2022-2023年考博英语-河北农业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第35期

2022-2023年考博英语-河北农业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Oil is Nigerias _ export.问题1选项A.eliteB.majorityC.spiceD.staple【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elite“社会精英”；B选项majority“大部分；大多数”；C选项spice“（调味）香料；额外的趣味（或刺激等）”；D选项staple“（某国的）主要产品；主要部分”。句意：石油是尼日利亚出口的_。根据语境，D选项staple“（某国的）主要产品”搭配export“出口”比较合理，意思是石油是主要的出口产品。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is （1） as a member of a disguised hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is （2） and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunters triumph of killing his prey.To understand how this （3） has taken place we must briefly look （4） our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million years evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very （5） depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became （6） changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers （7）prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group attackers.Then, about ten thousand years ago, after this （8） long formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, （9） put to a new usethat of penning, controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of （10） were no longer essential for survival.问题1选项A.exhibitedB.displayedC.paradedD.revealed问题2选项A.accurateB.inaccurateC.comfortableD.uncomfortable问题3选项A.transformationB.transmissionC.transactionD.transition问题4选项A.atB.upC.intoD.on问题5选项A.imageB.pledgeC.survivalD.appeal问题6选项A.restrictivelyB.radicallyC.practicallyD.exclusively问题7选项A.andB.orC.butD.so问题8选项A.immenselyB.immerseC.imminentlyD.permanent问题9选项A.wasB.wereC.isD.are问题10选项A.huntingB.farmingC.killingD.penning【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B第7题:A第8题:A第9题:A第10题:A【解析】1.考查动词辨析。A选项exhibited“表现出；展览”；B选项displayed“陈列；展示；表露（特点、素质、情感）”；C选项paraded“（为使自己获益而）展示；游行”；D选项revealed“透露；揭露”。句意：从生物学角度来看，现代足球运动员_是伪装的狩猎群体中的一员。根据语境，这里是生物学的角度显示出现代足球运动员是伪装的狩猎者，D选项revealed“透露；揭露”符合题意。因此D选项正确。2.考查形容词辨析。A选项accurate“准确的；精确的”；B选项inaccurate“不准确的”；C选项comfortable“舒服的”；D选项uncomfortable“不舒服的”。句意：如果他目标_，并且得分，会享受类似猎人杀死猎物取得胜利的感觉。根据语境，这里指足球运动员踢进足球赢得分数，A选项accurate“准确的；精确的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。3.考查名词辨析。A选项transformation“转变；（彻底的）变化”；B选项transmission“传送；传播”；C选项transaction“交易”；D选项transition“转型；（逐渐地）转向”。句意：为了理解这种_是如何发生的。根据文章第一句可知体育活动本质上是狩猎行为的改良，所以体育活动是从狩猎行为演变而来，A选项transformation“转变；（彻底的）变化”符合题意。因此A选项正确。4.考查固定搭配。A选项look at“看；考虑；着眼于”；B选项look up“查阅；（久别后）拜访”；C选项look into“观察；调查；浏览”；D选项look on“看待；视作”。句意：我们必须简略地_我们的祖先。根据语境，这里是指看看我们的祖先的具体情况，A选项look at“看；考虑；着眼于”符合题意。因此A选项正确。5.考查名词辨析。A选项image“想象”；B选项pledge“诺言；抵押”；C选项survival“幸存”；D选项appeal“上诉；吸引力”。句意：他们的_取决于在猎场上的成功。根据语境，这里指在猎场上成功捕到猎物让他们生存下来，C选项survival“幸存”符合题意。因此C选项正确。6.考查副词辨析。A选项restrictively“限制性地”；B选项radically“从根本上，彻底地”；C选项practically“实事求是地”；D选项exclusively“唯一地，专有地”。句意：在这种压力下，他们的整个生活方式，甚至他们的身体，都发生了_变化。根据上文，这里指成功捕猎才能存活的压力让我们的祖先发生了变化，以及下一句中交代的追逐、赛跑、跳高、瞄准、投掷等，可知这是生活方式和身体上质的变化，B选项radically“从根本上；彻底地”符合题意。因此B选项正确。7.考查连词辨析。A选项and“和”；B选项or“或者”；C选项but“但是”；D选项so“所以”。句意：他们成为追逐者、赛跑者、跳高者、瞄准者、投掷者_捕食者。根据语境，这里表示并列，包含这里列出的所有身份，A选项and“和”符合题意。因此A选项正确。8.考查词义辨析。A选项immensely“极其地；非常地”；B选项immerse“使浸没于；沉浸在”；C选项imminently“紧急地；迫切地”；D选项permanent“永恒的”。句意：然后，大约一万年前，在经历了_漫长的狩猎形成时期之后，他们成为了农民。根据语境，这里的一万年非常久，A选项immensely“极其地，非常地”修饰long“长的”比较合理。因此A选项正确。9.考查主谓一致。句意：他们的智力提高了，这对它们以前的狩猎生活至关重要，现在智力又有了新的用途圈养、控制和驯养猎物。根据主语是intelligence确定谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，根据动作发生在以前确定用一般过去时，所以A选项was正确，其余选项语法错误。因此A选项正确。10.考查名词辨析。A选项hunting“捕猎”；B选项farming“耕作”；C选项killing“谋杀”；D选项penning“用石块铺砌”。句意：_的风险和不确定性不再是生存的必要条件。根据上文，捕猎是生存的必要条件，A选项hunting“捕猎”符合题意。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Earthquakes rank _ forest fires, flood and tornadoes _ major calamities.问题1选项A.with, asB.like, inC.in, asD.for, in【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项rank with“与并列”，rank as“列为；看作”；B选项rank like非词组，rank in非词组；C选项rank in非词组，rank as“列为；看作”；D选项rank for非词组，rank in非词组。句意：地震和森林火灾排名_，洪水和龙卷风_重大灾害。综合四个选项，只有A选项都可组成有意义的词组，并且符合地震和森林火灾等级相同，洪水和龙卷风为重大灾害的生活场景。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题Groups of police were _ all along the street where the Queen was to pass.问题1选项A.dispersedB.displacedC.dispensedD.discounted【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项dispersed“分散”；B选项displaced“取代；移动位置”；C选项dispensed“分发”；D选项discounted“打折；不理会”。句意：成群的警察被_在女王要经过的街道上。这里A选项dispersed“分散”比较符合语境，指警察在街道上保护女王，符合题意。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题He thought that he might be able to avoid paying some of his taxes by taking advantages of the _ in the law.问题1选项A.circleB.misunderstandingC.exceptionD.loop holes【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项circle“周期”；B选项misunderstanding“误解”；C选项exception“例外；异议”；D选项loop holes“漏洞”。句意：他认为他也许可以利用法律上的_来逃避缴纳一些税款。根据语境，这里是指钻法律的空子避税，D选项loop holes“漏洞”符合题意。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题_you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.问题1选项A.If realizedB.Had I realizedC.Did I have realized thatD.As I realized【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气。虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should或had时，可省略if采用倒装句型，将should(would或could)提前。因此正确答案为B。7. 单选题They _ the boat up onto the shore.问题1选项A.hauledB.handedC.heldD.heightened【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：他们把船_岸。A选项hauled“（用力）拖，拉”；B选项handed“递交；搀扶”；C选项held“抓住”；D选项heightened“提高；增加”。根据语境，这里是指他们把船拖到岸上，所以A选项hauled“（用力）拖；拉”符合题意。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题Birds that are literally half-asleepwith one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleepcontrol which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eyeControlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemispheres eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.Also, birds dozing at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.“We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain,” the researchers say.The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that single-hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. Hes seen it in a pair of birds dozing side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.Useful as half-sleeping might be, its only been found in birds and such water mammals asDolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds half-brain sleep “is just the tip of the iceberg”. He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.1. A new study on birds sleep has revealed that _.2. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because _.3. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that _.4. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half-awake in order to _.5. By “just the tip of the iceberg” (Line 2, Para. 8), Siegel suggests that _.问题1选项A.half-brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds,B.half-brain sleep is characterized by slow brain wavesC.birds can control their half-brain sleep consciouslyD.birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest问题2选项A.they have to watch out for possible attacksB.their brain hemispheres take turns to restC.the two halves of their brain are differently structuredD.they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions问题3选项A.the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespreadB.birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of securityC.even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of securityD.a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror问题4选项A.alert themselves to the approaching enemyB.emerge from water now and then to breatheC.be sensitive to the ever-changing environmentD.avoid being swept away by rapid currents问题5选项A.half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weatherB.the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being solvedC.most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepersD.half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段第一句Birds that are literally half-asleepwith one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleepcontrol which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.（根据一项对睡着的鸭子的最新研究，鸟类处于半睡眠状态，其中一个脑半球保持警戒，另一个脑半球用来睡觉或者控制这一侧大脑保持清醒。），可知鸟类可以控制自己的睡眠，所以C选项“鸟类可以有意识地控制他们的半脑睡眠”正确。A选项“发现半脑睡眠出现在很多鸟类身上”，B选项“半脑睡眠的特点是脑电波缓慢”和D选项“鸟类很少在休息的时候用整个大脑睡觉”：根据第二段第一句Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds.（早期的研究已经记录了很多鸟类的半脑睡眠。），可知这是早期研究的结果，故错误。推测因此C选项正确。2.事实细节题。根据第六段第一句single-hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies（动物在观察周围以提防敌人时进化出了半脑睡眠），可知动物因为要提防敌人保护自己而发展出来半脑睡眠，所以A选项“他们必须提防可能的攻击”正确。B选项“他们的大脑半球轮流休息”：这是半脑睡眠带来的影响和好处，而非原因，故错误。C选项“他们的大脑的两个半球是不同的结构”：文章没有提到鸟类的脑部结构是怎样的，故错误。D选项“他们必须时刻注意他们的同伴”：这属于半脑睡眠运用的地方和体现，而非原因，故错误。因此A选项正确。3.推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.（镜子那边的那只眼睛闭上了，好像镜子里的那只眼睛是同伴，而另一只眼睛则一直睁开着。），可知即使没有真正的同伴在，鸟儿也会视镜子中的自己为同伴，不一定非得要和同伴一起睡觉，结合鸟类的半脑睡眠是因为保护自己，所以C选项“即使是一个想象中的同伴也会给鸟一种安全感”正确，B选项“为了安全起见，鸟儿喜欢成对睡觉”和D选项“一只宠物鸟喜欢看到自己在镜子里的倒影”错误。A选项“鸟儿成对打瞌睡的现象很普遍”：没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。4.事实细节题。根据第七段最后一句Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.（也许保持一侧大脑清醒可以让睡着的动物偶尔浮出水面，以避免溺水。），可知一些水生哺乳动物为了在睡着时保持安全而发展出半睡眠状态，所以D选项“避免被急流冲走”正确。A选项“警惕接近的敌人”，B选项“偶尔从水里冒出来呼吸”和C选项“感知不断变化的环境”没有提到，故错误。因此D选项正确。5.语义推测题。根据第八段最后一句He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.（他推测，当我们进一步观察其他物种时，可能会发现更多的例子。），可知Jerome M. Siegel认为半脑睡眠可能也存在于其他生物，所以D选项“半脑睡眠是一种可能存在于其他物种中的现象”正确。A选项“半脑睡眠与寒冷天气有关”和C选项“大多数生活在寒冷地区的鸟类往往是半睡眠者”：这里的冰山一角和天气寒冷无关，故错误。B选项“半脑睡眠之谜即将被破解”：文章没有提到破解谜题，并且这还需要进一步研究，故错误。因此D选项正确。9. 单选题The story was said to _ on the information from a reliable source.问题1选项A.being basedB.have been basedC.baseD.be based【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。句意：据说这篇报道所依据的消息来源可靠。根据谓语动词was确定事情已经发生，根据be based on确定保留be动词，确定用被动语态。结合be said to加完语态被动式表示动作已发生并且是被动语态，所以B选项have been based正确。10. 单选题For decades, arms control talks centered on nuclear weapons. This is hardly surprising, since a single nuclear bomb can destroy an entire, city. Yet, unlike smaller arms, these immensely powerful weapons have not been used in war in over 50 years.Respected military historian John Keegan writes: “Nuclear weapons have, since August 9, 1945, killed no one. The 50,000,000 who have died in war since that date have for the most part, been killed by cheap, mass-produced weapons and small ammunition, costing little more than the transistor radios and dry-cell batteries which have flooded the world in the same period. Because small weapons have disrupted life very little in the advanced world, outside the restricted localities where drug-dealing and political terrorism flourish, the populations of the rich states have been slow to recognize the horror that this pollution has brought in its train.”No one knows precisely how many small arms and light weapons are in circulation, but experts estimate that military-style firearms may number about 500million. In addition, tens of millions of civilian-type rifles and pistols are owned by private citizens. What is more, new weapons are produced and fed into the market each year:Why have small arms become the weapons of choice in recent wars? Part of the reason lies in the relationship between conflict and poverty. Most of the wars fought during the 1990s took place in countries that are poortoo poor to buy sophisticated weapon systems. Small arms and light weapons are a bargain. For example, 50 million dollars, which is approximately the cost of a single modern jet fighter, can equip an army with 200,000 assault rifles.Another reason why small weapons are so popular is that they are lethal. A single rapid-fire assault rifle can fire hundreds of rounds a minute. They are also easy to use and maintain. A child of ten can be taught to strip and reassemble a typical assault rifle. A child can also quickly learn to aim and fire that rifle into a crowd of people.The global traffic in guns is complex. Huge supplies of guns pass legally from nation to nation. After the Cold War, armies in both the East and the West were reduced, and governments gave or sold excess equipment to friends and allies. According to an estimate since 1995 the United States alone has given away more than 800,000 rifles, pistols, machine guns, and grenade launchers. It is reasoned that giving weapons away is cheaper than dismantling or storing and guarding them.The illegal trade, however, may be much larger. Black-market weapons usually have to be purchased. In some African wars, paramilitary groups have bought hundreds of millions of dollars worth of small arms and light weapons, not with money, but with diamonds seized from diamond-mining areas.Weapons are also linked to the illegal trade in drugs. It is not unusual for criminal organizations to use the same routes to smuggle drugs in one direction as they use exchange to smuggle guns in the other.1. It is implied in the passage that_.2. All of the following are the reasons why small arms have become the choice in recent wars except_.3. Why did US government give away a large number of small arms?4. We can conclude from the passage that_.5. The best title for this passage is probably_.问题1选项A.small arms control is even more important than nuclear arms-controlB.it is hardly surprising that the nuclear arms-control talks have not reached an agreementC.nuclear weapons power to kill people has been exaggeratedD.nuclear weapons are not as powerful as small weapons问题2选项A.small arms are cheapB.Small arms are powerful antipersonnel weaponsC.small arms are easier to useD.small arms are easier to get问题3选项A.Because it wants to arm their friends and allies.B.Because it is less expensive than keeping them.C.Because it wants to save the resources.D.Because it is better to store and guard them in other countries.问题4选项A.small arms are not expensive in the black-marketB.it is unfair to exchange small arms for diamondC.criminals use the same passage to smuggle drugs and small armsD.where there are drugs, there are small arms问题5选项A.Small Arms Talks, Not Nuclear Arms TalksB.Neglect of Small Arms ControlC.Global Traffic in Small ArmsD.Small Arms, Big Problems【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。文章第一段对人们对于核武器与小型武器的重视程度和各自使用频率进行对比，第二段对比两种武器伤害的人的数量，可知这篇文章想要人们更重视小型武器，所以A选项“小型军备控制甚至比核军备控制更重要”正确，C选项“核武器杀伤力被夸大”和D选项“核武器不如小型武器强大”不是表达的重点，故错误。B选项“核军备控制谈判没有达成协议不足为奇”：文章没有涉及，故错误。因此A选项正确。2.事实细节题。A选项“小型武器很便宜”：根据第四段第四句Small arms and light weapons are a bargain（小武器和轻武器很便宜。），所以便宜是小型武器运用在近年战争的原因，故A选项错误。B选项“小型武器杀伤性强”：根据第五段第一句Another reason why small weapons are so popular is that they are lethal.（小型武器如此流行的另一个原因是它们的是致命性。），故B选项错误。所以C选项“小型武器使用更容易”：They are also easy to use and maintain.（它们也易于使用和维护。），故C选项错误。D选项“小型武器更容易买到”：根据第六段第一句The global traffic in guns is complex.（全球枪支贩运很复杂。），可知小型武器不容易买，故正确。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第六段最后一句It is reasoned that giving weapons away is cheaper than dismantling or storing and guarding them.（有理由认为，交出武器要比拆除、储存和看守它们便宜。），可知美国送出武器是因为经济原因，所以B选项“因为这比保留它们更便宜”正确，C选项“因为它想节约资源”和D选项“因为放在其他国家储存和保护更好。”不具体，故错误。A选项“因为它想武装自己的朋友和盟友。”文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。4.语义推测题。A选项“黑市上的小型武器并不贵”和B选项“用小武器交换钻石不公平”：根据第七段最后一句not with money, but with diamonds seized from diamond-mining areas（不是用钱，而是用从钻石矿区夺得的钻石），用钻石交换武器来说明在黑市小型武器很贵，没有提到公平与否，故错误。C选项“罪犯利用同一途径走私毒品和小型武器”和D选项“哪里有毒品，哪里就有小型武器”：It is not unusual for criminal organizations to use the same routes to smuggle drugs in one direction as they use exchange to smuggle guns in the other.（犯罪组织利用走私毒品的途径走私枪支的现象并不罕见。），可知C选项正确，不代表毒品走私和小型武器走私一定连在一起，故D选项错误。因此C选项正确。5.主旨大意题。文章在开头点出人们对小型武器的忽视，再点出小型武器在杀伤力、生产、保存、贩卖等各个方面带来的问题，可知这篇文章主要讲小型武器带来的问题，要人们重视小型武器，所以D选项“小型武器，重大问题”正确，B选项“对小型武器控制的忽视”和C选项“全球小型武器贩运”是其中的一方面，不能概括全文，故错误。A选项“小型武器谈判，而非核武器谈判”：文章没有重点讲谈判，故错误。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题These isolated elephant populations are _ to extinction.问题1选项A.fragileB.primitiveC.vulnerableD.susceptible【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项fragile“易碎的；不牢固的；虚弱的”；B选项primitive “原始的；落后的；（感觉或欲望）原始本能的”；C选项vulnerable“（身体上或感情上）脆弱的；易受伤害的”，侧重指（由于有夹缝或弱点而）易受责难或攻击；D选项susceptible“易受（伤）的；易患（病）的”，侧重指易受影响。句意：这些_的大象种群很容易灭绝。根据语境，容易灭绝是因为容易受伤害，C选项vulnerable“（身体上或感情上）脆弱的；易受伤害的”符合题意。因此C选项正确。12. 单选题The study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggests, it blends biology and modern technology through such techniques a genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, specialize in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent seeds that give a high yield, that resist disease, drought, and frost, and that reduce the need for hazardous chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.“In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain limits,” says the book Genetic Engineering, Food, and Our Environment. “A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato” Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to transfer a desired property or character. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes taken from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. In essence, then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that separate species.Like the green revolution, what some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformitysome say even more so because geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and tissue culture, processes that produce perfectly identical copies, or clones. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, rais