2022-2023年考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第37期

2022-2023年考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题In todays competitive job market, people, especially young men are required to be aggressive and industrious.问题1选项A.invasiveB.belligerentC.progressiveD.enterprising【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项invasive “侵入的”；B选项belligerent“好战的”；C选项progressive“进步的”；D选项enterprising“有进取心的”。句意：在当今竞争激烈的就业市场上，人们，尤其是年轻人需要有进取心和勤奋。划线部分aggressive是有进取心的意思。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won（ ）and a scholarship.问题1选项A.faithB.statusC.fameD.courage【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项faith“信念”；B选项status“地位”；C选项fame“名声”；D选项courage“勇气”。句意：他写了一篇批评希腊诗人的文章，从而赢得了名声和奖学金。本句表示获得了名气，因此C选项正确。3. 单选题Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a mens house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husbands portion to the mens house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couples eating together for the first time. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.Other cultural rules have to do with taboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a clan, a type of kin (family) group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their totemic ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be descended from that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva, of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual or from a low-ranking caste.1. According to the passage, the English make clear distinctions between（ ）.2.According to the passage, who will NOT eat together?3.According to the passage, eating together indicates all the following EXCEPT（ ）.4.The last paragraph suggests that in India（ ）decides how people eat.5.Which of the following can best serve as the topic of the passage?问题1选项A.people who eat togetherB.the kinds of food servedC.family members and guestsD.snacks and hamburgers问题2选项A.The English.B.Americans on their first date.C.Men and women in Near Eastern societies.D.Newly-weds on the island of New Ireland.问题3选项A.the type of foodB.social relationsC.marital statusD.family ties问题4选项A.pollutionB.foodC.cultureD.social status问题5选项A.Different kinds of food in the world.B.Culture and manners of eating.C.Symbolic meanings of food consumption.D.Relations between food and social units.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。题目问的是：英国人将什么进行了明确的区分？根据关键词“the English”定位到第一段第四句for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together.（对英国人来说，食物的种类和供应的食物与一起吃饭的人们之间的社会联系有关。）再根据后面的举例以及本段最后一句the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.（食物的种类象征着客人的类别以及和谁一起吃。）由此可知，英国人对于供应食物的种类做了明确的区分，所以选项B正确。2.细节事实题。题目问的是：哪些人不会在一起吃饭？原文第二段首句提及In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together.（在一些新几内亚社会，小家庭通常是不会一起吃饭的。）后面进行了举例，男性通常和他们的妻子孩子分开吃饭。以及本段最后一句也提及This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.（这种模式在近东社会中也很普遍。）由此可知，选项C符合原文。3.判断推理题。题目问的是：下面哪一个不是一起吃饭所表明的信息？根据原文的内容可知，第一段提到了社会关系，第二段提到了家庭关系，第三段提到了婚姻关系，所以选项B、C、D均正确，只有选项A不是“eating together”所表明的事情，所以本题选A。4.细节事实题。题目问的是：最后一段表明，印度的什么决定了人们怎么吃？根据最后一段首句There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste system of India.（食物禁忌和等级之间也有联系，这在印度的种姓制度中表现得最为极端。）由此可知，印度的社会地位决定了人们怎么吃。所以选项D正确。5.主旨大意题。原文第一段的第一、二句为本文的主题句Cultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units.（文化规则决定了食物消费的方方面面。谁在一起吃饭定义了社会群体。）由此可知，本文主要是讲食物和社会群体的关系，所以选项D正确。4. 单选题I am not（ ）with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I have nowhere else to live.问题1选项A.concernedB.compatibleC.considerateD.complied【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项concerned“有关的”；B选项compatible“兼容的，能共处的”；C选项considerate“体贴的，考虑周到的”；D选项complied（comply的过去分词形式）“遵照，顺从”。根据句意可知，因为我无处可去所以不得不和室友住在一起，由but可知，我和室友应该是无法和谐共处。be compatible with为固定搭配，意为“适合，一致”。所以选项B正确。5. 单选题Researchers at the University of Illinois determined that the（ ）of a father can help improve a childs grades.问题1选项A.involvementB.communicationC.interactionD.association【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项involvement“涉及”；B选项communication“交流”；C选项interaction“交互”；D选项association“协会”。句意：易里若斯大学的研究者们确定父亲的介入有助于孩子提高成绩。本句表示父亲的介入，因此A选项正确。6. 单选题The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow（ ）, particularly in Western Europe.问题1选项A.obscureB.obsoleteC.optionalD.overlapping【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项obscure“昏暗的，朦胧的”；B选项obsolete“淘汰的，废弃的，过时的”；C选项optional“可选择的”；D选项overlapping“重叠的”。根据句意可知，火药的引入应该是使弓箭逐渐被淘汰，所以选项B符合句意。7. 单选题Although it was his first experience as chairman, he（ ）over the meeting with great skill.问题1选项A.presidedB.administeredC.masteredD.executed【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项presided“主持”；B选项administered“管理”；C选项mastered“支配”；D选项executed“实行”。句意：虽然这是他第一次当主席，但他还是娴熟地主持了这次会议。本句表示主持会议，只有presided才能与over搭配。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题I hate people who（ ）the end of film that you havent seen before.问题1选项A.revealB.rewriteC.reviseD.reverse【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项reveal“透露”；B选项rewrite“改写”；C选项revise“修正”；D选项reverse“反转”。句意：我讨厌那些透露没看过的电影结局的人。本句表示剧透电影结局。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题From this material we can（ ）hundreds of what you may call direct products.问题1选项A.deriveB.discernC.diminishD.displace【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项derive“源自，获得”；B选项discern“觉察出，识别”；C选项diminish“减少，缩小”；D选项displace“取代”。根据句意：我们能够从这个材料中 数百个你称之为直接产品的东西。根据介词短语from this material 可知，这里应该是表示来源并且能够与介词 from搭配，所以只有选项A符合要求。10. 单选题The machine needs a complete（ ）since it has been in use for over ten years.问题1选项A.amendingB.fittingC.mendingD.renovating【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项amending（amend的现在分词形式）“修改”；B选项fitting“配件，安装”；C选项mending“修补”；D选项renovating“更新，修补”。根据句意可知，这个机器用了十几年，应该是需要修理，所以首先排除选项A和选项B；C选项mending多指修理机器，D选项多指翻新房屋建筑等，所以选项C更恰当。11. 单选题Being able to speak two languages fluently is not enough for a person to become a（ ）interpreter. Learning how to speak and listen is also essential.问题1选项A.tranquilB.futileC.mercifulD.simultaneous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项tranquil “平静的”；B选项futile“无效的”；C选项merciful“仁慈的”；D选项simultaneous“同时的”。句意：能够流利地说两种语言是不足以让一个人成为同声口译员的。学会说和听也很重要。本句表示同声传译。因此D选项正确。12. 单选题The change in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at that the Earths surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those（1）by models take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.To（2）the question of attribution requires the（3）of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on（4）maps or patterns of temperature change in（5）and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned（6）, and makes it possible to achieve more definitive（7）of observed climate changed to a particular cause or causes.The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole（8）cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful（9）technique. The basic idea（10）pattern-based approaches is that different（11）causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to （12）a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change（13）by models and those actually observed.The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible（14）on global climate and that these activities will have and increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are（15）the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric（16）of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the（17）of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the（18）of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the（19）of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climate effects of these particles began only recently and the overall（20）is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.问题1选项A.incensedB.personifyC.interactD.predicted问题2选项A.arrayB.ascertainC.probeD.perturb问题3选项A.applicationB.integrationC.avengeD.intervene问题4选项A.conformingB.comparingC.bidingD.budgeting问题5选项A.junctionsB.juncturesC.obligationsD.observations问题6选项A.optionallyB.ornamentallyC.previouslyD.predicatively问题7选项A.attributionB.autonomyC.indicationD.induction问题8选项A.immuneB.seasonalC.formidableD.perceptible问题9选项A.analysisB.disposalC.antigenD.disincentive问题10选项A.avengingB.underestimatingC.ascendingD.underlying问题11选项A.potentialB.respectableC.secretiveD.sturdy问题12选项A.wearyB.obtainC.winkD.retard问题13选项A.orientedB.kennedC.predictedD.lapsed问题14选项A.modificationB.nominationC.penetrationD.influence问题15选项A.pavingB.alteringC.retreatingD.saluting问题16选项A.stabilitiesB.popularitiesC.concentrationsD.hierarchies问题17选项A.abundanceB.hemisphereC.fixtureD.distress问题18选项A.burialB.argumentationC.legislationD.amount问题19选项A.disposalsB.propertiesC.certaintiesD.blends问题20选项A.calculationB.assignmentC.budgetD.effect【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:A第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D第11题:A第12题:B第13题:C第14题:D第15题:B第16题:C第17题:A第18题:D第19题:B第20题:D【解析】1.考查动词词义辨析。A选项incensed“激怒”；B选项personify“拟人化”；C选项interact“互相影响”；D选项predicted“预测”。句意：地球表面发生的全球平均温度的变化在大小和时间上与模型预测的相似。本句表示模型预测了地球表面温度的变化。因此D选项符合题意。2.考查动词词义辨析。A选项array“排列”；B选项ascertain“确定”；C选项probe“调查”；D选项perturb“扰乱”。此处的意思是调查问题的原因。因此C选项符合题意。3.考查上下文语义。A选项application“应用”；B选项integration“集成”；C选项avenge“报仇”；D选项intervene“干涉”。此处的意思是运用更强大更复杂的方法来调查原因。因此A选项符合题意。4.考查动词词义辨析。A选项conforming“符合”；B选项comparing“比较”；C选项biding“忍耐”；D选项budgeting“编制预算”。句意：新的研究集中于比较温度变化图和温度变化模式。本句表示将变化图和变化模式两者进行比较。因此B选项符合题意。5.考查名词词义辨析。A选项junctions“接合点”；B选项junctures“接缝”；C选项obligations“义务”；D选项observations“观察”。句意：观察到的和模型中的温度变化模式。本句表示观察到的温度变化和模型中的温度变化两方面。因此D选项符合题意。6.考查副词词义辨析。A选项optionally“随意地”；B选项ornamentally“装饰地”；C选项previously“以前”；D选项predicatively“肯定地”。此处是指之前提到过的。因此C选项符合题意。7.考查名词词义辨析。A选项attribution“归因”；B选项autonomy“自治”；C选项indication“指示”；D选项induction“归纳”。此处的意思是将观测到的气候变化归因于一个或多个特定的原因。因此A选项符合题意。8.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项immune“免疫的”；B选项seasonal“季节的”；C选项formidable“强大的”；D选项perceptible“可感知的”。此处的意思是整个季节周期性的均匀变暖。因此B选项符合题意。9.考查上下文语义。A选项analysis“分析”；B选项disposal“处理”；C选项antigen“抗原”；D选项disincentive“抑制因素”。此处的意思是空间和时间的变化模式提供了一种更强大的分析技术。因此A选项符合题意。10考查动词词义辨析。A选项avenging“报仇”；B选项underestimating“低估”；C选项ascending“上升”；D选项underlying“成为的基础”。此处的意思是构成这些方法的基础。因此D选项符合题意。11.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项potential“潜在的”；B选项respectable“值得尊敬的”；C选项secretive“秘密的”；D选项sturdy“坚定的”。此处的意思是不同的气候变化潜在原因。因此A选项符合题意。12.考查动词词义辨析。A选项weary“使疲倦”；B选项obtain“获得”；C选项wink“眨眼”；D选项retard“延迟”。此处的意思是试图获得模型预测的变化和实际观测到的气候变化模式之间的指纹匹配。因此B选项符合题意。13.考查动词词义辨析。A选项oriented“面向”；B选项kenned“知道”；C选项predicted“预测”；D选项lapsed“退步”。此处的意思是模型预测到的变化。因此选项C符合题意。14.考查名词词义辨析。A选项modification“修改”；B选项nomination“提名”；C选项penetration“渗透”；D选项influence“影响”。此处的意思是人类活动对全球气候产生了明显的影响，四个选项中能和on搭配的只有influence。因此D选项符合题意。15.考查动词词义辨析。A选项paving“铺设”；B选项altering“变更”；C选项retreating“撤退”；D选项saluting“致敬”。此处的意思是煤炭、石油和天然气的燃烧，以及各种农业和工业活动，正在改变大气的组成。因此B选项符合题意。16.考查名词词义辨析。A选项stabilities“稳定性”；B选项popularities“流行”；C选项concentrations“浓度”；D选项hierarchies“阶层”。此处的意思是人类活动导致大气中大量温室气体的浓度增加。因此C选项符合题意。17.考查名词词义辨析。A选项abundance“丰富”；B选项hemisphere“半球”；C选项fixture“设备”；D选项distress“悲痛”。句意：人类活动增加了大气中微粒的数量。也就是说人类活动让大气中微粒的含量更丰富了。因此A选项符合题意。18.考查名词词义辨析。A选项burial“埋葬”；B选项argumentation“论证”；C选项legislation“立法”；D选项amount“数量”。此处的意思是这些粒子可以改变大气吸收和反射的能量，同时下文中也出现了the amount of energy。因此D选项符合题意。19.考查名词词义辨析。A选项disposals“处置”；B选项properties“性质”；C选项certainties“必然”；D选项blends“混合物”。此处的意思是这些微粒也可以改变大气层和云层的性质。因此B选项符合题意。20.考查前后文照应。A选项calculation“计算”；B选项assignment“任务”；C选项budget“预算”；D选项effect“影响”。前文提到“Intensive studies of the climate effects of these particles began only recently”（对这些微粒对气候影响的深入研究直到最近才开始），所以应该是说微粒对气候变化的整体影响还不确定。因此D选项符合题意。13. 单选题After newspaper reports claimed the company was dumping toxic waste illegally. It came under（ ）from the authorities.问题1选项A.insultB.solitudeC.nuisanceD.scrutiny【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项insult“侮辱”；B选项solitude“孤独”；C选项nuisance“损害”；D选项scrutiny“详细审查”。句意：在报纸报道这家公司非法倾倒有毒废料之后，它受到了当局的审查。本句表示公司受到审查。因此D选项正确。14. 单选题Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet (棘皮动物的管足)，under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-color and early white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shapedhence their nameand because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become motionless and live at a low metabolic ratefeeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself when it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.1. The passage mainly discusses（ ）.2.According to the passage, the shape of sea cucumbers is important because（ ）.3.The fourth paragraph of the passage mainly discuses（ ）.4.Of all the features of the sea cucumber, which of the following seems to fascinate the author most?5.Compared with other sea creatures the sea cucumber is very（ ）.问题1选项A.the reason for the sea cucumbers nameB.what makes the sea cucumber unusualC.how to identify the sea cucumberD.places where the sea cucumber can be问题2选项A.its helps them to digest their foodB.it helps them to protect themselves from dangerC.it makes it easier for them to move through the mudD.it makes them attractive to fish问题3选项A.the reproduction of sea cucumbersB.the food sources of sea cucumbersC.the eating habits of sea cucumbersD.threats to sea cucumbers existence问题4选项A.What it does when threatenedB.Where it livesC.How it hides from predatorsD.What it eats问题5选项A.dangerousB.intelligentC.fatD.strange【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句说到Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber.（海洋里没有比普通海参更奇怪的生物。），而文章的其余部分都是围绕这句话展开，介绍了海参的种种奇特之处。所以B选项“什么让海参与众不同”符合文章的中心主旨。A选项“海参得名的原因”，C选项“如何识别海参”和D选项“海参可能在的地方”文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D不正确。2.客观细节题。由题干关键词“shape”可以定位到文章第三段最后一句this shape, combined with flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents（这种形状，再加上柔韧性，使它们能够挤进裂缝中，在那里它们可以免受捕食者和洋流的伤害。），说明海参的形状能使它们躲避捕食者和洋流的伤害，所以B选项“帮助它们保护自己免受危险”正确。A选项“帮助它们消化食物”，C选项“使它们更容易在泥中移动”和D选项“使它们对鱼有吸引力”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。3.主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到第四段，第四段第一句说到Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become motionless and live at a low metabolic ratefeeding sparingly or not at all for long periods（虽然海参食欲旺盛，昼夜不停地进食，但它们有能力静止不动，以低代谢率的方式生活很少进食或长期不进食。），可以得知第四段说的是海参的进食习惯，所以C选项“海参的进食习惯”符合第四段的中心主旨。A选项“海参的繁殖”，B选项“海参的食物来源”和D选项“对海参生存的威胁”在第四段中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。4.观点态度题。由题干关键词“fascinate the author most”可以定位到文章最后一段第一句But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself.（但海参最引人注目的是它的自卫方式。），说明作者认为海参最吸引人的地方在于它遇到威胁时的自卫方式，所以A选项“它受到威胁时的做法”正确。B选项“它住在哪里”，C选项“它是如何躲避捕食者的”和D选项“它吃什么”虽然文章中有介绍，但都不是吸引作者的地方，所以B，C，D错误。5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“sea creatures”可以定位