2022年考博英语-湖南农业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解43

2022年考博英语-湖南农业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 不定项选择题The brain is organized into different regions, each responsible for different functions, and in humans this organization is very marked. The largest parts of the brain are the cerebral hemispheres, which occupy most of the interior of the skull. They are layered structures, the most complex being the outer layer, known as the cerebral cortex （大脑皮层）, where the nerve cells are extremely densely packed to allow great interconnectivity. Its function is not fully understood, but we can get some indication of its purpose from studies of animals that have had it removed. A dog, for example, can still move in a coordinated manner, will eat and sleep, and even bark if it is disturbed. However, it also becomes blind and loses its sense of smell more significantly, perhaps, it loses all interest in its environment, not responding to people or to its name, nor to other dogs, even of the opposite sex. It also loses all ability to learn. In effect, it loses the characteristics that we generally refer to as indicating intelligence awareness, interest and interaction with an environment, and an ability to adapt and learn. Thus the cerebral cortex seems to be the seat of the higher order functions of the brain, and the core of intelligence. The cerebral cortex has been the subject of investigation by researchers for many years, and is slowly revealing its secrets. It demonstrates a localization of functions, in that different areas of the cortex fulfill different functions, such as motion control, hearing and vision. The visual part of the cortex is especially interesting. In the visual cortex, electrical stimulation of the cells can produce the sensation of light, and detailed analysis has shown that specific layers of neurons are sensitive to particular orientations of input stimuli, so that one layer responds maximally to horizontal lines, while another responds to vertical ones. Although much of this structure is genetically predetermined, the orientation-specific layout of the cells appears to be learnt at an early stage. Animals bought up in an environment of purely horizontal lines do not develop neuron structures that respond to vertical orientations, showing that these structures are developed due to environmental input and not purely from genetic predetermination. This is called self-organization of the visual cortex since there is external teacher to guide the development of these structures.1. The organization of brain is characterized by（ ）.2. According to the passage, a dog can still move in a coordinated manner, will eat and sleep, and even bark when（ ）is (are) removed.3. The word “seat” in line 12 of the first paragraph means（ ）.4. The visual part of the cortex is especially interesting because（ ）.5. Which of the following headings is the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.the interior of the skullB.different regions responsible for different functionsC.the outer layer the cerebral cortexD.the nerve cells densely packed问题2选项A.nerve cellsB.the skullC.the hemispheresD.the cerebral cortex问题3选项A.a chairB.part of the bodyC.place where something is or where something is carried onD.cortex问题4选项A.specific layers of neurons are sensitive to particular orientations of input stimuliB.much of the structure is genetically predeterminedC.horizontal lines are stimulatedD.vertical lines are stimulated问题5选项A.The Cerebral CortexB.The specific Layers of NeuronsC.The Organization of the BrainD.The Cerebral Hemispheres【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:事实细节题。题干：大脑组织的特点是。A选项“头骨的内部”；B选项“不同的区域负责不同的功能”；C选项“the outer layer the cerebral cortex”；D选项“神经细胞密集排列”。第一段第一句话The brain is organized into different regions, each responsible for different functions, and in humans this organization is very marked.（大脑被组织成不同的区域，每个区域负责不同的功能，在人类中这个组织非常明显），因此答案选B。第2题:事实细节题。题干：根据这篇文章，狗被除去（）仍然可以移动，吃饭和睡觉，甚至吠喊。A选项“神经细胞”；B选项“头骨”；C选项“半脑”；D选项“大脑皮层”。根据题干定位到第八九句话In effect, it loses the characteristics that we generally refer to as indicating intelligence awareness, interest and interaction with an environment, and an ability to adapt and learn. Thus the cerebral cortex seems to be the seat of the higher order functions of the brain, and the core of intelligence.（实际上，它失去了我们通常所说的智力的特征意识、兴趣、与环境的互动，以及适应和学习的能力。因此，大脑皮层似乎是大脑高级功能的所在地，也是智力的核心。）从这里可以看出答案选D。第3题:词义推测题。A选项“椅子”；B选项“身体的一部分”，C选项“某物所在的地方或某物被进行的地方”；D选项“皮质”。Thus the cerebral cortex seems to be the seat of the higher order functions of the brain, and the core of intelligence.（因此，大脑皮层似乎是大脑高级功能的所在地，也是智力的核心。）这里seat在文中的不是本意“椅子”，而是引申义“智力所在之地”，所以答案选C。第4题:事实细节题。题干：皮质层的视觉部分尤其有趣因为。A选项“特定的神经元层对特定的输入刺激方向敏感”；B选项“大部分结构是由基因决定的”；C选项“水平线受到刺激”；D选项“垂直线受到刺激”。根据题干定位到倒数第十行The visual part of the cortex is especially interesting. In the visual cortex, electrical stimulation of the cells can produce the sensation of light, and detailed analysis has shown that specific layers of neurons are sensitive to particular orientations of input stimuli, so that one layer responds maximally to horizontal lines, while another responds to vertical ones（大脑皮层的视觉部分尤其有趣。在视觉皮层中，对细胞的电刺激可以产生光的感觉，详细分析表明，特定的神经元层对特定的输入刺激方向敏感，因此，一层对水平线反应最大，而另一层对垂直线反应最大）所以排除C、D选项，答案选A，选项B没有提及。第5题:主旨大意题。A选项“大脑皮层”；B选项“神经元的特殊层”；C选项“大脑的结构”；D选项“大脑半球”。原文最开始引出了大脑皮层这一话题，通过举了狗和视觉皮层中的例子来表明大脑皮层的作用，提出“大脑皮层似乎是大脑高阶功能的所在地，也是智力的核心。大脑皮层多年来一直是研究人员研究的主题”这一概念，因此A选项正确。B，C，D选项都是文章中的片面的内容，文章没有花费大量笔墨描写“神经元的特殊层”；“大脑的结构”；D“大脑半球”，属于以偏概全。2. 单选题By the time he arrives in Beijing,（ ） here for two days.问题1选项A.we had stayedB.we will have stayedC.we would have stayedD.We have stayed【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意：在他到北京来的时候，我们将已经来了两天了。by the time“在时候”，这里引导的是时间状语，应当遵循主将从现的原则。而从句在这里是一般现在时，所以主句要用一般将来时，所以答案选B。3. 单选题Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _ place in our ever-changing world.问题1选项A.takingB.to takeC.takeD.taken【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：很容易会把人们对话的减少怪罪在当代生活的快节奏和发生在我们这个不断变化的世界里的难以言说的变化。句子中连词连接两个介词结构，没有从句引导词，因此我们得用非谓语，排除C选项。这些变化是一直在发生的，所以我们要用现在分词形式，所以答案选A。4. 单选题He was on a _ of judges for a famous literary prize.问题1选项A.groupB.teamC.panelD.lot【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“团体”；B选项“团队”；C选项“专家咨询组”；D选项“组，群”。句意：他Group是有某种联系的团体a minority group“少数群体”；Team指一种因为工作或者某种原因组合在一起与另一个团队竞争而组成的团队比如A football team；panel则是一群有专业知识的人组合起来研讨或者评价某事的小组an advisory panel“顾问组”；lot则单纯指一群，既可指人也可指物，What do you lot want? “你们这帮人想要怎么样？”。从题意的judges看，答案选C选项。5. 单选题The manager realized the importance of qualified staff, and urged all _ to participate in the training program.问题1选项A.concerningB.the concerningC.concernedD.the concerned【答案】C【解析】考查形容词的用法。四个选项都跟concerned有关，句意：经理意识到了合格员工的重要性，并且敦促所有（）参加培训项目。A，B选项没有名词词义，代入句中会造成宾语缺失，所以排除；The+形容词表示一类人，因为concerning没有形容词的词性，所以D选项错误，答案选C。6. 单选题In about one months time, students will soon feel truly and deeply _ of their college.问题1选项A.partsB.a partC.partD.one【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：在大约一个月的时间里，学生们很快就会真正深刻地感受到自己是学校的一部分。当强调某物是一个整体的构成部分时，即强调所属关系时，多用 part of。D选项one of表示“其中之一”，不符合句意。因此答案选C。7. 不定项选择题Nuclear power supplies 5% of the worlds energy from more than 400 plants. But with the exception of France and Japan, the rich world has stopped ordering new reactors. A technology that was once deemed both clean and “too cheap to meter” has proved to the neither. The industrys chief hope now rests on the poor world. Western firms with reactors to sell will be flocking to Tokyo on October 8th for the World Energy Congress, a giant conference for the energy business. Asia, where electricity demand from developing countries is growing at 8% a year, will be on everyones lips. New reactors are planned in China, Taiwan, Indonesia, South Korea, Pakistan and India. It is good news for the reactor vendors; but these countries are making a mistake.The economic arguments for building new nuclear plants are flawed. The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear may be tiny, but as the technology now stands, huge and uncertain costs are involved in building the power stations, dealing with spent fuel, and decommissioning. Many western governments which sang nucleis praises now admit that gas and hydro power can produce cheaper electricity.The economics of nuclear power in the poor world could prove to the worse still. As in the rich world, fossil fuels such as gas and coal are invariably cheaper. In China the case for nuclear power may be a little stronger as domestic reserves of coalthough hugeare located far from some areas of growing electricity demand. But most developing countries are strapped for cash and need to increase electricity supply quickly to meet soaring demand. Nuclear plants fail on both counts: they are hugely capital-intensive, and can take as long as ten years to build.Those still charmed by nuclear power nowadays make three new arguments in its favor: that it is a defense against climate change, against another OPEC-administered oil shock, and against the inevitable exhaustion of fossil fuels. None bears close examination.1. Nuclear power has proved to be _.2. Nuclear reactors _.3. The author seems to suggest that _.4. According to the article, which of the following statements is true?5. Building nuclear plants may involve all of the following EXCEPT _.6. The advantages noted by those for nuclear power _.问题1选项A.indispensableB.expensiveC.economicalD.competitive问题2选项A.have ceased to go into operationB.are assumed to sell in AsiaC.keep the favor of the rich worldD.are rejected by France and Japan问题3选项A.building a nuclear power station will not take too much timeB.western countries refused to buy any nuclear reactorsC.nuclear reactors are in great demand in developing countriesD.nuclear power is costly to the rich world, let alone to the poor world问题4选项A.China will deny itself to the complete use of nuclear power.B.China is supposed to use nuclear power to a degree.C.The arguments in favor of building nuclear power are justifiable.D.Most developing countries are not pressed for either time or money.问题5选项A.labor intensivenessB.huge capital investmentC.long period of timeD.pollution问题6选项A.are utterly groundlessB.are approved unquestionableC.are fully testifiedD.are subject to examination【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A第6题:D【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由题干，我们可以定位到文章第一段第三句A technology that was once deemed both clean and “too cheap to meter” has proved to the neither.（这项曾经被认为清洁又便宜的技术，现在被证明两者都没有），A选项“不可替代的”，文章没有提及，而且不符合逻辑；B选项“昂贵”，以前觉得清洁又便宜，但是这种想法已经被推翻了，所以是既不清洁又很贵，答案选B；C选项“economical”（经济的）和cheap是同义词；D选项 “有竞争力的”，文章没有提及，所以排除。第2题:事实细节题。由题干，我们可以定位到第一段第二句 But with the exception of France and Japan, the rich world has stopped ordering new reactors.（但是除了法国和日本，发达国家已经停止订购新的反应堆。）由此可知反应堆仍然有人在用，而且法国和日本也没有拒绝使用反应堆，A选项“人们停止使用反应堆”和D选项“被日本和法国禁止使用”排除。第一段第四句The industrys chief hope now rests on the poor world.（现在这个行业的主要希望就是不发达国家了），以及第一段倒数第二、三句话Asia, where electricity demand from developing countries is growing at 8% a year, will be on everyones lips. New reactors are planned in China, Taiwan, Indonesia, South Korea, Pakistan and India.（在亚洲，发展中国家的电力需求以每年8%的速度增长，这将成为每个人谈论的话题。中国大陆、中国台湾、印尼、韩国、巴基斯坦和印度都计划建设新的核反应堆。），由此可见反应堆的销售者不会偏向地选择富裕国家，因为他们把希望寄托在了不发达国家。所以C选项“反应堆（销售者）仍然倾向于富裕国家”错误；而在发展中国家中打算建立核电站的都是亚洲国家，所以答案是B选项“都准备销往亚洲”。第3题:推理判断题，定位到第三段最后一句Nuclear plants fail on both counts: they are hugely capital-intensive, and can take as long as ten years to build.（核电站在这两个方面都做不到：建造它需要大量资金，而且可能需要长达十年的时间来建设。），所以A选项“建核电站不耗费时间”错误；第一段第二句But with the exception of France and Japan, the rich world has stopped ordering new reactors.（但是除了法国和日本，发达国家已经停止订购新的反应堆。），所以B选项“西方国家拒绝购买任何反应堆”错误，因为日本和法国是发达国家；第一段倒数第二、三句话Asia, where electricity demand from developing countries is growing at 8% a year, will be on everyones lips. New reactors are planned in China, Taiwan, Indonesia, South Korea, Pakistan and India.（在亚洲，发展中国家的电力需求以每年8%的速度增长，这将成为每个人谈论的话题。中国大陆、中国台湾、印尼、韩国、巴基斯坦和印度都计划建设新的核反应堆），由此可知C选项“发展中国家对核反应堆有大量需求”错误，对核反应堆有大量需求的都是亚洲发展中国家，而不是全部发展中国家；第三段第一句话：The economics of nuclear power in the poor world could prove to the worse still.（核能在不发达国家的经济效益可能会更不好。）这句是D选项“核电在发达国家都不便宜更何况发展中国家”的同义替换，所以答案选D。第4题:推理判断题。第三段第四句In China the case for nuclear power may be a little stronger as domestic reserves of coalthough hugeare located far from some areas of growing electricity demand.（在中国，尽管煤炭储量巨大，但在电力需求不断增长的偏远地区，对使用核电的可能性更大一些），从这里可以看出中国并不会完全反对核能源的运用反而打算去建立核电站来解决偏远地区的用电问题。所以B选项“中国打算在某种程度上使用核能”正确；最后一段Those still charmed by nuclear power nowadays make three new arguments in its favor, None bears close examination.（那些至今仍支持核能的人提出了三个支持核能的新论点，没有一个（论点）经受了最近的检验）从这可以看出支持核的运用的新论点还没有被人验证过的，不能说正确还是不合理，所以排除C选项“支持建立核电站的论点是合理的”。第三段倒数第二句话But most developing countries are strapped for cash and need to increase electricity supply quickly to meet soaring demand.（但大多数发展中国家资金短缺，需要迅速增加电力供应以满足不断飙升的需求），从这句话可知发展中国家缺钱，所以D选项“发展中国家不会被金钱或者时间限制” 错误；A选项“中国将拒绝完全使用核能。”，文章没有提及。第5题:事实细节题。从题干我们定位到第三段最后一句话Nuclear plants fail on both counts: they are hugely capital-intensive, and can take as long as ten years to build.（核电站两者都不占：它们既是资本密集型又得花费长达十年的时间来建设），所以B选项“大量资金投入”，C选项“时间长”是对的，固而排除；定位到文章第一段第三句“A technology that was once deemed both clean and too cheap to meter has proved to the neither.（这项曾经被认为清洁又便宜的技术，现在被证明两者都没有）”以前被人认为又清洁又便宜的核能现在被证明两者都不占，所以建核电站肯定是涉及污染问题的；D选项“污染”也可以排除，A选项“劳动密集”是整篇文章都没提及的，而且根据常识，核电站一般是技术密集型产业，所以答案选A。第6题:事实细节题。句意是，那些被支持核电的人所提到优点。A选项“完全站不住脚”；B选项“被证明是有道理的”；C选项“被完全证明了”；D选项“还需要接受验证”。B，C选项意思相同，固而可以排除。定位到最后一段：Those still charmed by nuclear power nowadays make three new arguments in its favor, None bears close examination.（那些至今仍支持核能的人提出了三个支持核能的新论点，没有一个（论点）经受了最近的检验），这里可知答案选D，因为还没有检验过所以并不知道这些论点站不站得住脚。所以选项A排除。8. 单选题Long hours and unsociable shifts _ take their toll on health, relationships and family life.问题1选项A.mustB.canC.are able toD.should【答案】B【解析】考查情态动词辨析。A选项“必须”；B选项“可以”；C选项“可以，能够”；D选项“应该”。句意：长时间工作和缺乏社交的轮班制度（）对他们的健康、人际关系和家庭生活造成损害。根据句意，句子应该填的是“可能”，所以把A，D选项排除。able表示对能力的描述，例如Are animals able to think?（动物会说话吗？）；can表有对能力描述也可以表推测判断。两者对比后can比较符合题意，所以答案选B。9. 单选题I suggested the idea to the Sales Manager, and he said he would（ ） it.问题1选项A.look out forB.look intoC.look throughD.look over【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“留心，提防”；B选项“调查，观察，考虑”；C选项“浏览，温习”；D选项“检查，原谅”。句意：我向销售经理提出一个建议，他说他将（）。这里提出建议，经理肯定是要经过思考看是否可行的，所以答案选B。10. 单选题No matter how angry he was, he would never（ ）to violence.问题1选项A.resolveB.resignC.exertD.resort【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“决心做，溶解”；B选项“离职，委托”；C选项“运用，施加影响”；D选项“凭借，诉诸”。句意：无论他有多生气，他都绝不会（）武力。这里根据句子，词义应该选诉诸，所以答案选D。11. 单选题The professor required that we（ ）our research reports by Wednesday.问题1选项A.will hand inB.must hand inC.had to hand inD.we should hand in【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：教授要求我们必须在周三之前上交我们的调查报告。这里的require表要求时，后面要接should+动词原形，所以答案选D。12. 不定项选择题We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amount of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.1. Laudenslagers experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity _.2. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to _.3. The reason why the mice in Aders experiment avoided saccharin was that _.4. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Aders was that _.问题1选项A.was alteredB.was strengthenedC.was weakenedD.was not affected问题2选项A.behave passively in controllable situationsB.try to control unpleasant stimuliC.become abnormally suspiciousD.turn off the electricity问题3选项A.it led to stomach painsB.they disliked its tasteC.they associated it with stomachachesD.it affected their immune systems问题4选项A.their immune systems had been altered by the mindB.they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinC.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioningD.the sweetener was poisonous to them experiment.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:事实细节题。题干：劳登斯拉格的实验表明，那些能够切断电源的老鼠的免疫系统。A选项“被改动”；B选项“被加强”；C选项“被削弱”；D选项“不受影响”.根据题干定位到第一段“劳登斯拉格发现，无助的大鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，而那些能够切断电源的大鼠则没有（but not in those that could turn off the electricity）。”由此可知答案选D。第2题:事实细节题。题干：根据文章，那些无助的经历会导致老鼠。A选项“在可控的情况下被动地表现”；B选项“努力控制不愉快的刺激”；C选项“变得异常多疑”；D选项“断电”。根据题干定位到第二段第三段话But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.“但是，如果动物面对它们无法控制的情况，它们以后在面对它们可以控制的情况时就会表现得被动。”所以这里答案选A。第3题:事实细节题。题干：为什么在安德尔的实验里老师会躲避糖精。A选项“因为糖精会导致肚子痛”；B选项“他们不喜欢这个味道”；C选项“他们把糖精和肚子痛联系起来了”；D选项“糖精影响了他们的免疫系统”。根据题干定位到最后一段第二、三句In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned（使形成条件反射）mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener.（1975年心理学家罗伯特阿德在罗切斯特大学医学院通过同时喂食造成胃不舒服的系统使老鼠形成躲避糖精的条件反射。老鼠将糖精与胃痛联系起来，很快就学会了避开这种甜味剂。）由此可知并不是糖精让人不舒服，是科学家有意让老鼠认为吃了糖精就会造成肚子不舒服，所以答案选C。第4题:事实细节题。题干：这段话告诉我们，在阿德实验里，老鼠死亡的最可能的原因是。A选项“他们的免疫系统被思维改变了”；B选项“他们的心理被糖精削弱了”；C选项“他们在之前的条件反射中摄入了太多的甜味剂”；D选项“甜味剂对他们有害”。根据题干定位到第三段第一句One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by c