF professor of physiology.D.Professor of physics at Princeton University.问题5选项A.the eye movement is not influenced by the noiseB.the animals can track a moving target accuratelyC.different neural processes are limited differently by different noise sourcesD.the same noise sources can equally affect different neural processes【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一句The new study was developed “to understand brain machinery behind such common movements as typing, walking through a doorway or just pointing at an object,”(新的研究是为了“了解打字、走过门口或只是指着一个物体等常见动作背后的大脑机制。”),所以A选项“指着一个物体”,B选项“走过门口”,D选项“打字”,均在文中有所提及,排除A,B,D。C选项“慢跑”在文中没有提及,所以选C。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第三句To make a movement, the brain takes the electrical activity of many neurons and combines them to make muscle contractions(大脑将许多神经元的电流活动结合起来,使肌肉收缩,从而做出动作),说明大脑是通过将神经元的电流活动结合起来指挥身体运动的。因此B选项“通过结合神经元的电流活动”正确。A选项“通过直接向肌肉发出信号”,C选项“通过向肌肉发送神经细胞”,D选项“通过建立不同的神经回路”均不符合题意,所以A,C,D错误。3.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段最后一句If there were no noise in the neuromotor system, a player would be able to perform the same motion over and over and never miss a shot.(如果神经运动系统中没有噪音,球员就能反复做同一个动作,永远不会失误。),说明噪音会造成球员的失误。因此C选项“使他有时会失误”正确。A选项“能帮助他每次都命中目标”,B选项“使他成为一个完美的球员”,D选项“使他能听从大脑的指令”和原文表达的意思相反,所以A,B,D错误。4.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一句Stephen Lisberger, PhD, senior study investigator who is director of the W. M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience at the University of California, San Francisco.(斯蒂芬里斯伯格博士,高级研究调查员,他是加州大学旧金山分校W. M. Keck综合神经科学中心的主任。),所以B选项“W. M. Keck中心主任”是斯蒂芬里斯伯格的头衔,排除B。同时可以定位到文章第五段says Lisberger, who also is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a UCSF professor of physiology.(里斯伯格说,他也是霍华德休斯医学研究所的研究员和UCSF的生理学教授。),所以A选项“霍华德休斯医学研究所的研究员”,C选项“UCSF的生理学教授”是斯蒂芬里斯伯格的头衔,排除A,C。D选项“普林斯顿大学物理学教授”,由原文可知这是威廉比亚莱克博士的头衔,不符合题意,所以选D。5.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段第一句This teaches us that these very different neural processes are limited to the same degree by the same noise sources(这告诉我们,这些截然不同的神经过程在相同程度上受到相同噪声源的限制),说明相同噪声源会影响不同的神经过程。因此D选项“相同的噪声源可以同样影响不同的神经过程”正确。A选项“眼球运动不受噪声的影响”,B选项“动物能准确地跟踪移动的目标”,C选项“不同的神经过程受到不同噪声源的限制不同”和原文的表述不符,所以A,B,C错误。6. 单选题Letter-writing goes back to thousands of years but heated up during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Historically (perhaps now) letters were indicators of status and breeding. Like conversation, they were used to manipulate, embellish, entertain, threaten, seduce and of course do business. On the way home from discovering America, Christopher Columbus got caught in a storm and his mind turnedas a good bourgeois parentto his two sons. Who would pay their school fees if he came to a watery end? He picked up a quill and documented his accomplishments on the voyage for his Spanish patrons, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, rolled up the letter in a wooden Madeira cask and threw it into the sea. This was not so much for posterity but rather what University of York professor William H. Sherman has called “a fathers desperate petition for the future support of his children.”The 18th century was strong on the epistolary book, which made authors quarrels especially amusing. Tobias Smollett wrote Travels Through France & Italy (my favorite letter contains his description of French women: “As their faces are concealed under a false complexion, so their heads are covered with a vast load of false hair, frizzled at the forehead, so as exactly to resemble the woolly heads of the Guinea negroes”). His approach to anything foreign was considered so full of spleen by author Laurence Sterne that he was moved to write A Sentimental Journey. This satirical novel gives Smollett the name Smelfungusa cantankerous man addicted to exaggeration, who talks of being “flayd alive” by cannibals: “Ill tell it, cried Smelfungus, to the world. You had better tell it, said I, to your physician.” Samuel Johnson, in referring to his own letters, claims “.his soul lies naked” but he had doubts about the truthfulness of others, writing that there was “no transaction which offers stronger temptations to fallacy and sophistication than epistolary intercourse.”How-to books abounded. Letters, apart from business ones, were seen as a feminine task, and templates addressed feminine problems. The New Academy of Complements, for example, published in 1671, titled the letter to be written by abandoned women “A Crackt Virgin to Her Deceitful Friend.” Hand-writing is the motif. “Now you appear so foul, that nothing can be more monstrous; is this the fruit of your Promises and Vows. how comes it then to pass, that you forsake me, ruin my Reputation, and leave me to become the Map of Shame and Ignominy” I long to use the Map of Shame bit but I suspect it was as unhelpful then as boiling bunnies is now.A Vanderbilt University study ways children taught cursive writing learn and express themselves better. If so, I have a few suggestions for our educators. How about letters “On Reprimanding a Person of Difference Without Incurring Hate Charges”, or “An Ailing Citizen to His Callous Minister of Health.” The possibilities are, sadly, limitless.1.Letter-writing( ).2.A Sentimental Journey by Laurence Sterne( ).3.Samuel Johnson( ).4.The third paragraph suggested that( ).5.At the end of the article, the author suggested that( ).问题1选项A.was widely accepted thousands of years agoB.could serve a wide variety of purposes in the pastC.served as a document forwarded to the King and Queen in Columbus caseD.helped Columbus obtain financial support for his sons问题2选项A.is based on the stories told in Travels Through France & ItalyB.is a sequel of Travels Through France & ItalyC.is a travelogueD.has a character modeled on Tobias Smollett问题3选项A.truthfully recorded his life in his lettersB.was exceptionally true to himselfC.suggested that letter-writing was more tempting than any other forms of writingD.suggested that letters were more susceptible to fallacy问题4选项A.women could make better letter writersB.letters were mainly addressed to abandoned women in historyC.the central theme of letters was the concern and despair of womenD.the author of his article had the same experience as the women quoted问题5选项A.children should be taught cursive writing since it may help them better express themselvesB.letter-writing could achieve as much as cursive writingC.educators should encourage letter-writing in schoolsD.he/she has identified a lot of problems of our society【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到第一段第一句Letter-writing goes back to thousands of years but heated up during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.(书信可以追溯到几千年前,但在中世纪和文艺复兴时期非常盛行。),说明几千年前书信还没有广泛盛行,所以A选项“在几千年前就被广泛接受”错误。由B选项可以定位到文章第一段第二、三句Historically (perhaps now) letters were indicators of status and breeding. Like conversation, they were used to manipulate, embellish, entertain, threaten, seduce and of course do business.(从历史上来看,也许现在也一样,书信是地位和教养的指示器。就像谈话一样,它们被用来操纵、修饰、娱乐、威胁、引诱,当然还有做生意。),说明书信不止在过去起到了多种作用,现在也一样,所以B选项“在过去可以起到多种作用”错误。D选项“帮助哥伦布为他的儿子们争取到了经济支持”,文章只说了哥伦布通过书信为儿子争取帮助,但没有说结果,所以D错误。由C选项可以定位到文章第一段第六句He picked up a quill and documented his accomplishments on the voyage for his Spanish patrons, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, rolled up the letter in a wooden Madeira cask and threw it into the sea.(他拿起羽毛笔,为他的西班牙赞助人斐迪南国王和伊莎贝拉王后记录下他在航行中的成就,把信卷在一个木制的马德拉酒桶里,扔进了海里。),可知哥伦布在书信中记录下自己的成就,交给国王和王后。因此C选项“作为哥伦布交给国王和王后的文件”正确。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第三、四句His approach to anything foreign was considered so full of spleen by author Laurence Sterne that he was moved to write A Sentimental Journey. This satirical novel gives Smollett the name Smelfungusa cantankerous man addicted to exaggeration(作家劳伦斯斯特恩认为他对待任何外国事物的方式都充满了愤怒,于是写下了A Sentimental Journey这本书。这部讽刺小说给斯摩莱特起了个名字“臭真菌”一个爱夸大其辞、脾气暴躁的人),说明A Sentimental Journey这本书中有托比亚斯斯摩莱特同样性格的人物。因此D选项“有一个以托比亚斯斯摩莱特为原型的角色”正确。A选项“是根据Travels Through France & Italy中讲述的故事改编的”,B选项“是Travels Through France & Italy的续集”,C选项“是一篇游记”在文中均没有提及,所以A,B,C错误。3.推理判断题。A选项“在书信中如实记录了自己的一生”,根据文章第二段最后一句Samuel Johnson, in referring to his own letters, claims “.his soul lies naked”(塞缪尔约翰逊在提到他自己的信件时说:“他的灵魂是赤裸裸的”),是说他写信时很真实,但没有说他记录了自己的一生,所以A错误。B选项“对自己格外真实”,原文只说了他在写信时很真实,所以B错误。C选项“提出写信比其他任何形式的写作都更有诱惑力”,根据文章第二段最后一句no transaction which offers stronger temptations to fallacy and sophistication than epistolary intercourse.(没有任何交易比书信交流更容易产生谬误和复杂的诱惑。),没有说到其他形式的写作,所以C错误。D选项“提出书信更容易产生谬误”符合原文内容,正确。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到第三段,第三段中说到书信的内容是Now you appear so foul, that nothing can be more monstrous; is this the fruit of your Promises and Vows. how comes it then to pass
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