2022-2023年考博英语-北京科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第3期

2022-2023年考博英语-北京科技大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Oil companies in the U.S. are already beginning to feel the pressure as a result of which refinery workers and petroleum-equipment-manufacturing employees are being（ ）.问题1选项A.laid outB.laid offC.laid downD.laid aside【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A项lay out“展示，安排”，B项lay off“解雇，休息”，C项lay down“放下，制定”，D项lay aside“搁置，储蓄”。根据句子关键词workers（工人）和employees（雇员）可猜测，空格部分表示“解雇”，因此四个选项中只有B项符合。句意：美国的石油公司已经开始感受到压力，因为炼油工人和石油设备制造员工正在被裁员。因此，该题选择B项正确。2. 单选题Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old ailments, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable (难治疗的) conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand the scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs” that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of his research funding.This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as venal (可以收买的). This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”. The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer. If he declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.1. What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?2. Scientists have to adapt their research to “economic needs” in order to（ ）.3. Why wont scientists complain about the governments policy concerning scientific research?4. According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because（ ）.5. Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?问题1选项A.Support from the votes.tB.The reduction of public expenditure.tC.Quick economics returns.tD.The budget for a research project.t问题2选项A.impress the public with their achievementstB.pursue knowledge for knowledges saketC.obtain funding from the governmenttD.translate knowledge into wealtht问题3选项A.They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.tB.They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.tC.They know it takes patience to win support from the public.tD.They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.t问题4选项A.their pronouncements often turn out to be wrongtB.sometimes they hide the source of their research fundingtC.some of them do not give priority to intellectual honestytD.they could be influenced by their association with the project concernedt问题5选项A.It makes things difficult for scientists seeking research funds.tB.People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.tC.It may dampen the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.tD.Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。题干意思是“当涉及到科学研究时，大多数政府最关心的是什么？”。文章第一段提到Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future.（大多数政府，也许是所有政府，都根据科研单位过去和将来带来的经济效益来证明在科学研究上的公共支出是合理的），由此可知，当涉及到科学研究时，大多数政府最关心的还是科学研究上的公共支出，即科研经费；故B项“减少公共开支”符合题意。A项“选票的支持”，文章第一段提到了Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old ailments, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable (难治疗的) conditions may now be treated and lives saved.（政客们提醒他们的选民，“我们的科学家”已经发明了辉煌的机器，缓解旧病的新药，以及新的手术设备和技术，这些技术可以治疗以前难以治愈的疾病，挽救生命），可知，虽然政客们在选民中强调科研带来的好处，但无法从文章推断选民的支持是政府最关心的；C项“经济回报快”，这只是政府用于证明科研经费的公共支出的合理性；D项“研究项目的预算”文章没有提及。因此，该题选择B项正确。第2题:细节推理题。题干意思是“科学家必须使他们的研究适应经济需求以便”。第一段第四句the politicians demand the scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs” that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply.（政客们要求科学家们根据“经济需求”调整研究，对“接近市场”并能在最短时间内转化为最大投资回报的研究方案给予更高的优先级；科学家的大部分资金都依赖于政客，他们别无选择，只能服从），由此可推，在政客们的要求下，科学家们必须根据经济需求转化为最大投资回报的研究方案，目的是为了从政客那里获取资金，故C项“从政府获得资金”符合题意。A项“用他们的成就给公众留下深刻印象”文章未提及；B项“为了知识而追求知识”和D项“将知识转化为财富”与原文不符。因此，该题选择C项正确。第3题:细节推理题。题干意思是“为什么科学家们不抱怨政府关于科学研究的政策？”。第一段最后一句提到Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.（许多人有不同的意见，但他们认为，在一种不利于追求理解本身和探究创新精神的氛围中，他们把这些意见保留了下来），由此可知，科学家们选择保留意见的原因是考虑到了所处环境的现实情况，故A项“他们认为自己的工作环境不利于自由追求知识”符合题意。B项“他们习惯于保留自己的意见”，表述不准确；C项“他们知道赢得公众的支持需要耐心”和D项“他们认为遵守政府政策符合公众的利益”文章未提及。因此，该题选择A项正确。第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“作者认为，人们之所以怀疑科学家的专业判断是因为”。根据第三段最后的例子The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer. If he declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.（最有可能理解核反应堆安全性的科学家是核工程师：如果他宣称一个反应堆不安全，我们就相信他，因为撒谎显然对他不利；如果他告诉我们它是安全的，另一方面，我们不信任他，因为他很可能是在保护付给他工资的雇主），由此可以推理，公众怀疑科学家的专业判断是认为他们和某些咨询公司或者项目有利益关系，故D项“他们可能会受到与有关项目的联系的影响”符合题意。A项“他们的声明往往被证明是错误的”，表述太绝对；B项“有时他们隐藏研究资金的来源”，第二段提到Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of his research funding.（即使教授没有在任何公司担任顾问，一些人仍然可能因为他与那些咨询公司的关系而不信任他，或者至少怀疑他的研究资金的来源），可知B项表述不正确；C项“他们中的一些人没有优先考虑知识的诚实”，第三段指出It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as venal.（这种态度质疑了个人在一个将学术诚实视为最高美德的职业中工作的正直性，并落入了那些想要用腐败来诋毁科学家的人的手中），由此可知C项表述也不正确。因此，该题选择D项正确。第5题:推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者说公众对科学家的不信任会有破坏性的影响？”。题干所述问题在文章的第三段有体现，It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as venal.（这种态度质疑了个人在一个将学术诚实视为最高美德的职业中工作的正直性，并落入了那些想要用腐败来诋毁科学家的人的手中），并通过核工程师的举例，来表达公众对科学家的不信任的影响，那就是即使科学家说的是真话，公众也不会相信，故B项“人们不会相信科学家，即使他们说真话”符合题意。A项“这给寻求研究资金的科学家带来了困难”、C项“它可能会抑制科学家独立研究的热情”和D项“科学家自己可能怀疑他们的研究发现的价值”在第三段都未描述到。因此，该题选择B项正确。3. 问答题In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity(紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s.In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.President Hoovers successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing, flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nations soil was the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.1. What impact did the declining demand for American farm products have on American farm products?2. According to the passage, what worsened American farmers financial situation in 1930s?3. Why was the Federal Farm Board established in 1929?4. What was planned in the Agricultural Adjustment Act to raise farm prices?5. Why was the Agricultural Adjustment Act declared unconstitutional?【答案】答：1.The result was a sharp drop in farm prices.2.Great Depression.3.To provide greater economic stability for farmers.4.Encouraged farmers reduce the scale of the production.5.The law benefited farmers at the expense of others.【解析】1.细节事实题。题干意思是“对美国农产品需求的下降对美国农产品产生了什么影响？”。文章第一段提到In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity(紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices.（随着欧洲国家开始从第一次世界大战中恢复过来，并开始实施紧缩计划以减少进口，20世纪20年代对美国农产品的需求下降了；结果是农产品价格急剧下降），因此答案为The result was a sharp drop in farm prices（结果是农产品价格急剧下降）。2.细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，是什么恶化了20世纪30年代美国农民的财政状况？”。第一段最后一句提到These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s.（从1929年开始并延续到1939年的大萧条使这些发展更加恶化），由此可知答案为Great Depression（经济大萧条）。3.细节事实题。题干意思是“为什么联邦农业委员会成立于1929年？”。第二段最后一句提到it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.（代表了为农民提供更大经济稳定性的第一个国家性的承诺），由此可知答案为To provide greater economic stability for farmers（为农民提供更大的经济稳定性）。4.推理判断题。题干意思是“农业调整法案中有什么提高农产品价格的计划？”。第三段第三句和第四句提到This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices.（这项法律赋予农业部长权力，通过与农民签订自愿协议减少产量，这些农民得到报酬，不再使用他们的土地；故意的农产品短缺是为了提高价格而计划的），由此可知，通过与农民签订自愿协议，给予农民补贴减少土地使用权，降低农产品产量可以提高农产品价格；即缩小生产规模。因此答案为Encouraged farmers reduce the scale of the production（鼓励农民缩小生产规模）。5.细节推理题。题干意思是“为什么农业调整法案被宣布为违宪？”。第三段第五句提到This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people.（最高法院宣布这项法律是违反宪法的，因为全民的税收都被用来为一个特殊群体服务），由此可知，农业调整法案被宣布为违宪是因为它以损害别人的利益来使农民受益；故答案为The law benefited farmers at the expense of others（这项法律以损害他人利益为代价使农民受益）。4. 单选题The importance of protecting rainforests from human invasion is increasingly realized by developing and developed countries（ ）.问题1选项A.bothB.eitherC.alikeD.apart【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A项both“两者都”，B项either“也，而且，两者之中的一个”；C项alike“相似地，同样地”，D项apart“相距，分离者”。空格前面是由and连接的两个并列成分，那么空格处需要填入一个副词与之呼应；A项用于bothand（两个都），所以排除；B项用于两者中的其中一个，B项排除；句意：保护热带雨林的重要性日益为发展中国家和发达国家所重视。根据句意可知D项不符句意，因此C项正确。5. 单选题The sale of alcoholic beverages is（ ）to those above 21 in some regions.问题1选项A.confinedB.InhibitedC.obligedD.restricted【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项confine“限制”，B项inhibit“禁止”，C项oblige“要求，约束”，oblige to表示“不得不”；D项restrict“限制”，restrict to表示“限制在”。句意：在某些地区，酒精饮料只能出售给21岁以上的人。因此D项正确。6. 单选题Strangely enough, an old man（ ）me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my fathers.问题1选项A.stood up toB.walked up toC.lived up toD.added up to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A项stand up to“经得起，抵抗”，B项walk up to“走近，走向”，C项live up to“不辜负，做到”，D项add up to“合计达，总共达”；根据空格前后关键词an old man（老人）和introduce himself（介绍他自己）可推断，空格部分表示“向我走进”。句意：奇怪的是，一个老人走到我面前并做了自我介绍，原来是我父亲的朋友。因此，该题选择B项正确。7. 单选题This old man had trouble expressing the attachment he felt when arriving at his native town.问题1选项A.hospitalityB.affectionC.appealD.frustration【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。attachment表示“附件，依恋”；A项hospitality“好客，殷勤”，B项affection“喜爱，感情”，C项appeal“呼吁，恳求”，D项frustration“挫折”。句意：这位老人难以表达他到达家乡时的依恋之情。根据句意可知B项正确。8. 单选题（ ）this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.问题1选项A.Tied up withB.Fed up withC.Wrapped up inD.Piled up with【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A项tied up with“和有密切关系”，B项fed up with“受够了；极厌恶”，C项wrapped up in“醉心于的；全心照料的”，D项piled up with“堆满”。根据关键词dull life（沉闷的生活）可知，空格处填入“厌倦”最合适。句意：厌倦了这种枯燥的生活，全职妈妈决定找一份兼职工作。因此，该题B项正确。9. 单选题Wheat yield in Europe is highly sensitive to natural variability in temperature and rainfall. In these simulations, climate change alone by 2050 results in significant increases in yield under both scenarios only in three northern European countries. But adding estimated effects of higher CO2 concentrations on plant growth increases that yields considerably, with yield increases now being significant in all of the ten countries included in the study. Whether such increases due to higher CO2 concentration would actually be realized is uncertain, because of problems in extrapolating from idealized laboratory and modeling results to field conditions.The clear message of this work is that greater efforts are needed to take account of the “noise” of natural climate variability when considering the “signal” of climate change. In particular, care must be taken in interpreting the results of impact assessments, especially those which use climate simulations over short periods only.Much more remains to be done. For example, the use of simulated monthly climate data by Hulme et al, even when interpolated to daily data by statistical methods, leaves open the possibility of systematic changes in day-to-day variability and extremes due to climate change. These could well dominate the effects of climate change on both river flow and wheat yield. Taking them into account will require the analysis of daily output from the climate models, especially at fine spatial resolution.More importantly, in understanding the message from Hulme et al, we need to distinguish between confidence levels used for the detectability of simulated or real impacts due to climate change, and those needed to decide if the information about possible future impacts is useful for decision-makers. Detectability, used as evidence of climate change, arguably requires a high level of confidence, say, at the 95% or 99% level. On the other hand, if we take it as a given that climate change is occurring, and we are seeking useful advice as to what the consequences might be, a lower level of confidence may suffice.Studies of the length of a data set is necessary to detect a real change in the mean against a background of variability, for example for detection of trends in total ozone or river flow, indicate that even if the change is real, it may need to have happened for decades before it can be shown statistically to have occurred. In cases such as estimation of flood frequency and of the occurrence of moisture stress in crops, what is needed to identify future “dangerous” levels of climate change, or to plan adaptation measures, is an estimate of changes in the probability of such effects before they happen.1. According to the study, high wheat yields in Europe most significantly need（ ）.2. A high level of confidence is needed when we（ ）.3. To identify the possible future impacts of climate change, scientists（ ）.4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.higher temperaturetB.heavy rainfalltC.higher CO2 concentrationstD.natural climate changet问题2选项A.take it as a given that climate change is occurringtB.use “detectability” as an evidence of climate changetC.decide if the information is useful for decision-makerstD.estimate the scope of wheat yields increasest问题3选项A.only need an idealized laboratorytB.may spend years to obtain and analyze valid statistical evidencetC.plan adaptation measures after the change occurstD.set new climate modelst问题4选项A.Ways of improving Wheat Yields in EuropetB.Climate Change and Wheat YieldstC.Statistical Evidence of Climate ChangetD.Simulated Experiments on River Flowt问题5选项A.It is important to detect trends in total ozone or river flow.tB.It takes decades to detect climate change statistically.tC.What is more important is to plan adaptation measures against bad effects of climate change.tD.Wheat yield is closely related to climate.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题干意思是“根据这项研究，在欧洲高小麦产量最需要的是”。文章第一段前三句提到Wheat yield in Europe is highly sensitive to natural variability in temperature and rainfall. In these simulations, climate change alone by 2050 results in significant increases in yield under both scenarios only in three northern European countries. But adding estimated effects of higher CO2 concentrations on plant growth increases that yields considerably, with yield increases now being significant in all of the ten countries included in the study.（欧洲的小麦产量对温度和降雨的自然变化高度敏感；在这些模拟中，在两种情景下，仅有气候变化，到2050年就会只有三个北欧国家的产量显著增加；但是，增加更高的二氧化碳浓度对植物生长的估计影响，会显著增加产量，研究中包括的所有10个国家的产量现在都显著增加），温度、降雨量和二氧化碳都包括在自然气候变化里，它们都能提高小麦产量，但是添加更多的二氧化碳浓度能使所有10个国家的产量显著增加，所以A项“更高温度”、B项“大降雨量”和D项“自然气候变化”都不选，C项“更高的二氧化碳浓度”符合题意。故该题选择C项正确。第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“当我们需要有很高的可信度”。第四段第二句提到Detectability, used as evidence of climate change, arguably requires a high level of confidence, say, at the 95% or 99% level.（可探测性，作为气候变化的证据，可以说需要很高的可信度，比如95%或99%的水平），由此可知B项“使用可探测性作为气候变化的证据”正确。第四段最后一句指出On the