2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解40

2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 不定项选择题It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that sufficient to survive in our society.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and live it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, blitz every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic, and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time, its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every facet of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.1. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is（ ）.2. The authors biggest concern is（ ）.3. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is（ ）.4. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is（ ）.5. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels（ ）.问题1选项A.rather bleakB.very impressiveC.fairly brightD.quite encouraging问题2选项A.elementary school childrens disinterest in reading classicsB.the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.SC.the musical setting American readers require for readingD.the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class问题3选项A.their fondness of music and TV programsB.their ignorance of various forms of art and literatureC.their lack of attentiveness and basic understandingD.their inability to focus on conflicting input问题4选项A.to be able to appreciate it and memorize itB.to analyze its essential featuresC.to think it over conscientiouslyD.to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value问题5选项A.upsetB.alarmedC.uncertainD.pessimistic【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第二句“27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that sufficient to survive in our society. 2700万美国人根本不能进行阅读，还有3500万美国人的阅读水平足以在我们的社会中生存。”可知A项“相当凄凉的”与原文相符。B项“令人印象深刻”；C项“非常有希望的”；D项“非常令人鼓舞”。因此A选项正确。第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第二段第一句“But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence 但是，今天我自己所担心的，与其说是基本识字这一压倒一切的问题，还不如说是一个稍微奢侈一点的问题：甚至是中产阶级读者的阅读技能在下降，他们不愿给自己留出沉默的空间”可知D项“中产阶级的阅读能力和阅读行为”与原文相符。A项“小学生对阅读经典名著不感兴趣”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“美国社会读写能力出奇的低”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“美国读者需要阅读的音乐背景”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第二段第四句“This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration. 这种对专注、沉默和孤独的侵犯触及了我们对识字概念的核心；这种在背景干扰下的部分阅读、部分感知的新形式，使得某些基本的理解和集中行为变得不可能”可知C项“他们缺乏专注和基本理解”与原文相符。A项“他们喜欢音乐和电视节目”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“他们对各种形式的艺术和文学的忽视”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“他们不能专注于相冲突的信息”，原文并没有相关表达。因此C选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第二段倒数第三行中“let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. 更不用说对一首他或她真正喜欢的诗歌或散文最重要的赞颂了，那就是把它熟记在心。不是靠头脑，而是靠记忆；这种表达方式至关重要。”可知A项“为了能够欣赏它并记住它”与原文相符。B项“分析其本质特征”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“认真考虑它”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“对其艺术价值做出公正的评价”，原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。第5题:观点态度题。由题干定位到文章最后一段最后一句“No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it. 在图书行业中，没有人可以自信地说出我们所知晓的图书的未来将是什么。”可知C项“不确定的”正确。A项“不安的”；B项“担心的”；D项“悲观的”。因此C选项正确。2. 不定项选择题The Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest books, Doing Our Own Thing, The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, Why We Should Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “one paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.1. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English（ ）.2. The word “talking” (paragraph 1) denotes （ ）.3. To which of the following statements is McWhorter most likely to agree?4. The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the authors （ ）.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as（ ）.问题1选项A.is inevitable in radical education reformsB.is but all too natural in language developmentC.has caused the controversy over the counter-cultureD.brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s问题2选项A.modestyB.personalityC.livelinessD.informality问题3选项A.Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C.Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.问题4选项A.interest in their languageB.appreciation of their effortsC.admiration for their memoryD.contempt for their old-fashionedness问题5选项A.“temporary” is to “permanent”B.“radical” is to “conservative”C.“functional” is to “artistic”D.“humble” is to “noble”【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由本文最后一段的最后一句话“A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one”（也许这是一种遗憾，但也许是不可避免的）可知，在语言发展过程中，正式英语的衰落是非常正常的，这段介绍了正式英语的衰落，最后一句话是对这个衰落过程的总结。A选项“在激进的教育改革中是不可避免的”没有原文依据、C选项“引发了反主流文化的争议”、D选项“在20世纪60年代改变了公众的态度”均说法错误，20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利是正式英语衰落的原因。因此B选项正确。第2题:语义推测题。由题干关键词“talking”定位到第一段第四句话“But the cult of the authentic and the personal, doing our own thing, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music”（但是，“做我们自己的事”这种对真实和个人的狂热已经宣告了正式演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐的死亡）再联系本段最后一句话“In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft”（在英语口语和书面语中，说胜于演讲，自发性胜于技巧）可以推测talking对应的是非正式的意思。A选项“谦逊”、B选项“个性”、C选项“活力”均为干扰项，与语义不符。因此D选项正确。第3题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第二段最后一句话“He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper”（他并不像许多人那样，认为我们不能再正确地思考，因为我们说话不恰当）可知McWhorter认为逻辑思维不一定与我们说话的方式有关。B选项“黑人英语可能比标准英语更有表现力”说法错误，文中提到黑人这样的非官方语言具有强大的表现力，但没有与标准英语作比较；C选项“各种非标准的人类语言也同样有趣”；D选项“在所有的变体中，标准英语最能传达复杂的思想”均为干扰项，没有原文依据。因此A选项正确。第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“love of memorizing poetry”定位到最后一段第二句话“Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful”（麦克沃特先生承认正式语言并不是绝对必要的，也没有提出激进的教育改革他实际上是在为那些美好而不是有用的东西的丧失而悲伤）可知是表示了对他们努力的欣赏，所以才会对这些事物的丧失感到悲伤。A选项“对他们语言的兴趣”说法过于表面，且文中没有详细描述；C选项“对他们记忆的钦佩”没有原文依据；D选项“蔑视他们的守旧”说法错误，没有体现出蔑视的感情。因此B选项正确。第5题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“paper plates”和“china”定位到最后一段第二、三句话“Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English one paper plates instead of china.”（麦克沃特先生承认正式语言并不是绝对必要的，也没有提出激进的教育改革他实际上是在为那些美好而不是有用的东西的丧失而悲伤。我们现在用我们的英语是“一个纸盘子，而不是瓷器”）可知纸盘子是功能型的，而瓷器是艺术型的，所以是功能与艺术之间的比较。A选项“暂时的和永久的”；B选项“激进的和保守的”；D选项“谦虚的与高尚的”为干扰项，不符合语义。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题（ ） both sides accept the agreement （ ） a lasting peace be established in this region.问题1选项A.Only if, willB.If only, wouldC.Should, willD.Unless, would【答案】A【解析】语法题only if的用法。当only if位于句首时，其主句的谓语动词要部分倒装，根据四个选项，其谓语动词都提前了，而只有only if在句首，才部分倒装。句意：只有双方都接受这项协议，才能在这个地区建立持久的和平。因此A选项正确。4. 不定项选择题A complex operation called spinal fusion has emerged as the treatment of choice for many kinds of back pain. But a number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the laminectomy（椎板切除术）. Some people would be better off with no surgery at all. Even doctors who favor fusions say that more research is needed on their benefits.In the absence of better data, critics point to a different reason for the fusion operations fast rises: money. Medicare can pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a laminectomy. Hospitals also collect two to four times as much. “We all cave in to market and economic forces,” said Dr. Edward C. Benzel. Though doctors, as a rule, should favor the least complicated treatment with surgery being the last resort Dr. Benzel estimated that fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate.Doctors and hospitals are not the only players with a financial stake in fusion operations. Critics blame the companies that make the hardware for promoting more complex fusions without evidence that they are significantly more effective. Some sort of hardware is used in almost 90 percent of lower-back fusions and the national bill for the hardware alone has soared to $2.5 billion a year.The hardware makers in general acknowledge giving surgeons millions of dollars for consulting and researches, but say the money promotes technical advances that improve back care. But a lawsuit brought by Scott A. Wiese, a former sales representative of Medtronic the biggest maker of spinal hardware, accused the company of trying to persuade surgeons to use its products with offers of first-class plane tickets to Hawaii and nights at the finest hotels. Medtronic said it did nothing wrong, and it denied the accusations in the lawsuit. But the company disclosed earlier this year that the federal government was investigating charges that it paid illegal kickbacks to surgeons. Federal officials declined to comment on the investigation, and Medtronic said it would vigorously defend itself.Still, between the allure of money and the quest for breakthroughs in treatment, some prominent spinal surgeons say that back care has gone astray.1. Which of the following statements on the treatment of back pain is true?2. It is implied that doctors （ ）.3. The hardware makers （ ）.4. The company Medtronic （ ）.5. What does the author mean by “back care has gone astray” in the last paragraph?问题1选项A.Spinal fusion provides a better cure than other treatments.B.Spinal fusion is no good to patients suffering from back pains.C.There is limited evidence as to which treatment is better.D.Doctors have great confidence in the benefits of spinal fusion.问题2选项A.tend to choose the treatment that is considered the best for patientsB.have put financial interests ahead of patients in considerable casesC.are likely to favor more complicated treatment to improve skillsD.wish to change the current system under which they get paid for their work问题3选项A.have obtained enormous profits from the operationB.have invested heavily in the research of new productsC.have helped doctors and hospitals gain more experienceD.have successfully proved the effectiveness of their products问题4选项A.has admitted paying kickbacks to surgeonsB.has denied any financial deals with surgeonsC.has been sued for buying its business competitorD.has been investigated by the government问题5选项A.It has been on the right track.B.It has been away from the right track.C.It has offered a new treatment.D.It has moved back to tradition.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“But a number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the laminectomy. 但一些研究人员表示，几乎没有科学证据表明，对大多数患者来说脊柱融合术比更简单的椎板切除术更好。”可知C项与原文相符。A项“脊柱融合术比其他治疗方法有更好的治疗效果。”，与原文不符；B项“脊柱融合术对背痛患者没有好处。”，与原文不符；C项“只有有限的证据表明哪种治疗方法更好。”；D项“医生对脊柱融合术的好处很有信心。”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“Medicare can pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a laminectomy. 医疗保险可以为外科医生支付比椎板切除术多四倍的脊柱融合术费用。”以及“.fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate. 今天所做的脊柱融合术中可能只有不到一半是合适的。”，可知B项与原文相符。A项“倾向于选择被认为对病人最好的治疗方法”，与原文不符；B项“在相当多的案例中，他们把经济利益置于病人利益之上”；C项“可能会赞成更复杂的治疗来提高技能”，与原文不符；D项“希望改变他们目前的工作报酬制度”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段中“.the national bill for the hardware alone has soared to $2.5 billion a year. 仅在硬件方面，全国每年的支出就飙升至25亿美元。”可知A项与原文相符。A项“已从这个手术中获取了巨大的利润”；B项“已在新产品研究上投入巨资”，与原文不符；C项“已帮助医生和医院获得了更多经验”，与原文不符；D项“已成功地证明了他们产品的有效性”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段中“But the company disclosed earlier this year that the federal government was investigating charges that it paid illegal kickbacks to surgeons. 但该公司今年早些时候披露，联邦政府正在调查其向外科医生支付非法回扣的指控。”可知D项与原文相符。A项“已承认给外科医生回扣”，与原文不符；B项“已否认与外科医生有任何金钱交易”，与原文不符；C项“已因收购其商业竞争对手而被起诉”，与原文不符；D项“已经被政府调查过”，因此D选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“.fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate. 今天所做的脊柱融合术中可能只有不到一半是合适的。”以及astray有“误入歧途的，离开正道的”意思，可知B项与原文相符。A项“它已在正轨上”；B项“它偏离了正轨”；C项“它已提供一个新的治疗方式”；D项“它已回到传统”，因此B选项正确。5. 单选题These continual（ ）in temperature make it impossible to decide what to wear.问题1选项A.alterationsB.vibrationsC.wavesD.fluctuations【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。选项alteration“修改，改变；变更”；vibration“振动；振荡；颤抖”；wave“波浪；挥手示意”；fluctuation“起伏，浮动；动荡；动摇”。句意：温度上的这些持续起伏让人无法决定穿什么衣服。根据句中“make it impossible to decide what to wear让人无法决定穿什么衣服”可知“起伏”符合语境，因此D选项正确。6. 单选题A（ ）of soap and two brightly colored towels were left beside the bath, and then the women smiled politely at Nicole and withdrew carefully from the room.问题1选项A.loafB.barC.stickD.block【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项loaf“条，一条面包”；B选项bar“块；条；酒吧”；C选项stick“棍；手杖；呆头呆脑的人”；D选项block“块；街区；大厦；障碍物”。句意：一块肥皂和两条颜色鲜艳的毛巾放在浴缸旁边，当时这个女人有礼貌地对着尼克尔笑，然后小心翼翼地离开了房间。a bar of为固定搭配，a bar of soap意为“一块肥皂”，因此B选项正确。7. 单选题You are exposed to obtrusive ads that _seemingly from nowhere even when you are disconnected from the Net, and your personal information gathered and sent off without you being aware of it.问题1选项A.size upB.dwindle awayC.conjure upD.pop up【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“size up”意为“打量；估计的大小；判断；（使）符合要求或规格；评估”；B选项“dwindle away”意为“减少；消失”；C选项“conjure up”意为“用魔法召唤；使想起”；D选项“pop up”意为“突然出现”。句意：你接触着冒失的广告，它们似乎可以从任何地方突然冒出，甚至当你不在线时，你的个人信息也被收集和发送，而你没有意识到它。由题干可知，obtrusive ads（冒失的广告）和from nowhere（不知从什么地方）说明这些广告会突然从某个地方冒出来。因此D选项符合题意。8. 单选题In some societies, when people exchange gifts, the giver will say his gift is of less value, while the receiver _its value.问题1选项A.magnifiesB.manipulatesC.abandonD.abbreviate【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“magnifies”意为“放大；赞美；夸大”；B选项“manipulates”意为“操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改”；C选项“abandon”意为“遗弃；离开；放弃；终止；陷入”；D选项“abbreviate”意为“缩写，使省略；使简短”。句意：在某些社会中，当人们交换礼物时，送礼者会说他的礼物价格低廉，而收礼的人会夸大礼物的价值。由题干可知，while表示前后构成了对比关系，前文说送礼者贬低价格，那么收礼者就是夸大价格。因此A选项符合题意。9. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into English on your ANSWER SHEET.你可能有很高的学术才智，但缺乏社会能力，即虚心听取意见、热忱待人、批评与接受批评的能力。社会能力强的人能够承认自己的错误，勇于承担责任并继续努力。他们知道如何取得集体的支持。而人际关系差的人不太善于接受批评。遇到错误，首先想到的是自己，拒绝承认自己有错，喜怒无常或暴跳如雷。【答案】You may have great academic talent, but you lack social skills, which refers to the ability to listen to ideas with an open mind, cordially treat people and accept criticism. People with strong social skills are able to admit their mistakes, accept responsibility bravely, and continue to work hard. They know how to get collective support. And people with poor relationships are less receptive to criticism. When they make mistakes, they always think of themselves first and refuse to admit that they are wrong, being moody or furious.10. 不定项选择题One fact was clearly demonstrated by the early sleep researchers: one part of the night is not just like another. As scientists began to compare the records of volunteers, they observed that human sleep follows a rhythmic schedule; they noted that not only was this schedule much the same in healthy person of the same age with similar habits but, from night to night, each individual had an EEG record almost as consistent as a signature.Sleep and wakefulness, once considered to be the light and dark of consciousness, no longer seem to differ so sharply. To sleep does not mean to drown in an ocean of darkness. Actually, sleep is not a unitary state; it involves many shades or degrees of detachment from the surrounding world. Sleep is made up of separate stages of light and deeper slumber. Typically, only during the first hours of sleep does a person reach the stage of the deepest slumber, the rest of them is spent drifting between the other lighter stages in specific patterns, all night long a person drifts down and