2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解33

2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The Benefits of New Urbanism(1) New urbanism is the most important planning movement in this century, and is about creating a better future for us all. It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live in. New urbanism is the revival of our lost art of place-making, and is essentially a re-ordering of the built environment into the form of complete cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoodsthe way communities have been built for centuries around the world. New urbanism involves fixing and infilling cities, as well as the creation of compact new towns and villages. The benefits of new urbanism are as follows:Benefits to Residents(2) Higher quality of life; better places in which to live, work, and play; more stable property values; less traffic congestion and less driving; healthier lifestyle with more walking and less stress; close proximity to main street retail and services; close proximity to bike trail, parks, and nature; pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town, resulting in meaningful relationships with more people, and friendlier town; more freedom and independence to children, the elderly, and the poor in being able to get to jobs recreation, and services without the need for a car or someone to drive them; great savings to residents and school boards in reduced busing costs from children being able to walk or bicycle to neighborhood schools; more diversity and smaller, unique shops and services with local owners who are involved in community; big savings by driving less, and owning less cars; less ugly, congested sprawl to deal with daily; better sense of place and community identity with more unique architecture; more open space to enjoy that will remain open space; more efficient use of tax money with less spent on utilities and roads used for the sprawl.Benefits to Businesses(3) Increased sales due to more foot traffic and people spending less on cars and gas; more profits due to spending less on advertising and large signs; better lifestyle by living near work units saves the stressful and costly commute; economies of scale in marketing due to close proximity and cooperation with other local business incubation; lower rents due to smaller spaces and smaller parking lots; healthier lifestyle due to more walking and being near healthier restaurants; more community involvement from being part of community and knowing residents.(4) Benefits to Developers. More income potential from higher density mixed-use projects due to more leasable square footage, more sales per square foot, and higher property values and selling prices; faster approvals in communities that have adopted smart growth principles resulting in cost/time sayings: cost savings in parking facilities in mixed-use properties due to sharing of spaces throughout the day and night, resulting in less duplication in providing parking; less need for parking facilities due to mix of residences and commercial uses within walking distance of each other; less impact on roads/traffic, which can result in lower impact fees; lower cost of utilities due to compact nature of new urbanist design; faster sellout due to greater acceptance by consumers from a wider product range resulting in wider market share.Benefits to Municipalities(5) Stable, appreciating tax base; less spent per capita on infrastructure and utilities than typical suburban development due to compact high-density nature of projects; increased tax base due to more buildings packed into a tighter area; less traffic congestion due to walkability of design; less crime and less money spent on police due to the presence of more people day and night; better overall community image and sense of place; less incentive to sprawl when urban core area is desirable; easy to install transit where its not, and improve it where it is; greater civic involvement of population leading to better governance.(6) The most effective way to implement new urbanism it to plan for it, and write it into zoning and development codes. This directs all future development into this form.(7) Increasingly, regional planning techniques are being used to control and shape growth into compact, high-density, mixed-use neighborhoods, villages, towns, and cities. Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results when designed in harmony with regional land planning known as Transit Oriented Development (TOD). At the same time, the revitalization of urban areas directs and encourages infill development back into city centers.(8) Planning for compact growth, rather than letting it sprawl out, has the potential to greatly increase the quality of the environment. It also prevents congestion problems and the environmental degradation normally associated with growth.(9) There are some obstacles in implementation of new urbanism. The most important obstacle to overcome is the restrictive and incorrect zoning codes currently in force in most municipalities. Current codes do not allow new urbanism to be built, but do allow sprawl.(10) An equally important obstacle is the continuous road building and expansion taking place in every community across America. This encourages more driving and more sprawl which has a domino effect on increasing traffic congestion across the region. Halting road projects and building new train system can help reverse this problematic trend.1. A pedestrian street is a street（ ）.2. According to the passage new urbanism emphasizes（ ）.3.Which of the following can BEST summarize the benefits of new urbanism to residents?4.Which of the following statements is TRUE?5.To preserve the environment, new urbanism lays stress on（ ）.问题1选项A.suitable for bicyclingB.suitable for walkingC.designed for pedalsD.designed for scooters问题2选项A.the expansion of urban areasB.the artistic decoration of newly-built buildingsC.the improvement of the built environmentD.the environmental preservation问题3选项A.Compactness in civic structure, conveniences and economies in life.B.Better relationships with more people and a friendlier town.C.Easy shopping and more services that reduce busing costs.D.Walkability, healthier lifestyle and more freedom.问题4选项A.New urbanism likes to design more roads in order to facilitate the traffic.B.New urbanism favors the transportation with new railway systems.C.New urbanist planners oppose to pedestrian friendly design.D.New urbanist planners do not support the infill development.问题5选项A.the reduction of factoriesB.the sprawl of the cityC.the lessening of traffic jamsD.the compact growth of the urban area【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人），说明pedestrian street是对行人友好的社区。因此B选项“适合行走”正确。A选项“适合骑自行车”，C选项“为脚踏车设计”和D选项“为小型摩托车设计”都不是指步行，所以A，C，D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live in.（它是一场改革建筑环境设计的国际运动，是通过创造更好的居住场所来提高我们的生活质量和生活水平。），说明新城市主义强调对居住环境的改善。因此C选项“改善建筑环境”正确。A选项“城市地区的扩张”，B选项“新建筑的艺术装饰”和D选项“环境保护”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。3.主旨大意题。根据题干关键词“residents”可以定位到文章第二段，healthier lifestyle with more walking and less stress（更健康的生活方式，更多的步行和更少的压力）说明新城市主义对居民健康生活方式的好处；pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人）说明了新城市主义注重人的步行友好性；more freedom and independence to children, the elderly, and the poor in being able to get to jobs recreation, and services without the need for a car or someone to drive them（让孩子、老人和穷人有更多的自由和独立，他们有能力去工作、娱乐和服务，而不需要搭乘汽车或别人给他们开车）说明了新城市主义为居民带来了更多的自由。因此D选项“适合步行，更健康的生活方式和更多的自由。”最能概括新城市主义为居民带来的好处。A选项“城市结构的紧凑，生活的便利和经济”中城市结构的紧凑是对城市的好处，所以A错误。B选项“更好的人际关系和更友好的城市”，C选项“方便的购物和更多的服务，减少巴士费用”都只是对居民带来好处的一部分，不能完整概括新城市主义为居民带来的好处，所以B，C错误。4.客观细节题。由B选项关键词“railway systems”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results when designed in harmony with regional land planning known as Transit Oriented Development.（规划新的铁路系统而不是更多的道路如果设计与区域土地规划相协调，就会产生最好的效果。），说明新城市主义注重于新的铁路系统规划。因此B选项“新城市主义用新的铁路系统促进交通。”正确。由A选项关键词“more roads” 可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results（规划新的铁路系统而不是修建更多的公路能带来最好的结果），说明新城市主义不主张修建更多的公路。因此A选项“新城市主义喜欢设计更多的道路，以方便交通。”不符合原文。由C选项关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人），说明新城市主义者注重行人友好性。因此C选项“新城市主义规划师反对行人友好的设计。”不符合原文。由D选项关键词“infill development”可以定位到第七段最后一句At the same time, the revitalization of urban areas directs and encourages infill development back into city centers.（与此同时，城市地区的振兴引导和鼓励对城市中心的填充式开发。），说明新城市主义者是支持“infill development”的。因此D选项“新城市主义规划师不支持填充开发。”不符合原文。5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“environment”可以定位到第八段第一句Planning for compact growth, rather than letting it sprawl out, has the potential to greatly increase the quality of the environment.（紧凑发展的规划，而不是让它向外扩张，有可能极大地提高环境质量。），说明为了保护环境，新城市主义强调的是紧凑发展的规划。因此D选项“城市区域的紧凑发展”正确。A选项“工厂的减少”，B选项“城市的扩张”和C选项“交通堵塞的减轻”都和保护环境无关，所以A，B，C错误。2. 单选题It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic, and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every fact of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.1. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is（ ）.2.The authors biggest concern is（ ）.3.A major problem with most adolescents who can read is（ ）.4.The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is（ ）.5.About the future of the arts of reading the author feels（ ）.问题1选项A.quite encouragingB.fairly brightC.very impressiveD.rather bleak问题2选项A.the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle classB.the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.C.the musical setting American readers require for readingD.elementary school childrens disinterest in reading classics问题3选项A.their fondness of music and TV programsB.their lack of attentiveness and basic understandingC.their ignorance of various forms of art and literatureD.their inability to focus on conflicting input问题4选项A.to make a fair appraisal of its artistic valueB.to analyze its essential featuresC.to think it over conscientiouslyD.to be able to appreciate it and memorize it问题5选项A.upsetB.uncertainC.alarmedD.pessimistic【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者所描绘的美国人的阅读能力是怎样的？根据原文第一段的首句It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy.（我几乎没有必要列举所有令人沮丧的人们的识字状况）。由此可知，D选项“相当凄凉”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者最关心的是？根据原文第二段的首句But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.（但我今天担心的与其说是基本识字这个压倒性的问题，不如说是一个更为奢侈的问题，即美国中产阶层读者阅读技能的衰退，他们不愿意在安静的地方，牺牲难得在家的时间，集中注意力用以读书，而这些与经典阅读行为息息相关），由此可知A选项“中产阶级的阅读能力与阅读行为”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是：大多数识字青少年最主要的一个问题是？根据原文第二段中的It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception.（有人认为，近80%有文化，受过良好教育的美国青少年，没有背景音乐和闪烁的电视屏幕的陪伴就无法阅读）以及this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration（而这种边阅读边在背景干扰下进行理解的新方法使某些基本的理解和集中行为变得不可能），由此可知，B选项“他们缺乏注意力和基本理解力”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者认为，读者对一篇诗歌或散文表现赞赏的最好方式是？根据第二段倒数第二句let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart.（更不用说人们对他们真正喜欢的诗歌或散文给予的最高评价了，那就是把它记在心里），由此可知D选项“能够欣赏它并记住它”符合题意。5.观点态度题。题目问的是：关于阅读艺术的未来，作者的感觉是怎样的？根据原文最后一段的第一句Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one.（在这种情况下，阅读艺术的未来是什么，这确实是一个大问题。）以及最后一句话No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.（在图书界没有人能自信地说他知道未来将会发生什么。）由此可推断，作者认为阅读艺术的未来充满了不确定性，所以选项B正确。3. 单选题Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of（ ）grouping is advisable.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.instantaneousC.spontaneousD.anonymous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项homogeneous“同性质的”；B选项instantaneous“瞬间的”；C选项spontaneous“无意识的”；D选项anonymous“匿名的”。句意：有些教育工作者试图把能力相似的学生分到同一个班级，因为他们认为这种同质的分组是可取的。本句表示把能力相似的学生分到一个班是一种同质性的分组。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasnt always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworths daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But its not as if earlier times didnt know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda to lure us to open our wallets they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget what our economy depends on is forgetting is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. Its a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.1. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that（ ）2.The word “bummer” (Line 4. paragraph 5) most probably means something（ ）.3.In the authors opinion, advertising（ ）.4.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes（ ）5.Which of the following is true of the text?问题1选项A.poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.B.art grow out of both positive and negative feeling.C.artist have changed their focus of interest.D.poets today are less skeptical of happiness.问题2选项A.unpleasantB.religiousC.entertainingD.commercial问题3选项A.emerges in the wake of the anti-happy partB.creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itselfC.replace the church as a major source of informationD.is a cause of disappointment for the general public问题4选项A.happiness more often than not ends in sadness.B.the anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing.C.misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.D.the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.问题5选项A.Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.B.Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.C.People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.D.Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。题目问的是：作者以诗人华兹华斯和波德莱尔为例，意在说明什么？根据关键词“Wordsworth and Baudelaire”定位到第二段最后一句But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworths daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil.（但是在19世纪的某个时候，越来越多的艺术家开始认为幸福是平淡的、虚假的，或者更糟糕的是，令人厌烦的，这点可以从威廉华兹华斯的水仙花到波德莱尔把鲜花描述为邪恶的转变之中看出。）本段前面的内容还提及“最早的艺术形式，如绘画和音乐，是最适合表达快乐的”，前后形成对比构成了转折关系，作者是想表达艺术家们改变了他们的关注点，过去的艺术形式是表达幸福和快乐，现在是虚假的幸福。所以选项C正确。2.词义推断题。题目问的是：下面哪一个词与“bummer”意思相近？根据题干信息定位到第五段最后两句In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a b