2022-2023年考博英语-西安交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第24期

2022-2023年考博英语-西安交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 翻译题 It is understandable that publishers are concerned that their journals are selected by ISI for inclusion in its database. Indeed, it is sometimes argued that the survival of a particular journal depends on ISIs decision to cover it in Current Contents. A journals ultimate success depends upon its quality, distribution, and many other competitive factors including cost and timeliness. Any one of these factors, including coverage by ISI, can make the difference between success and failure.A journals reputation may not tell the complete story about its impact on the scholarly community. In fact, a study on social science journals suggests quite the opposite. Their research showed that there is a nonlinear relationship between a journals reputation and its impact, especially at the extremes of the prestige scale. They conclude that citation data “permit scholars to evaluate the importance of journals based not on opinion but on the frequency of citations” and that “frequency of citation implies scholarly acceptance, or at least acknowledgment of importance through utilization of others work.” The researchers go on to mention that “journals have prestige, but their prestige is only derived from the usefulness of the articles they publish.”Translated the following paragraph into Chinese.【答案】出版者关心他们的期刊被ISI数据库选中, 这是可以理解的。事实上, 有人争论一本期刊的命运取决于ISI是否将它收录在最新内容里。期刊的最终成功靠的是它的质量、发行以及许多其他竞争因素, 包括成本和及时性。这些因素中的任何一个, 包括ISI的覆盖范围都能决定成败。期刊的知名度并不能说明它对学术界的影响力。事实上, 一项对社会科学杂志的研究结果恰恰相反。研究表明期刊的知名度和它的影响力之间没有直接关系, 特别是在声望范围。他们总结道, “学者们根据引用数据评估期刊的重要性, 但是, 不是基于期刊的观点而是基于其引用频率。引用频率暗示了学术界的认可, 至少通过利用其他人的著作承认了这一重要性。”研究者们还说, “期刊也有声望, 但是他们的声望仅源于他们出版的文章的有用性。”2. 单选题Human beings are capable （1 ） thought; they are swayed by emotions. We can leave to the philosopher and the physician such questions （2 ） the power of the mind to abstract, to comprehend and to reason, the nature of instincts, the action and interaction of intellect and will and emotions. （3 ） when men think and feel deeply, their normal reaction is to wish to communicate their thoughts and their feelings. The sharing fulfills a （4 ） need in human nature. Men live in society; they do not normally live in isolation. When one human being wished to convey his （5 ） to another, he has to make use of a medium, abridge. That bridge is language.The science （6 ） object is the study of language is known as Linguists. The student of Linguistics is concerned with every aspect of this conveying of ideas from one mind to another, with language as a means of inter-communication, whether it is spoken, pictured or written. The more specialized branch of this study which is concerned only with spoken language, more specifically with the sounds used in speech, （7 ） known as Phonetics.Now even in this scientific age, communication is still （8 ） oral. It is still true to say the great majority of information is conveyed by means of the spoken word. It is self-evident that before any language can be written it must be spoken. It is, （9 ） , quite possible, as we know from examples up to own times, to have literature without literacy. The pen and the printing press merely hive visual permanence to messages which would otherwise have to be transmitted by the tongue and received by the ear. Writing is, of course, a powerful defense against the ravages of time or distance, a more permanent and reliable storehouse （10 ） human memory.问题1选项A.inB.ofC.atD.for问题2选项A.ofB.inC.asD.to问题3选项A.SoB.AndC.ThenD.But问题4选项A.deep-seatB.deep-seatedC.deep seatD.deep-seating问题5选项A.thoughtB.thoughtsC.thinkingD.thinkings问题6选项A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what问题7选项A.isB.areC.beingD.as问题8选项A.largelyB.merelyC.specificallyD.particularly问题9选项A.thereforeB.as a resultC.on the contraryD.in fact问题10选项A.ofB.thanC.asD.in【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B第6题:C第7题:A第8题:A第9题:A第10题:A【解析】（1）be capable of为固定搭配, 意为“具有能力, 能够.”。选项B正确。（2）根据句意可知, 填空处应与such搭配使用, such as 意为“比如., 诸如.”。这里指“诸如.的问题”。所以选项C正确。（3）结合上下文及句意可知, 这里应该为转折的关系, 上一句提到“我们可以把这些问题留给哲学家和医生”；下一句“但当人们深入思考和感受时, 他们的正常反应是希望表达自己的想法和感受。”选项D符合原文语境。（4）deep-seated指“深层的, 根深蒂固的”。选项B正确, 其他选项的形式都不正确。（5）根据句意可知, 这里是把思想传达给另一个人。thinking是一个总的概念, 指人的思想；thought是具体的某个想法。且这里应为复数形式, 所以选项B正确。（6）分析句子结构可知, 这里为定语从句, 用关系代词whose表示“.的”。句意：以语言为研究对象的科学被称为语言学家。（7）填空处前面为插入语可暂时忽略不看, 句子的主语为the more specialized branch, 所以谓语动词用单数, 选项A正确。（8）根据下文可知, 这里要表达的是：现在, 即使是在科学时代, 沟通仍然主要是口头的。largely指“主要地, 大部分”。选项A正确。（9）结合上下句可知, 两者之间存在因果关系。任何语言都是先说出来再被写出来, 因此, 在人类没有读写能力之前文学就有可能是存在的。选项A符合原文句意。（10）根据句意：写作是人类记忆更持久、更可靠的宝库。所以用of表示“.的”。选项A正确。3. 单选题With the US economy slowing down, layoffs are everywhere. No industry is spared. If you end up having to start over, in addition to starting your job search, there are several things you should take care of to make your transition a smooth one.First and foremost, clear up any misunderstanding about how and why you left your last job with your ex-boss. Whether you left voluntarily, were fired or were laid off due to budget cutbacks, make sure you both have the same explanation. Agree on job titles accordingly. Also ask for a reference if you think your ex-boss will offer one and you trust that he or she will speak honestly about your performance.You should have a source of emergency cash that you can use in the interim. Dont panic and liquidate your stocks and bonds just yet, be optimistic in your prospects while also be more frugal than usual. You should save money on not having to dry clean work clothes so often and eating less take-out lunches. Save money by not eating out at restaurants and watch videos rather than going to the movies every weekend. Mark a note of your job-hunting expenses, such as career counselor consulting fees and resume printing costs, and save the receipts. By next years tax-filing time, you could get deductions on your job-search expense (unless you left a job willingly or was a college graduate looking for your first job).Most companies terminate your medical insurance coverage as soon as you stop working for them. But it doesnt mean you have to forgo medical coverage altogether. There is something called Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) in the United States that legally protects an ex-employees right to stay in the companys health care plan. However, the company will stop paying your premiums, and you will have to pay out of your pocket the expenses. This is still a good option compared to no health insurance at all.Another important thing to take care of when you change jobs is your 401(k) account. A 401(k) is the retirement fund that most companies offer. Its named after section 401(k) in the Internal Revenue Services policy documents. You put aside a percentage of your paycheck each pay period, and the money accumulated will be managed by the 401(k) fund manager your employer has hired and is invested in the stock market. You cannot withdraw money from this account until you reach this age, or you will incur penalties. When you leave a job, the money can sometimes be kept with your ex-employer for awhile. Its always a good idea to compare your new employers 401(k) plan with your old one. Every company offers different types of investment options, form overseas stocks to high-tech stocks and everything in between. If you dont want to transfer the account to your new employer, you need to go to the human resources department and ask for forms that help you make the transition.Dont forget to ask for job leads from your ex-coworker. Even if you are leaving for a job in another industry, you never know what people they happen to know that can help with your job search. Keep in touch with the friends you have make at your old job. Remember to anchor yourself to people, not institutions, and you will find that any transition is made easier.1.According to paragraph 1, in the United States,（ ）.2.The word “interim” most probably means （ ） .3.Whats the point of saving the receipts of job-searching expense?4.COBRA ensures an ex-employee stay in the health care plan （ ） .5.Which statement is true according to this passage?问题1选项A.most industries stay unaffected by global economic recessionB.each and every company spares no effort to survive the fierce competitionC.“compulsory redundancy” is going on in every industryD.employees are laid off because they are not qualified for their jobs.问题2选项A.intervalB.hard timeC.transitional periodD.emergency问题3选项A.To get reductions at tax-filing timeB.To keep a record of ones job-hunting experience.C.To be aware of ones expenditure and be frugal.D.Because ones ex-boss will reimburse the job-searching expense.问题4选项A.as long as the ex-employer continues to pay the premiumB.as long as the ex-employee continues to pay the premiumC.as long as the ex-employee finds a new jobD.as long as the ex-employee is called back to the company问题5选项A.401 (k) account can be terminated by the employers anytime they want.B.401(k) account can be withdrawn by the unemployed staff before their retirement.C.401(k) fund is invested in international stock market only.D.401(k) account can be transferred from ones ex-employer to ones new employer.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.根据第一段的第一句“With the US economy slowing down, layoffs are everywhere. No industry is spared.”随着美国经济下跌, 裁员到处可见, 没有行业能够幸免。选项C符合原文。2.根据上下文可推测, 这是处于失业阶段, 所以应该是处于过渡期。句意：你应该有个应急的现金资源以备在过渡期使用。选项C与之意思相近, 所以正确。3.根据第三段最后一句“By next years tax-filing time, you could get deductions on your job-search expense.”到明年报税的时候, 你就可以从你的求职费用中扣除。选项A符合原文。4.根据第四段倒数二三句, 美国有一项名为“综合预算协调法案”的法律, 保护前雇员享受公司医保计划的权利。然而, 公司将停止支付你的保费, 你将不得不自掏腰包支付费用。选项B正确。5.根据倒数第二段的最后一句, 如果你不想把这个账户转到你的新雇主那里, 你需要去人力资源部索取一些表格来帮助你完成这个过渡。由此可以推断, 401(k)帐户可由前雇主转至新雇主。选项D符合原文。4. 单选题In 1885 Owen Wister (1850-1938) recorded that “it wont be a century before the west is simply the true America, with thought, type, and life of its own” and he wanted “to be the hand that once, for all, chronicled and laid bare the virtues and the ices of this extraordinary phase of American social progress.” He never became that self-envisioned Tolstoi of the old West, but in 1902 The Virginian was published. It won instant success and sky-rocketed its author to fame. It is still the most popular “western” novel ever published and the master design for the fiction of the Wild West.The Virginian established a literary form, a formula popularly known as “horse opera”, whose conventions, cliches, and values have reappeared in novels and short stories, in movies and television serials, ever since. The romantic cowboy is the hero and gentleman, one of those “good men in the humbler walks of life”, who seems through shams, defends justice and a ladys honor, shoots it out with the villain and conquers evil. Because of The Virginian, Wister created a character who is the original type for the western folk hero. He represents the embodiment of certain American idealsa man who is equal to all occasions who shows independence of action, a man who keeps his word who is a broad-gauge fellow living among narrow-gauge fold”. But the literary device and cowboy code which Wister established dictated that the hero must kill the head man. This necessity for sanctioning murder and romanticizing of the cowboy as a gentleman prohibited. The Virginian and the genre it created from becoming serious fiction, or even an authentic product of the western experience. Instead of achieving his ambition, therefore, Wister gave us a sort of American folk epic, the cowboy story.1.Owen Wister believed （ ）.2.Stylistically, The Virginian is noted for the fact that it （ ） .3.The popularity which was accorded The Virginian indicates that Wister（ ） .4.The author of the article believes that（ ） .问题1选项A.the way of life in the west in 1885 was a passing phaseB.the cowboy in 1885 symbolized the typical American modeC.the west would be always isolated from the rest of the country by its moral codeD.none of these问题2选项A.was written according to a pre-established formulaB.established the formula known as “horse opera”C.followed the literary conventions of the day.D.abandoned American conventions in favor of foreign ones问题3选项A.had written an account of the cowboy which appealed to American aspirationsB.gave us an authentic account of the western experienceC.became the American TolstoiD.realized his stated ambition问题4选项A.The Virginian did not deserve the success it wonB.Wister was a hackC.Wister made a definite contribution to American literatureD.cowboy stories should be considered serious fiction【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.根据第一段第一句“it wont be a century before the west is simply the true America.”可知选项A错误；选项B在文中没有提及；选项C明显错误；所以本题选D。2.根据第二段第一句“The Virginian established a literary form, a formula popularly known as “horse opera”,.”弗吉尼亚人建立了一种文学形式，一种被普遍称为“马戏”的模式。选项B与原文描述一致，所以正确。3.根据第二段最后一句“ Instead of achieving his ambition, therefore, Wister gave us a sort of American folk epic, the cowboy story.”Wister没有实现他的抱负，而是给我们讲述了一部美国民间史诗，牛仔的故事。这使我们对西方的经历有了真实的了解，所以选项B正确。4.根据第一段倒数第二句“.The Virginian was published. It won instant success and sky-rocketed its author to fame.”可知选项A错误；选项B在文中没有提及；选项C符合原文；选项D不正确，所以本题选C。5. 单选题If an object is suspended from an point on the vertical line passing through its center of gravity, the object will remain（ ） .问题1选项A.secureB.flexibleC.stationaryD.mobile【答案】C【解析】句意：如果一个物体从通过其重心的垂直线上的一个点上悬停, 该物体将保持静止。选项C符合语境。6. 单选题The chief foods eaten in a country depends largely on（ ）best in its climate and soil.问题1选项A.all what it growsB.what growsC.which growsD.what does it grow【答案】B【解析】根据句子结构可知, 句中缺少宾语。选项A结构错误, 先行词all后面只能接关系代词that；选项C缺少先行词；选项D是疑问句, 不能做宾语。所以选项B正确。7. 单选题For untold centuries man depended almost entirely on his hunting ability to obtain food. From sunrise to sundown, armed with clubs and spears, and aided by trained wild dogs, he searched for game his foremost source of food with his primitive weapons, the largest and swiftest animals often eluded him, and the hunter and his family frequently went for days without meat.While the men were hunting game, the women and children searched for edible vegetation. From nearby plants and trees they gathered berries, nuts, grain, and roots. These meager staples stayed the pain of hunger when the hunters returned empty handed. When the supplies of game and plants in an area were exhausted, the entire tribe was forced to move on to a new and hopefully better region. Thus man led a nomadic existence. He could never settle in one place for long because his growing population outstripped the available supply of food in the area.Then man made one of his greatest discoveries agriculture. This revelation of raising plants and domesticating animals was one of the major steps in civilization. Agriculture did not by itself create civilization, but without it man could not have settled in one place long enough to build a permanent home. Anthropologists are uncertain about when or how man first learned to farm. They suggest it may have resulted from casual observation. A tribe or many tribes over a wide area might have stayed in one place long enough to see a true bear fruit for more than one season. They may also have observed that young plants grew out of ground to produce food as they matured.Or, as one anthropologist suggests, a handful of wild groin may have thrown onto the ground, and later the seeds grew into new plants. Regardless of the exact circumstances, man did eventually recognize that he could have a dependable source of food if he planted seeds and later harvested his crop.After man learned that he could grow food, the next step was mastering crop cultivation. The early farmer realized that he could grow more food if the seeds were covered with broken ground. This insight led to the making of the first farm equipment - sticks shaped into spades and hoes. From examination of the remains of the earliest known farming tools, archaeologists have determined that this occurred about seven thousand years ago. These implements were found in the area known as the Fertile Crescent, which lies between the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf. Evidence also indicates that the farmers of this area possibly the first in the world cultivated large wheat crops. To tend these crops, the hoe and spades were transformed into plows.About the same time as the growing of the first crops, man, relying on the experience he had gained in training wild dogs to aid in hunting, began domesticating other animals. Over the years, he developed herds of animals for food and to aid in his work.With the cultivation of crops and the domestication, of animals, man had a fairly dependable and permanent food supply. This accomplishment allowed him time for other work. Instead of spending most of his waking hours hunting for food, he was able to establish villages, and he had leisure time to ponder new ideas and keep records of events in his life. With the discovery of agriculture, man ceased his animal-like existence and began to build the foundation for civilization.1.The word elude in the first paragraph most probably means （ ） .2.What is the significance of raising plants and domesticating animals?3.From this passage we can conclude that （ ） .4.According to the passage, with the discovery of agriculture（ ） .5.During the period in which man was hunting for animals for food, man could never live in one place permanently because（ ） .6.With regard to when and how man first learned to farm, the passage （ ） .7.Man stopped his animal-like living after he （ ） .问题1选项A.abandonB.desertC.escapeD.mummify问题2选项A.Men didnt have to lead a nomadic life.B.They didnt have to search for edible vegetation.C.The largest and swiftest animals couldnt elude them anymore.D.This indicates that men entered the civilized society.问题3选项A.men mastered cultivation method from their experiencesB.they learned how to chase animals from watching them runC.men searched for game with primitive weaponsD.sometimes they were aided by some trained wild dogs问题4选项A.men spent most of their time hunting for foodB.civilization beganC.the early farmer made the first farm equipmentD.men began domesticating other animals问题5选项A.he lived a nomadic lifeB.the population grew so quicklyC.the food supplies were exhaustedD.the animals often escaped his hunting问题6选项A.explains in detailsB.provides some guessesC.doesnt mention it at allD.offers sure answers by anthropologists问题7选项A.stopped hunting animalsB.learned to make tools for huntingC.trained dogs to aid in huntingD.discovered agriculture【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D【解析】1.根据下文“the hunter and his family frequently went for days without meat.”猎人和他的家人经常几天吃不到肉, 说明这些动物都躲着猎人, 所以“eluded”指的是躲避, 逃避；选项C正确。2.根据第三段的内容可知, 饲养植物和驯养动物的启示是人类文明的重要步骤之一, 并没有说明人类进入了文明社会, 所以选项D不正确；农业本身并没有创造文明, 但是如果没有农业, 人类不可能在一个地方定居足够长的时间来建立一个永久的家园。也就是说, 有了农业, 人不必再过游牧生活。选项A正确。3.根据原文可知, 选项B在文中没有提及；选项C和D是文中已知的信息；根据第五段的内容可知, 人们从他们的经验中掌握了种植农作物的方法。所以选项A正确。4.根据最后一段的最后一句“With the discovery of agriculture, man ceased his animal-like