2022年考博英语-宁夏大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解13

2022年考博英语-宁夏大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The decline in moral standardswhich has long concerned social analystshas at last captured the attention of average Americans, And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and Individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. “The thought that Im in it for me has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness,” Ms Elshtain says.Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U. S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament（挽歌）for some nonexistent “golden age,” Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful（一厢情愿的）longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. “Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant be bought.”1.Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans（ ）.2.The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by（ ）.3.Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?4.In the 1950s, classroom violence（ ）.5.According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed（ ）.问题1选项A.have adapted to a new set of moral standardsB.are longing for the return of the good old daysC.have realized the importance of material thingsD.are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards问题2选项A.its growing wealthB.the self-centeredness of individualsC.underestimating the impact of social changesD.the prejudice against women and minorities问题3选项A.Great mobilityB.Emphasis on individual effortC.Concern for ones neighborsD.Ever-weakening social bonds问题4选项A.as something unheard ofB.attracted a lot of public attentionC.was by no means a rare occurrenceD.began to appear in analysts data问题5选项A.if people can return to the “golden age”B.when women and men enjoy equal rightsC.when people rid themselves of prejudiceD.if less emphasis is laid on material things【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第一段的第一二句话The decline in moral standardswhich has long concerned social analystshas at last captured the attention of average Americans（道德标准的下降长期以来一直困扰着社会分析人士终于引起了普通美国人的注意。）后文说Jean Bethke Elshtain对于这个很开心，由此可知D选项“意识到他们道德标准的降低”正确。A、B、C在原文都没有提到，因此排除。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段第二句话Materialism and Individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles.（美国社会的物质主义和个人主义是最大的障碍。）从这句可以看出物质主义和个人主义这两点是美国社会最大的障碍，也是引发道德衰落的原因，由此可知B选项“个人的自我中心”正确。而对物质财富的崇尚，和财富本身的增长没有直接联系，因此A选项错误；C选项出现在第三段的第一句the challenge is not to be underestimated（挑战不应被低估），这里的挑战就是指的Materialism和individualism，但是选项把challenge换成了change，因此属于偷换概念，C选项错误；D选项出现在倒数第二段，根据篇章分析对这一段的说明，这种歧视现象是过去那个道德水平较高时代的现象，因此绝不会是它引起了现今道德水平的下降，因此D选项也错误。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到第四段Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says.（她说，这在一定程度上可以归因于传统社区的解体，在传统社区中，邻居们互相照顾。）由此可见，对邻居的关照是传统社区的特点，因此C选项“对邻居的关心”正确。A选项体现在With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.（随着当今社会流动性的增强，以及如此多的夫妻都在工作，这种纽带已经被削弱，取而代之的是对自我的更加强调。）这里提到了高流动性，高流动性实际应该是指人口居住地不断变化，邻居之间相处时间不会很长，也就无法培养良好关系，当然也不会互相关心互相照料。可以说A 是造成B和D的原因之一（另一原因是双职工夫妻二人都去上班，也就很少有机会和邻居交往），而B和D都是现今社会的特点，不是传统社区的特点，因此A、B、D不对。4.事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第五段Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers（数据显示，美国人正艰难应对问题闻所未闻的1950年代，如课堂暴力和高速率的未婚母亲。）开头是“数据表明”，后面是数据所显示的内容。Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s，美国人正在同许多问题做斗争，这些问题在五十年代闻所未闻（unheard of），such as表示例举，说明classroom violence是problems的一个例子，由此可得A选项“是闻所未闻的”正确。C的说法与A正好相反，by no means，绝非；rare，极少，双重否定等于肯定，也就是说班级暴力在五十年代经常发生，是错误的；B的说法与A相互矛盾，既然闻所未闻，也就不可能投入关注；D有一定迷惑性，按照句意，班级暴力肯定存在于分析家的数据中，因为句头就有data show。但要注意，题目的开头有一句In the 1950s，也就是说班级暴力进入分析家的数据是在50年代。班级暴力在那时尚且闻所未闻，当然是不可能进入分析数据的。5.事实细节题。由题干关键词可以直接定位到最后一段，Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society（除非人们找到对抗社会上物质主义的方法，否则道德滑坡是不会逆转的。）因此D选项“如果不太重视物质的东西”正确。A和C都是没有提到的，B选项不是它的条件。2. 单选题It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the（ ） of their cities.问题1选项A.paradisesB.omissionsC.orchardsD.outskirts【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项paradises“天堂，至福境地”；B选项omissions“疏忽，遗漏”；C选项orchards“果园，果树林”；D选项outskirts“郊区，市郊”。句意：这一切都始于1950年，那时人们开始在他们城市的（ ）盖房子。本句表示“在城市的郊区盖房子”，因此D选项符合题意。3. 单选题If you want to（ ）a pleasant visit, find out as much as possible about the manners and customs of your country.问题1选项A.secureB.assureC.insureD.ensure【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项secure“保护，弄到”；B选项assure“保证，担保”；C选insure“给保险”；D选项ensure“确保，使安全”。句意：如果你想（ ）一个愉快的访问，就尽可能多地了解礼仪和贵国的风俗习惯。这里表达的含义是“确保有一个愉快的访问”，因此D选项符合题意。4. 单选题We need someone really（ ）who can organize the office and make it run smoothly.问题1选项A.crucialB.realisticC.essentialD.efficient【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项crucial“重要的，决定性的”；B选项realistic“现实的，现实主义的”；C选项essential“基本的，必要的”；D选项efficient“有效率的，有能力的”。句意：我们需要一个真正（ ）人，他能组织好办公室，使之顺利运作。通过句意可以看出，这个所需要的人应该是“很有效率的”，因此D选项符合题意。5. 单选题Cancellation of the flight（ ）many passengers to spend the night at the airport.问题1选项A.resultedB.obligedC.demandedD.recommended【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项resulted“结果；导致”，B选项obliged“迫使；强制；赐”，C选项demanded“强烈要求；需要”，D选项recommended“推荐，介绍；劝告”，根据题意可知：旅客们由于航班取消不得不在机场过夜，B选项oblige有“被迫；事实逼迫人不得不”的含义，因此B选项符合题意。6. 单选题Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.问题1选项A.secret planB.bold attackC.clever designD.joint effort【答案】A【解析】考查名词词组辨析。A选项“秘密计划”；B选项“大胆的攻击”；C选项“巧妙的设计”；D选项“共同努力”；题干中conspiracy“阴谋，共谋”，句意：他们在条约上的签字被认为是一个反对英国王室的阴谋。因此A选项最符合题意。7. 单选题The door closed behind Tweed as he scanned the handsomely（ ）double room which overlooked Albemarle Street.问题1选项A.furnishedB.finishedC.suppliesD.provided【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语辨析。A选项furnished“有家具的”，B选项finished“完成的；结束的”，C选项supplied“有提供的”，D选项provided“假如；倘若”，然后带入原文的句意得出句子应该是想形容这个房间“装饰的很好”，因此A选项符合题意。句意为：门在特威德身后关上了，他扫视着俯瞰阿尔伯马尔街的那间陈设华丽的双人房。8. 单选题Dont let his criticism（ ） you; he belongs to the kind of people who always take great delight in finding fault with others behavior.问题1选项A.persuadeB.concernC.dismissD.discourage【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项persuade“说服”；B选项concern“影响，牵扯”；C选项dismiss“解散，解雇”；D选项discourage“阻止，使气馁”。句意：不要因为他的批评而（ ）；他是那种喜欢对别人的行为吹毛求疵的人。本句表达的意思“不要因为他的批评而气馁”，因此D选项符合题意。9. 单选题My niece Alice is（ ）in her way of living and always spends more money than is reasonable.问题1选项A.luxuriousB.distinguishedC.extravagantD.sophisticated【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项luxurious“奢侈的，丰富的，放纵的”；B选项distinguished“卓越的，著名的，高贵的”；C选项extravagant“奢侈的，浪费的，过度的”，更加倾向于具体的行为举止；D选项sophisticated“复杂的，精致的，久经世故的”。句意；我的侄女爱丽丝生活（ ），总是乱花钱。而这里描述的是Alice的生活方式很奢侈，因此A选项符合题意。10. 单选题The neighbors do not consider him quite（ ）as most evenings he awakens them with his drunken singing.问题1选项A.respectedB.respectiveC.respectfulD.respectable【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项respected“受尊敬的”；B选项respective“分别的，各自的”；C选项respectful“恭敬的，有礼貌的”；D选项respectable“值得尊敬的，人格高尚的，相当数量的”。句意：邻居们认为他不（ ），因为大多数晚上他都会用醉醺醺的歌声把他们吵醒。这里表达的句意是“他不值得尊敬”，因此D选项符合题意。11. 单选题Im pleased to hear of your job offer-all that hard work at school has obviously（ ）.问题1选项A.paid offB.taken its tollC.made a differenceD.shown up【答案】A【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项paid off“付清，见成效”；B选项taken its toll“造成损失”；C选项made a difference“有影响，有关系，起作用”；D选项shown up“露面，露出”。句意：我很高兴听到你有工作机会很明显，你在学校的努力工作（ ）。而这里表达的意思是“在学校的努力起了作用”，因此A选项符合题意。12. 单选题As the door of China is open, Western ideas and（ ）come in.问题1选项A.moralB.moraleC.moralsD.value【答案】C【解析】考查了名词辨析。A选项moral“道德；寓意”，B选项morale“士气；斗志”，C选项morals“品行；道德；道德观念”，D选项value“值；价值；价格”，根据句子的意思应该是说各种各样的价值观念涌入中国，只有C可以表示“各种思想和价值观”，因此C选项符合题意。句意为：随着中国的大门打开，西方的思想和道德观进来了。13. 单选题During the 19th century further advances were made, notably Bessemers process for（ ）iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable.问题1选项A.alteringB.varyingC.convertingD.transforming【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项altering“变更”；B选项varying“相异，（根据情况）变化”；C选项converting“使改变，皈依”；D选项transforming“转化，发生巨变，发生巨大变化”。句意：在19世纪取得了进一步的进展，特别是将铁_为钢的贝西麦工艺，使这种材料更具有商业可行性。这里表达的意思是“将铁转化为钢”，因此D选项符合题意。14. 翻译题现在西方国家的有志之士都认识到，不同文明之间应学会共存，而不应因文化上的不同而走向冲突以致战争。他们认为，不同民族和国家可以通过文化交往与对话取得某种“共识”，也即有一个从“不同”到某种意义上相互“认同”的过程。这种相互“认同”是在两种不同文化中寻找交汇点，并在此基础上推动双方文化的发展，这正是“和”在不同文化中所起的作用。【答案】Aspirants in Western countries have realized that peaceful coexistence among all civilizations should be upheld, while conflicts or even wars caused by cultural diversities should be avoided. They think different nations and countries can reach an agreement by cultural communication and interaction, which represents a process from “difference” to “agreement”. Reaching an agreement is the process of searching for the common point in different culture and it is the coexistence that promotes the development of different culture.15. 翻译题人们最初是怎样发明文字的现在依然不为人所知。换句话说，语言的起源是个谜。我们所了解的人们与动物不同，他们不知用何种方法发明了一些声音来表达思想和感情、行为和事物，以便能互相交流。后来他们在一些称作字母的符号上达成一致意见，这些字母可以合在一起代表这些声音，而且可以书写。这些声音，无论是以口头还是字母的形式出现，都称作单词。【答案】How did men first learn to invent words? It is still unknown to people; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we suppose is that some early men invented certain sounds, in one way or another, to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to present those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words.16. 单选题The octopus（章鱼）s reputation as a human-killer isnt simply an exaggeration it is a total myth. The octopus can indeed be a deadly hunter, but only of its natural prey. Clams, mussels, crabs, lobsters and an occasional sick or unwary fish have reason to be frightened of this multi-armed predator, but a person is much too large to interest even the biggest octopus. Even a giant among octopuses is much smaller than most people imagine. Far from being large enough to engulf （吞下）a submarine, as monster octopuses in movies have been known to do, the largest octopuses, found on the Pacific coast, weigh around 110 pounds and grow to a diameter of no more than ten feet.The hard, parrot-like beak（嘴）of an octopus is not used for attacking deep-sea divers, but for cutting open crabs and lobsters. Indeed, the octopus possesses such a tiny throat that it cannot swallow large pieces of meat. It feeds instead by pouring digestive juices into its victims, and then sucking up the soupy remains. A clam or scallop（扇贝）that finds itself in the grasp of an octopus has only a short time to live. But human beings are perfectly safe. Still, people rarely care to go close enough to these careful creatures to get a good look at them.1.This passage is mainly about（ ）.2.It is implied but not stated in the passage that（ ）.3.Which of the following statements is true?4.The hard beak of the octopus is used for（ ）.5.From the passage, we can conclude that（ ）.问题1选项A.the horrors of the octopusB.the largest octopus in the worldC.octopus and their behaviorD.the octopuss deadly hunting method问题2选项A.people have groundless fears about the octopusB.the octopus is not interested in human beings because they are too large for itC.the octopus is afraid of human beingsD.the octopus is a very vicious sea animal问题3选项A.The octopus usually uses its eight tentacles to tear its prey into pieces before eating it up.B.The octopus always catches sick and careless fish.C.The octopus never attacks people.D.The octopus can engulf submarines.问题4选项A.attacking deep-sea diversB.cutting up large pieces of meatC.cutting open its preyD.defending itself问题5选项A.the octopus is not dangerous to man, as many people believe it to beB.people often fear creatures that are not dangerous to themC.the octopus only hunts its natural preyD.things described in movies are not to be believed【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。C选项是贯穿全文的，文章介绍了章鱼和它们的习性，也解释了人们对章鱼作为人类杀手的误解。消除人们对章鱼的害怕。从全篇文章的第一段的句子The octopus can indeed be a deadly hunter, but only of its natural prey.（章鱼确实是致命的猎手，但只是针对它的自然猎物。）可知文章介绍了章鱼和它们的习性，因此C选项“章鱼和它们的行为”符合题意。A选项在第一段第一句The octopuss reputation as a human-killer isnt simply an exaggeration it is a total myth.（章鱼作为人类杀手的名声并不仅仅是夸大其词这完全是一个神话。）根据这个我们可以知道，章鱼并不可怕，因此A选项错误；B选项在第一段的第三句but a person is much too large to interest even the biggest octopus（但人太大了，连最大的章鱼都不会感兴趣。）这里只是为了证明章鱼并不会袭击人类，而不是本文的主旨，因此排除；D选项在第一段有提到，但是这也只是一部分内容，并不是全文主旨。2.事实细节题。从最后一段的句子But human beings are perfectly safe. Still, people rarely care to go close enough to these careful creatures to get a good look at them.（尽管如此，人们还是很少愿意冒险接近这些胆小的生物，好好看一看它们。）可以推断出人们对于章鱼有着莫名的恐惧，因此A选项“人们对章鱼的恐惧是没有根据的”符合题意。B选项在第一段but a person is much too large to interest even the biggest octopus（但人太大了，连最大的章鱼都不会感兴趣），这是文章直接说的，并不是隐晦表达出的，因此B选项错误；C选项是全文都没提及的，排除；D选项原文并没有相关表述，只是在第二段讲了章鱼的捕食方式，而它们是否恶毒我们不得而知。3.推理判断题。定位到第一段but a person is much too large to interest even the biggest octopus（但人太大了，连最大的章鱼都不会感兴趣。）通过这一句话我们知道，章鱼并不会袭击人类，因为人类对于它们来说太大了，因此C选项“章鱼从不攻击人”正确。A选项关于章鱼的捕猎方式在第二段The hard, parrot-like beak of an octopus is not used for attacking deep-sea divers, but for cutting open crabs and lobsters. Indeed, the octopus possesses such a tiny throat that it cannot swallow large pieces of meat.（章鱼坚硬的鹦鹉喙不是用来攻击深海潜水员的，而是用来割开螃蟹和龙虾的。事实上，章鱼的喉咙非常小，它不能吞下大块的肉。）可以看出章鱼并没有把猎物撕扯开，因此A错误；B选项在第一段Clams, mussels, crabs, lobsters and an occasional sick or unwary fish（蛤蜊、贻贝、螃蟹、龙虾，还有偶尔生病或不小心的鱼），它们只是偶尔捕食生病或不小心的鱼类，而不是经常，因此B错误；D选项在第一段Far from being large enough to engulf a submarine（远远没有大到足以吞没一艘潜艇。）因此章鱼并不能吞下一艘潜艇，D选项错误。4.事实细节题。根据关键词定位到第二段The hard, parrot-like beak of an octopus is not used for attacking deep-sea divers, but for cutting open crabs and lobsters（章鱼坚硬的鹦鹉喙不是用来攻击深海潜水员的，而是用来割开螃蟹和龙虾的），而螃蟹和龙虾就是它的食物，因此C选项“剖开猎物”正确，而A选项错误；B和D均未提及，排除。5.推理判断题。定位到最后一段最后一句话But human beings are perfectly safe. Still, people rarely care to go close enough to these careful creatures to get a good look at them.（但人类是绝对安全的。尽管如此，人们还是很少愿意冒险接近这些胆小的生物，好好看一看它们。）可知对人来说，章鱼是没有威胁的；第一段说The octopuss reputation as a human-killer isnt simply an exaggeration（章鱼作为人类杀手的名声并不仅仅是夸大其词），也就是人们认为它们很危险，但是实际上不是，因此A选项“章鱼对人类并不像许多人认为的那样危险”正确。B、C和D原文都没有进行描述，因此排除。17. 单选题By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was（ ）disintegration.问题1选项A.on the ground ofB.on the top ofC.in the light ofD.on the verge of【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项on the ground of“以为理由，因为”；B选项on the top of“在的顶部，在之上”；C选项in the light of“根据，按照”；D选项on the verge of“濒临于，接近于”。句意：到春秋末年，奴隶社会处于解体的_。这里表示的是奴隶社会濒临解体的边缘，因此D选项符合题意。18. 单选题Our manager had（ ） on the matter for a long time before he made the final decision.问题1选项A.hushedB.thrashedC.ponderedD.suspended【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项hushed“安静；（使）安静”；B选项thrashed“打，使逆行”；C选项pondered“仔细考虑，衡量”；D选项suspended“延缓，推迟”。句意：我们经理（ ）很长时间才做出最后决定。本句表示“仔细考虑了很久才决定”，因此C选项符合题意。19. 单选题（ ）the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.问题1选项A.Even ifB.As far asC.If onlyD.So long as【答案】A【解析】考查连词短语辨析。A选项even if“即使；虽然”，B选项as far as“至于；直到”，C选项if only“要是就好了”，D选项so long as“只要”；然后看到原句：（ ）计算结果正确，科学家也无法肯定他们已经把所有的变量都包括进去并进行了准确的模拟。可以看出两个句子之间有转折让步的含义，因此A选项符合题意。20. 翻译题Its often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing still or falling behind. Well, there are many undeserving richoverpaid chief executives, for instance. But over any meaningful period, most peoples incomes are increasing. From 1995 to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $43,200. People feel “squeezed” because their rising incomes often dont satisfy their rising wantsfor bigger homes, more healthcare, more education, faster Internet connections.【答案】人们常说只有富人在进步，而其他人保持原样或落后。确实很多富人不配给那么多钱如薪水过高的主管人员。不过任何一段较长的时间后，大部分人的收入会提高。从 1995年到2004年，除去通胀因素，家庭平均收入提高了14.3%，达到了43200美元。人们感觉“财政困难”，因为增长的收入常常不能满足越来越高的需求房子更大、医疗更完善、教育更优质、网络连接更快捷。