2022-2023年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院模拟考试题（含答案解析）第27期

2022-2023年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 填空题A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it 11 of a book, and, if a parent can produce 12 in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the 13 , one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has had, 14 on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children 15 dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear 16 the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds 17 they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies 18 fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case 19 sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick 20 covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no same child has ever believed that it was.【答案】11.out12.what13.latter14.and15.being16.into17.that18.in19.were20.or【解析】11.考查动词短语。句意：讲故事总是比从书上读故事好得多。read sth. out“读出来”，这里it指的是a story。12.考查宾语从句。句意：如果父母能在当时和孩子个人的实际情况下写出比印刷文本更好的东西，那就更好了。produce后面接宾语从句，宾语从句缺主语，引导词what作宾语从句的主语。13.考查连词。这里承接上文they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses（童话故事通过吓唬孩子或唤起孩子的施虐冲动来伤害孩子），而后文是要证明children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not（读过童话故事的孩子比没有读过的孩子更容易犯下残忍的罪行），所以这里是证明后者，用latter符合题意。14.考查连词用法。前面Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has（每个孩子都有攻击性、破坏性、虐待性的冲动），后面on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action（总的来说，他们象征性的言语发泄被视为一种安全阀，而不是公开行动的刺激），可知前后是并列结构，用and符合题意。15.考查非谓语动词。句意：至于恐惧，我认为，确实有一些孩子被一些童话故事吓坏的案例。根据children被terrified确定用被动语态，被动语态结构为be动词+done，根据介词of确定用动名词形式，所以being符合题意。16.考查动词短语。turn sth. into sth.“将变成”，根据语境，这里指将恐惧的痛苦转化为面对和控制恐惧的快乐。17.考查状语从句。句意：也有人反对童话故事，理由是它们不是客观真实的，巨人、女巫、双头龙、魔毯等等，根本不存在。on the grounds that they are not objectively true是修饰who object to fairy stories的原因状语从句，on the grounds that属于边际从属连词。18.考查介词用法。句意：应该教孩子如何通过学习历史和力学来适应现实，而不是沉溺于童话故事中的幻想。这里指在童话故事中，in fairy tales符合题意。19.考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们的说法合理，那么这个世界上应该有很多疯子。这里的虚拟语气用来表示假设，表示与现在事实相反的情况，从句结构：If+主语+动词一般过去时（Be动词用were），were符合题意。20.考查连词用法。句意：如果他们的说法合理，那么这个世界上应该有很多疯子，他们试图骑着扫帚从纽约飞到费城，或者用亲吻来覆盖电话，以为那是他们被施了魔法的女友。根据语境，在这里or使句子通顺。2. 单选题If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodation, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should _.22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are _.23. It can be inferred from the text that public services _.24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered _.25. The best title for the text may be _.问题1选项A.take advantage of different kinds of audienceB.make fun of the disorganized peopleC.address different problems to different peopleD.show sympathy for your listeners问题2选项A.impolite to new arrivalsB.very conscious of their godlike roleC.entitled to some privilegesD.very busy even during lunch hours问题3选项A.have benefited many peopleB.are the focus of public attentionC.are an inappropriate subject for humorD.have often been the laughing stock问题4选项A.in well-worded languageB.as awkwardly as possibleC.in exaggerated statementD.as casually as possible问题5选项A.Use Humor EffectivelyB.Various Kinds of HumorC.Add Humor to SpeechD.Different Humor Strategies【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】21.推理判断题。根据第一段第一句If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.（如果你想在你的谈话中使用幽默使人们微笑，你必须知道如何识别共同的经历和问题。）和第三句Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.（根据你的谈话对象，问题会有所不同。），可知幽默最重要的是讨论的问题，并且针对不同的人要用不同的问题，故C选项“向不同的人提出不同的问题”正确。A选项“利用不同类型的观众”和D选项“对听众表示同情”：根据第一段第二、三句，幽默必须与听众相关，是因为有助于同情听众从而亲近听众，策略在于谈论的问题。B选项“取笑那些没有条理的人”：文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。22.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句the audience all shared the same view of doctors（所有的听众都对医生有相同的看法）和最后一句“Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”（“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时他认为自己是一名医生。”）可知，在护士眼中，医生把自己当成神一样，可以不讲道理，故B选项“非常清楚他们神一样的角色”正确。A选项“对新人无礼”，C选项“有权享有某些特权”和D选项“即使在午餐时间也很忙”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。23.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food（你就适合对餐厅难以下咽的食物开玩笑），可知对公共服务开玩笑往往幽默效果很不错，故D选项“经常拿来开玩笑”正确，C选项“不合适做幽默主题”错误。A选项“使许多人受益”和B选项“是公众关注的焦点”：文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。24.语义推测题。根据第四段If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more naturalin a relaxed and unforced mannermaking a light-hearted remark（如果你在幽默时感到尴尬，必须练习到更自然用一种轻松和自然的方式轻松愉快地说话），可知幽默需要传达出自然和随意，故D选项“尽可能随意”正确，B选项“尽可能尴尬”错误。A选项“良好措辞”：措辞方面没有提到，故错误。C选项“陈述夸张”：是方法，不是必要条件，故错误。因此D选项正确。25.主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile（如果你想在谈话间用幽默让人发笑），后文通过原则和各种方法在讲如何恰当地使人发笑，故A选项“有效运用幽默”正确。B选项“各式的幽默”，C选项“为演讲增添幽默”，D选项“不同的幽默策略”是其中的一个方面或者细节，不足以概括全文。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.问题1选项A.so thatB.but thatC.in thatD.provided that【答案】C【解析】考查状语从句。句意：氢是宇宙的基本元素，因为它提供了其他元素产生的基石。A选项so that“因此”引导目的状语从句，B选项but that“要不是”和D选项provided that“条件是”引导条件状语从句，均不符合题意。C选项in that“由于”引导原因状语从句，符合主从句的因果关系。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题Although the insistence on balancing spending against tax revenues has contributed to the economys stagnation, unfortunately, the government does not seem likely to _ this rigid policy.问题1选项A.persist inB.initiateC.repudiateD.continue【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项persist in“坚持，固执于”；B选项initiate“创始；发起”；C选项repudiate“拒绝；（正式）否认；断绝关系”；D选项continue“继续；连续”。句意：尽管坚持收支平衡导致经济停滞，不幸的是，政府似乎不太可能_这个僵化的政策。根据语境，这里指坚持收支平衡这个僵化的政策让经济停滞，但政府大有可能继续坚持这个政策，所以repudiate“（正式）否认”符合题意。因此C选项正确。5. 单选题The wealth of a country should be measured _ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.问题1选项A.in line withB.in terms ofC.in regard toD.in case of【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项in line with“符合；与一致”；B选项in terms of“依据”；C选项in regard to“关于”；D选项in case of“万一；假使”。句意：一个国家的财富应该_其人民的健康和幸福以及它所能生产的物质产品来衡量。根据语境，这里指国家的财富应该用人民和物质来衡量，所以B选项in terms of“依据”符合题意。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题_ sleep is crucial to the health of adults, new research suggests that lack of sleep may affect teens health, too.问题1选项A.Just asB.As long asC.Despite thatD.No matter how【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配辨析。A选项Just as“正像”；B选项As long as“只要”；C选项Despite that“尽管”；D选项No matter how“不管怎样”。句意：_睡眠对成年人的健康至关重要，新的研究表明，睡眠不足也可能影响青少年的健康。根据too可知睡眠不足会同时影响青少年和成年人，所以Just as“正像”让句子通顺，符合题意。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题He displayed a complete lack of courtesy and tact in dealing with his employer.问题1选项A.tenacityB.curiosityC.civilityD.hostility【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项tenacity“固执”；B选项curiosity“好奇”；C选项civility“礼貌”；D选项hostility“敌意”。句意：他与老板打交道时，他的言行完全缺乏礼貌，一点都不机智圆滑。C选项civility“礼貌”符合与老板交流的场景，和courtesy“礼貌”同义，符合题意。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题London today is the political and financial capital of Great Britain. It began, however, as a Roman stronghold, and following the Romans departure, the Anglo-Saxons and then the Normans controlled it. London grew considerably during the medieval period and, by the sixteenth century, was primed to be the center of unprecedented growth. Most of this can be attributed to the citys economic development. Located on the Thames River with easy access to the North Sea, London became a center of shipping and commerce. Large corporations were based there, which brought further wealth. Finally, when the Industrial Revolution began, London was transformed even more and had become the financial center of the world by the nineteenth century.The Romans conquered Britain in 43 A.D. and founded Londoncalled Londinium by themas a garrison town, and it became a center of seaborne trade soon afterward. Londons location was ideal: It was centrally situated on the Thames River far from the coast but not so far inland that ships could not navigate upriver to it. As such, it became a center of trade in Roman Britain and may have had as many as 60,000 people at its height. But the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century resulted in the Roman abandonment of Britain, so, for some time, London was virtually empty. Anglo-Saxon incursions led to the reoccupation of the area, but Viking invasions and decades of instability meant that the region saw little economic growth. When the Normans invaded from France in 1066, they chose London to their center of government, which began the citys revival.During the mid and late Middle Ages, London expanded as both a town and economic center when the European world became more connected due to the increased shipbuilding and maritime trade. London was poised to take advantage of this thanks to its geographical location and political power. The city continued to grow in size and wealth throughout the medieval period as well as during the Renaissance. When Britain began to gain colonies in the Americas and elsewhere in the sixteenth century, fabulous amounts of money started finding their way to London.At that time, mercantilism is the reigning economic philosophy in Britain. It called for the protecting of British trade between the home island and its colonies. The government accordingly enacted laws that imposed taxes on imports and protected British trade. The main objectives were to attain a trade surplus and to amass gold and silver. One result of this mercantilist philosophy was that extraordinary wealth poured into London. At the center of all British economic activity, London grew rapidly and expanded in size and population during this time.At the same time, the founding of several great companies and institutions paved the way for London to become the center of world trade and finance. The British East India Company, for instance, was granted a monopoly on trade in India. It was based in London, so many treasures from India made their way there. The company had to raise money for its initial ventures, so it sold shares of stock that gave investors pieces of the wealth it was amassing. This helped establish the London Stock Exchange, which had its humble beginnings in Londons coffee shops, where merchants gathered to trade stocks and to learn financial news from around the world. Other important institutions, such as the Bank of England and the insurance firm Lloyds of London, were started then as well.During the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution caused the British economic philosophy to change from mercantilism to capitalism. Trade with overseas colonies became less important when investors in factories started becoming rich. Britain initiated a policy of free trade, sought to establish a worldwide market, and traded products from its manufacturing industry with anyone who would purchase them. London was at the center of this economic action. The development of fast steamships, the telegraph, and the telephone in the nineteenth century connected London with the entire world, so it became the worlds financial center. Its banks were used to transfer funds worldwide, its financial institutions provided capital for investors, and its docks and warehouses were filled with raw materials and goods from around the world. Unfortunately, the onset of World War I in 1914 brought this entire system to a halt.21. The word primed in the passage is closest in meaning to _.22. According to the paragraph 2, the Romans left London because _.23. In paragraph 3, the author uses shipbuilding and maritime trade as example of _.24. The authors description of mercantilism in paragraph 4 mentions which of the following?25. In paragraph 5, the authors description of the British East India Company mentions which of the following?问题1选项A.positionedB.inspiredC.appointedD.expected问题2选项A.the Anglo-Saxons invaded and defeated the Romans in battleB.the entire Roman Empire fell, so the Romans there departedC.there were few economic benefits to gain by living thereD.the Romans had no need for a seaport so far north of Rome问题3选项A.two aspects of the medieval economy in which London was a European leaderB.the reasons that Britain started to acquire the colonies in the AmericaC.the primary factors why Britain became wealthy during the RenaissanceD.reasons that London started to become more prominent in the Middle Ages问题4选项A.It focused on selling goods to others rather than purchasing them.B.It was an economic philosophy that had its origins in Great Britain.C.It enabled London to grow rich at the expense of other British cities.D.It contributed to the British colonies being less wealthy than the home island.问题5选项A.It played a major role in the founding of a stock exchange in London.B.The company was highly effective at keeping India under British control.C.Its stock was more valuable than that of any other British corporation.D.Several members of the British government were shareholders in it.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】21.语义推测题。Prime的意思是“使准备好，使进入状态”，根据第一段第三句London grew considerably during the medieval period and, by the sixteenth century, was primed to be the center of unprecedented growth.（伦敦在中世纪时期大幅增长，到了16世纪，预计将成为增长速度史无前例的经济中心。），因为伦敦在中世纪时期大幅增长，所以有了后面成为增长速度史无前例的经济中心的结果，这里有一个推断关系，所以D选项“预期”符合题意。A选项“放置”，B选项“鼓舞”和C选项“委任”不符合题意，故错误。因此D选项正确。22.事实细节题。根据第二段第四句But the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century resulted in the Roman abandonment of Britain, so, for some time, London was virtually empty.（但五世纪罗马帝国的衰落导致罗马人放弃了不列颠，所以有一段时间，伦敦实际上是空的。），罗马帝国的衰落让罗马人离开伦敦，所以B选项“整个罗马帝国灭亡了，所以那里的罗马人离开了”正确，A选项“盎格鲁撒克逊人入侵并打败了罗马人”，C选项“住在那里几乎没有什么经济利益”和D选项“罗马人不需要在罗马北部这样偏远的地方建海港”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。23.推理判断题。根据第三段During the mid and late Middle Ages, London expanded as both a town and economic center when the European world became more connected due to the increased shipbuilding and maritime trade.（中世纪中后期，伦敦作为一个城镇和经济中心扩张，由于造船和海上贸易的增加，欧洲世界变得更加联系紧密。），可知英国在中世纪变成经济中心是因为造船和海上贸易，所以D选项“伦敦在中世纪开始变得更加突出的原因”正确。A选项“在中世纪，伦敦在这两个方面的经济是欧洲的领导者”不是表达的重点，而且文章的意思是英国经济在总体上在欧洲领先，故错误。B选项“英国开始在美洲获得殖民地的原因”和C选项“英国在文艺复兴时期变得富有的主要因素”这里没有提到，故错误。因此D选项正确。24.事实细节题。A选项“注重于向别人销售商品而不是购买商品”：根据第四段第四句The main objectives were to attain a trade surplus and to amass gold and silver.（其主要目标是实现贸易顺差和积累黄金和白银。），可知是注重出口，也就是注重销售，所以正确。B选项“这是起源于英国的经济哲学”：mercantilism is the reigning economic（重商主义是英国占统治地位的经济哲学），这里并没有表示这起源于英国，故错误。C选项“让伦敦以牺牲其他英国城市为代价而致富”：根据第四段第三句The government accordingly enacted laws that imposed taxes on imports and protected British trade.（政府因此颁布了对进口商品征税的法律，保护英国的贸易。），可知英国同时保护本土与殖民地的贸易，故错误。D选项“让英国殖民地不如本国岛富裕”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。25.事实细节题。根据第五段第四、五句The companysold shares of stock that gave investors pieces of the wealth it was amassing. This helped establish the London Stock Exchange（该公司出售股票，让投资者分得它正在积累的部分财富。这帮助建立了伦敦证券交易所），可知东印度公司出售股票的举动推动建立伦敦证券交易所，所以A选项“在伦敦证券交易所的建立中发挥了重要作用”正确。B选项“非常有效地将印度置于英国的控制之下”，C选项“其股票比任何其他英国公司的股票更有价值”和D选项“英国政府的几个成员是它的股东”文章没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题Packed like sardines into sweaty, claustrophobic subway carriages, passengers can barely breathe, _ move about freely.问题1选项A.as well asB.disregard forC.let aloneD.not mentioning【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项as well as“也；不但而且”；B选项disregard for“漠视”；C选项let alone“更不用说；不打扰”；D选项not mentioning“没有提到”。句意：乘客像沙丁鱼一样挤在汗流浃背、幽闭恐怖的地铁车厢里，几乎无法呼吸，_自由走动。根据语境，这里是指车厢里面很挤，呼吸都困难，自由走动就更困难了，所以let alone“更不用说”符合题意。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题Beef cattle _ of all livestock for economic growth in the certain geographic regions.问题1选项A.the most are importantB.are the most importantC.is the most importantD.that are most important【答案】B【解析】考查句子成分。句意：在某些地区，肉牛是经济增长最重要的牲畜。根据题目和选项确定句子结构为主语+系动词+表语结构，所以用be动词；根据cattle是集合名词确定用复数形式；根据形容词最高级结构为the most+adj.确定用the most important，所以B选项are the most important符合题意。因此B选项正确。11. 单选题On Jan.17, 1995, Kobe was hit by a 6.9-magnitude quake. The Great Hanshin Earthquake killed 6,400 people. Damage was estimated at more than $100 billion, similar to current estimates of the toll of last weeks 9.0-magnitude temblor in the Tohoku region of northe