2022-2023年考博英语-东华大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第30期

2022-2023年考博英语-东华大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Output from the power stations _steeply as restrictions on the movement of coal took effect.问题1选项A.fell behindB.fell backC.fell throughD.fell away【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“fell behind”，意为“落后，拖欠”；B选项“fell back”，意为“撤退，回落”；C选项“fell through”，意为“落空，失败”，D选项“fell away”，意为“消失，背离，抛弃”。句意：由于对煤炭运输的限制生效，发电站的发电量急剧下降。因此，D选项符合题意。2. 单选题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 per cent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four rail roads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace” asks Mar- tin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who is going to pay for the rest of the bill. Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.1. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because_.2. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?.3. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_.4 The word “arbiters” most probably refers to those_.5. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_.问题1选项A.cost reduction is based on competitionB.services call for cross-trade coordinationC.outside competitors will continue to existD.shippers will have the railway by the throat问题2选项A.IndifferentB.SupportiveC.IndignantD.Apprehensive问题3选项A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate reliefD.a government board ensures fair play in railway business问题4选项A.who work as coordinatorsB.who function as judgesC.who supervise transactionsD.who determine the price问题5选项A.the continuing acquisitionB.the growing trafficC.the cheering Wall StreetD.the shrinking market【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是支持并购的人为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。根据题干关键词“支持者，合并，不可能”可以定位到第二段。支持者认为“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. ”意思是因为要和卡车竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。”因此C最符合文章原意。A不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，而不是竞争降低成本。B不对是因为文中只是说可以更好协调服务，而不是跨行业。D把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。因此，答案为C。2.【试题解析】：观点态度题。题目问的是许多受控制的托运商对铁路合并的态度是什么。注意问的不是作者的态度 ,，是货主的态度,，根据文中第三段由于铁路运输业之间的合并使得发货商只能求助于一家公司，他们所付的运费要高出20%30%，如果他们觉得收费过高，他们有权提出申诉要求降低费率，但这一过程既昂贵又耗时而且只有在真正极端的情况下才有效果；根据第五段首句“Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases”根据关键词worry一词，可得发货商对于继续增加费用的担忧。所以发货商对于铁路运输业的合并是“充满担忧的”，而选项A“漠不关心的”，以及选项B“支持的”和选项C“义愤的”原文中并没有提及。因此，答案为D。3.【试题解析】：判断推理题。A的意思是说没有竞争的铁路运输公司，运输公司的费用会少一些。根据原文第三段第二句“Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.”可知，费用是高了百分之二十到三十，而不是少了些。根据文中第三段首句，大多数托运商将由一家公司服务，但B答案是说只剩下一家公司，意义完全不同。C答案根据原文第三段可知，货主们如果认为铁路公司收费过高，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低费率。但是申诉的过程耗时费钱，可以推断出他们提出申诉的可能性比较小。D答案是说政府可以保证铁路行业内的公平竞争，文中并没有提及，属于无关选项。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】:语义推测题。arbiter的意思是“仲裁者”，词义题一般可以根据其上下文推断出来其含义，根据这个单词定位到原文的第四段的“Do you really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace? ” “It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”由此，可以得出“arbiter”的意思是能够决定成败，决定输赢的一个职位，即选项B最符合题意。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因，根据关键词“cost increase”，定位到原文中的最后一段的第一句话，可得知许多“受制” 托运商担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的费率大涨价。目前的铁路公司所赚的钱不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资，然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行收购。因此，铁路的经营成本提高。选项B，文中虽然提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去满足不断增长的运输需要，但是这并不是经营成本提高的原因。C、D选项文中并没有依据。因此，答案为A。3. 单选题In _ times, human beings did not travel for pleasure, but to find a more favorable climate.问题1选项A.primitiveB.primeC.preliminaryD.primary【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“primitive”，意为“原始的；远古的”；B选项“prime”，意为“主要的；最好的；基本的”；C选项“preliminary”，意为“初步的；开始的；预备的”；D选项“primary”，意为“主要的；初级的；基本的”。句意：在_原始_时代，人类长途跋涉不是为了消遣，而是为了寻找更适宜的气候。空格后提到人们长途跋涉是为了寻找适宜的气候，这说明是原始时代，人们不断迁徙，为了寻找适宜的气候来生存。因此A选项符合题意。4. 单选题Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full _.问题1选项A.capacityB.strengthC.lengthD.possibility【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项capacity“能力、容量、资格”；B项strength“力量、力气”；C项length“长度”；D项possibility“可能性”；句意：不外出工作的家庭主妇感觉家务活不能让她们完全施展自己的能力。work to ones capacity“充分发挥才能”；因此该题A项正确。5. 单选题For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn Vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as, Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales(both come in adult and childrens version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Super high scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.1. Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?2. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?3. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savants because _4. We can conclude from the last paragraph that_5. What is the authors attitude towards IQ test?问题1选项A.Answering philosophical questions.B.Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C.Telling the difference between certain concepts.D.Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.问题2选项A.People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B.More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C.The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D.Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.问题3选项A.the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.B.creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.C.Vos Savants case is an extreme one that will not repeat.D.the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.问题4选项A.test scores may not be reliable indicators of ones ability.B.IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.C.testing involves a lot of guesswork.D.traditional test are out of date.问题5选项A.Supportive.B.Skeptical.C.Impartial.D.Biased.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“下列哪一项在智力测试中可能需要？”。A项“回答哲学问题”，B项“把纸折成或剪成不同的形状”，C项“说明某些概念之间的区别”，D项“选择与所给相似的词或图”。第一段第三句提到IQ test ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.（智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析，要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，要求你推论数字的顺序，以及其他类似的项目）以及最后一段第二句Sternberg提到traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.（传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，但没有测量创造性和实际知识，这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素），由此可知智力测试中可能需要创造性和实际知识。A项和C项文中没有提及，属于无中生有；B项与题意不符，文中只是提到在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，不是折叠或剪纸张。因此该题只有D项正确。2.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从第三段关于智力测试的描述我们可以推断出？”。第三段的内容主要是描述智力测试的两种形式，斯坦福比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表，这两种都有成人和儿童测试类型；由于测试价格昂贵，通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试，现在一些测试的变种在网上流行。由此可知，儿童和成人的智力测试类型不同。A项“人们不再使用IQ分数作为智力的指标”，第三段最后一句提到Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.（其他标准测试，比如学术能力检测以及研究生入学考试，包含了智商测试的主要方面），因此A项错误。B项“现在网上有更多的IQ测试版本”，第三段第四行提到although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.（尽管这些测试的变种在书店和环球网上流行），可知网上流行的是上文提到的斯坦福比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表这两种测试的变种，而非更多的测试版本，B项与题意不符。D项“科学家们已经确定了人类智力的重要组成部分”文中无提及。因此该题C项“成人和儿童的测试内容和形式有所不同”正确。3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“现在的人们不能再达到像Vos Savant那样高的智商分数是因为？”。第三段第四行有提到Super high scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.（得到像Vos Savant这样的超高分数再也不可能了，因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况，而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以100来划分智能年龄），由此得知，人们不能再达到像Vos Savant那样高的智商分数是因为计算方法与以前不同。A项“分数是通过不同的计算程序得到的”与题意符合；B项“现在强调的是创造力而不是分析能力”是第四段的信息，内容与题意不符；C项“Vos Savant的案例是一个极端的案例，不会重演”和 D项“智商测试的定义特征已经改变”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。4.【试题解析】判断归纳题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出？”。文章最后一段指出，有专家认为，标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素，随后解释了这种观点，指出传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，而且一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确，并且应试能力也很重要。这说明智商测试不可能真实反映一个人的能力。A项“考试成绩可能不是一个人能力的可靠指标”符合题意；B项“智商分数和SAT成绩高度相关”与文意相反；C项“测试涉及大量的猜测”属于夸大其词；D项“传统测试过时了”属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。5.【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“作者对智力测试的态度是怎样的？”。A项“支持的”，B项“怀疑的”，C项“公平的”，D项“有偏见的”。文章最后一段，作者引用了Sternberg的话，IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change（一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确），以及后面提到IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership that is, it predicted the opposite（如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试，那么这种测试就可以预测领导才能，但是，在高压力状况下，智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系是否定的，也就是说，它预测的结果是相反的），由此可以看出作者对IQ测试是持有怀疑态度的。A项与作者态度相反，因此错误；D项和C项不符合作者态度，因此只有B选项正确。6. 单选题Hamlet _ his fathers death on his uncle.问题1选项A.reservedB.revertedC.revengedD.revealed【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项reverse“颠倒、撤销、反转”；B项revert“回复、重提”；C项revenge“报复、复仇”；D项reveal“显示、透露、揭露”；句意：哈姆雷特向叔叔报了杀父之仇。revenge on“向报复”；因此该题C项正确。7. 单选题_ should any money be given to a small child.问题1选项A.On no accountB.From all accountC.Of no accountD.By all account【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配的用法。A项on no account“决不”，放在句首作状语时，主谓应该倒装；B项from all account“根据各方面所说”；C项of no account“不重要的、没有价值的”，在句中通常作表语和定语；D项by all account“据大家所说”；句意：绝不能给小孩钱。因此该题A项正确。8. 单选题Hot metal _ as it grows cooler.问题1选项A.contractsB.reducesC.condensesD.compresses【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项contract“收缩、订约”；B项reduce“减少”；C项condense“浓缩、凝结”；D项compress“压缩、压紧、精简”；句意：热金属一变冷就收缩。因此该题A项正确。9. 单选题_ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项continuous“连续不断的”，指整个事发的过程都没有中断；B项continual“持续不断的”，指一再的、频繁的、反复发生的；C项constant“不变的、恒定的”；D项contrary“相反的、对立的”；句意：城邦国家之间频繁的冲突导致希腊文明最终衰落。因此该题B项正确。10. 单选题The president paid _to the firemen who had fought the blaze, saying their bravery had saved countless lives.问题1选项A.attentionB.heedC.griefD.tribute【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“attention”，意为注意力，关心；B选项“heed”，意为“注意，听从”；C选项“grief”，意为“悲痛，忧伤”；D选项“tribute”意为“致敬，悼念”，句意：总统向灭火的消防队员致敬，称赞他们的勇敢拯救了无数生命。因此，D选项符合句意。11. 单选题Taking advantage of his popularity in the opinion polls, the Prime Minister has decided to call a_ election for next month.问题1选项A.convincingB.magneticC.snapD.clean-cut【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“convincing”，意为“令人信服的；有说服力的”；B选项“magnetic”，意为“地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的”；C选项“snap”，意为“突然的”，snap election是个短语，意为“提前选举；临时选举”；D选项“clean-cut”，意为“（尤指男人）外表整洁的，优雅高尚的；轮廓分明的”。句意：首相利用他在民意调查中的声望，决定在下个月_提前_举行选举。本句表示“首相想趁着自己在民意调查中富有声望，于是提前进行选举，来获取优势地位”。因此C选项符合题意。12. 单选题_ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.问题1选项A.To giveB.GivenC.GivingD.Having given【答案】B【解析】考查given的用法。A项to give不定式；B项given 过去分词作介词放句首，表“考虑到”；C项giving现在分词；D项having given现在完成时；句意：考虑到有关德国经济实力的说法，德国经济实际上是相对较小的，这多少有些令人惊讶。因此该题B项正确。13. 单选题Fumes from the exhaust of an automobile are _.问题1选项A.notoriousB.anxiousC.noxiousD.delicious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项notorious“声名狼藉的、臭名昭著的”；B项anxious“焦虑的”；C项noxious“有害的、有毒的”；D项delicious“美味的”；句意：汽车排气管排出的烟雾是有害的。因此该题C项正确。14. 单选题Before he started the work, I asked the builder to give me an _ of the cost of repairing the roof.问题1选项A.assessmentB.estimateC.announcementD.evaluation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项assessment“估计、评定”；B项estimate“估价、判断”；C项announcement“公告、宣告”；D项evaluation“评价”；句意：在他开始工作之前，我请建筑工人给我估计一下修理屋顶的费用。因此该题B项正确。15. 单选题I could see that my wife was _having that raincoat, whether I approve of it or not.问题1选项A.adequate forB.intent onC.short ofD.deficient in【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“adequate for”，意为“胜任的，适合的”， B选项“intent on”，意为“专心于，决心实行”，C选项“short of”意为“缺乏，不足，除以外”，D选项“deficient in”，意为“不足，缺乏”。句意：不管我赞成与否，我能看出我妻子一心想要那一件雨衣。因此，B选项符合句意。16. 单选题If a couple are divorced and their child lives with his mother, he is said to suffer from lace of _ love.问题1选项A.maternalB.fraternalC.paternalD.parental【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项maternal“母亲的、母性的”；B项fraternal“兄弟般的、友好的”；C项paternal“父亲的、父亲般的”；D项parental“父母亲的”；句意：如果一对夫妇离婚了，他们的孩子和他的母亲住在一起，那么他被认为缺乏父爱。因此该题C项正确。17. 单选题By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can _ the surroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项explore“探索、探险”；B项expose“暴露”；C项exploit“利用”；D项expand“扩展”；句意：通过缓慢地绕圈移动雷达波束，我们可以探索周围的环境。因此该题A项正确。18. 单选题_ the wall, we decided that we should need three tins of paint.问题1选项A.Making upB.Doing upC.Putting upD.Sizing up【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配的用法。A项make up“构成、化妆”；B项do up“扎、捆”；C项put up“举起、建造”；D项size up“判断、估量”；句意：我们估量了一下这面墙，决定需要三罐油漆。因此该题D项正确。19. 单选题This is but a_ of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored.问题1选项A.frictionB.fractionC.factionD.fracture【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“friction”，意为“摩擦力，摩擦”，B选项“fraction”，意为“分数，部分”；C选项“faction”，意为“派别，小集团”，D选项“fracture”，意为“破裂，断裂”，句意：这只是青少年所储存的全部信息的一小部分。因此，B选项符合句意。20. 单选题The _ that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research.问题1选项A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendments【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“contribution”，意为“贡献，捐款”；B选项“occupation”,意为“占有权，职业”；C选项“expostulation”意为“劝导，忠告”；D选项“amendment”，意为“改善，修正建议”。句意：她建议讨论的修正案是基于最新的医学研究。因此，D选项符合题意。