2022-2023年考博英语-中国科学技术大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第40期

2022-2023年考博英语-中国科学技术大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, “High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.” He described the inadequacies of his students, all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level. I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established.My topic is not standards nor its decline. What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years, and is able to think and speak like a mature adult.My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. It is also human nature to look for the reasons for our dissatisfaction. Before English became a school subject in the late nineteenth century, it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiencies. But since then, English teachers have been under constant attack.The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea. As their own command of the language improves, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generations of young people must be hopeless in this respect. To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults the language of the young always seems inadequate.Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to todays young people, it naturally follows that todays English teachers cannot be doing their jobs. Otherwise, young people would not commit offenses against the language.1. The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that _.2. In the authors opinion, the speaker _.3. It can be concluded from the passage that _.4. The authors attitude towards the speakers remarks is _.问题1选项A.the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generationB.the students had a poor command of English because they didnt work hard enoughC.the was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen yearsD.English teachers should be held responsible for the students poor command of English问题2选项A.gave a correct judgment of the English level of the studentsB.had exaggerated the language problems of the studentsC.was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobsD.could think and speak intelligently问题3选项A.it is justifiable to include English as a school subjectB.the author disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9 levelC.English language teaching is by no means an easy jobD.language improvement needs time and effort问题4选项A.neutralB.positiveC.criticalD.compromising【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that _. 作者在文中提到的演讲者认为_。A. the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generation A. 年轻一代的语言通常不如老一代的语言B. the students had a poor command of English because they didnt work hard enough B. 这些学生的英语水平很低，因为他们不够努力C. the was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen years C. 他是一位优秀的语言老师，因为他已经教了16年英语了D. English teachers should be held responsible for the students poor command of English D. 英语教师应该对学生英语不好负责【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词The speaker定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“演讲者（The speaker）是一所社区大学的教师”，结合该段第二句“他说，高中英语老师没有做好他们的工作（High school English teachers are not doing their jobs）。”，可知他认为学生英语不好是高中老师的责任，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“年轻一代的语言通常不如老一代的语言”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“这些学生的英语水平很低，因为他们不够努力”：演讲者认为其原因在于老师没教好，而不是学生不努力，属于偷换概念；C选项“他是一位优秀的语言老师，因为他已经教了16年英语了”：对应第二段最后一句“他已经教书十六年了（teaching for sixteen years），能像成年人一样思考和说话（think and speak like a mature adult）。”，能像成年人一样思考和说话不等同于是一位优秀的语言老师，演讲者没有这样的意思，属于偷换概念。第2题:【选项释义】In the authors opinion, the speaker _. 在作者看来，演讲者_。A. gave a correct judgment of the English level of the students A. 对学生的英语水平做出了正确的判断B. had exaggerated the language problems of the students B. 夸大了学生的语言问题C. was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobs C. 说英语老师没有做好他们的工作是对的D. could think and speak intelligently D. 能聪明地思考和说话【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词authors opinion定位到第三段第一、二句，该处讲到“我的观点是（My point is that），一代人对下一代人的频繁抱怨（frequent complaint）不可避免（inevitable）。寻找不满（look for dissatisfaction）也是出于人的天性（human nature）。”，可知作者认为上一代人找理由抱怨下一代人的语言能力是出于天性，而不是因为这些学生的英语水平真的很低，夸大了学生的语言问题，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“对学生的英语水平做出了正确的判断”：作者认为没有正确、客观地评价，反而夸大了学生的语言问题，属于反向干扰；C选项“说英语老师没有做好他们的工作是对的”：对应该段第三、四句“在19世纪末英语成为一门学科（English became a school subject）之前，很难找到语言缺陷的指责对象。但从那以后（But since then），英语教师一直受到攻击（have been under constant attack）。”，可知作者认为对英语老师的批评不公正、不客观，并非正确，属于反向干扰；D选项“能聪明地思考和说话”：对应第二段最后一句“说话者真正想说（speaker was really saying）的是他能像成年人一样思考和说话。”，可知这是演讲者自己认为的，而不是作者认为的，属于张冠李戴。第3题:【选项释义】It can be concluded from the passage that _. 从文章中可以得出结论：_。A. it is justifiable to include English as a school subject A. 把英语作为一门学科很合理B. the author disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9 level B. 作者不同意演讲者对九年级英语水平标准的看法C. English language teaching is by no means an easy job C. 英语教学绝不是一件容易的工作D. language improvement needs time and effort D. 提高语言需要时间和努力【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第四段第三句，该处讲到“他们没有意识到自己的能力已经发展了这么多年（ability has developed through the years），并且认为新一代的年轻人在这方面肯定是没有希望了（hopeless in this respect）。”，可知语言能力的提高需要长时间的努力，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“把英语作为一门学科很合理”：文中没有探讨英语作为一门学科的问题，属于无中生有；B选项“作者不同意演讲者对九年级英语水平的看法”：对应第一段最后一句“我无法确定（unable to determine）这个9年级的水平是如何判定的。”，可知作者对此的态度是不确定，而非不同意，属于偷换概念；C选项“英语教学绝不是一件容易的工作”：文中没有提到英语教学的要求和难度，属于无中生有。第4题:【选项释义】The authors attitude towards the speakers remarks is _. 作者对演讲者言论的态度是_。A. neutral A. 中立的B. positive B. 肯定的C. critical C. 批判的D. compromising D. 有失体面的，不宜泄露的【答案】C【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】此题定位到第一段最后一句“我无法确定（unable to determine）这个9年级的水平是如何判定的。”，以及第三段“我的观点是（My point is that），一代人对下一代人的频繁抱怨不可避免。寻找不满也是出于人的天性但（But）从那以后，英语教师一直受到攻击（constant attack）。”，可知作者并不赞同演讲者对于学生语言水平的判定，并且反对演讲者对英语老师所做工作的否定，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“中立的”：作者有明确的观点，并没有保持中立，属于反向干扰；B选项“肯定的”：作者明确地反对，属于反向干扰；D选项“有失体面的”：作者并没有认为演讲者的言论是错误的，所以不能公开，属于无中生有。2. 填空题Shortly after World War II, American art began to gamer worldwide attention and _. This change was due to the innovative fervor of abstract expressionism in the 1950s. (admire)【答案】admiration【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词and，可知attention和横线所在内容为并列结构，应该和attention一样为名词，admiration“赞赏”符合语境，指的是美国艺术引起全世界的赞赏。【句意】第二次世界大战后不久，美国艺术开始引起全世界的注意和赞赏。这种变化源于20世纪50年代抽象表现主义的创新热情。3. 单选题At Buffalo Creek, West Virginia, a makeshift dam at a coal mine site collapsed with a loss of more than 100 lives.问题1选项A.fragileB.massiveC.crudeD.temporary【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. fragile 易碎的，易损的 B. massive 巨大的，大而重的C. crude 粗略的，简略的 D. temporary 暂时的，临时的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】makeshift的意思为“临时替代的，权宜的”，用来形容dam，指的是煤矿工地的临时大坝，temporary与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】在西弗吉尼亚州的布法罗溪，某个煤矿工地的临时大坝倒塌，造成100多人死亡。4. 单选题He first read this book by borrowing it from his Chinese classmate at Oxford. And he was so enchanted. In order to translate it, he even resigned from his chair at Oxford.问题1选项A.contentedB.fascinatedC.frustratedD.astonished【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. contented （尤指因生活好而）满意的，惬意的 B. fascinated 入迷的，极感兴趣的C. frustrated 无效的，没有得到满足的 D. astonished 吃惊的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】enchanted的意思为“着了魔的；极乐的”，在这里指的是看到这本书被深深地吸引，非常高兴和激动，fascinated与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】他第一次读这本书是从他在牛津大学的中国同学那里借来读的，然后就被迷住了。为了翻译这本书，他甚至辞去了牛津大学的教职。5. 填空题Contraction of front and side parts of the brainas cells die offwas observed in some subjects in their thirty, but it was still not evident in some sixtyand seventy-year-olds. A B C D【答案】C thirty改为thirties【解析】【考查点】固定表达。【解题思路】in ones thirties意思为“在某人三十多岁时”，这里指的年龄是概数。【句意】有的人大脑前部和侧部的收缩随着细胞的死亡在三十多岁时就能被观察到了，但是也有些人直到六七十岁依然不明显。6. 单选题This website provides information and latest news about the latest gadgets with all its uniqueness and shortcomings.问题1选项A.devicesB.advancesC.operationsD.spheres【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. devices 装置，器具，设备 B. advances 进步，进展C. operations 手术 D. spheres 球体，球形【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】gadgets的意思为“小器具，小装置”，devices与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】本网站提供有关最新产品的资讯和最新消息，并介绍其独特之处和不足之处。7. 填空题The subject of food, like all topics in which the human race has a large and inescapable interest, is something but a simple piece of business. Cooking and eating give rise to a great many horror tales and strange behavior. A B C D【答案】B something but改为anything but【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】anything but意思为“根本不，绝不”，这里指的是食物不是一件简单的事情。【句意】食物这个话题，就像所有人类有宏大而不可回避的兴趣话题一样，绝不是一件简单的事情。做饭和吃饭引申出许多恐怖故事和怪异行为。8. 填空题“The IAEA should positively clarify relevant problems by cooperating with Iran in a fair and _ manner” and “Iran should be flexible and sincere when cooperating with the IAEA,” Xinhua reported, citing Hong. (person)【答案】impersonal【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】根据横线前的and，可知fair和横线处表示并列，所以横线处应为形容词，并且意思和fair对应，impersonal意思为“非指个人的，客观的”，符合语境。【句意】新华社援引洪磊的话说：“国际原子能机构应该以公平、客观的方式与伊朗合作，积极澄清有关问题。伊朗在与国际原子能机构合作时，应该灵活、真诚。”9. 填空题In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the citys buildings and highways, to make them more resistant to quakes. A B C D【答案】C to make改为making【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】C部分到句尾是句子的状语，前面说到洛杉矶修改了建筑法规，这一举措使城市建筑和高速公路更坚固，伴随而来的是抗震能力提高了，C部分到句尾这部分为伴随状语，因此C部分应为making。【句意】此外，在过去20年里，洛杉矶对建筑法规进行了修改，加强了城市建筑和高速公路的抗震能力。10. 填空题All populations contain some _ in traits. In humans, for example, some people are tall, some are short, and some are of medium height. (vary)【答案】variation【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词some，可知横线处为名词。根据关键词for example，可知两个句子是例证关系，指的是同一个族群有不同特点，variation的意思为“变异的东西，变种”，符合语境。【句意】所有族群在性状上都有一些变异。以人类为例，有些人高，有些人矮，有些人中等身高。11. 填空题In the 8th century gigaku fell into disfavor because its frivolous (愚蠢的) character _ the Japanese rulers of the period. (please)【答案】displeased【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】because引导原因状语从句，横线处为谓语动词。根据时间8th century，可知句子时态为一般过去时。这里指的是伎乐愚蠢可笑的特点让统治者_，因此伎乐不受欢迎，displease的意思为“使恼怒，使生气，使不悦”，符合语境，其过去式为displeased。【句意】在8世纪，伎乐因其愚蠢可笑的特点，当时的日本统治者听了不悦，因此不受欢迎。12. 单选题Swimmers from the University of Michigan dethroned Ohio State in the national collegiate swimming championships, breaking Ohios streak of three consecutive victories.问题1选项A.immenseB.superbC.marginalD.continuous【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. immense 极大的，巨大的 B. superb 极佳的，卓越的C. marginal 小的，微不足道的 D. continuous 不断的，持续的，连续的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】consecutive的意思为“连续不断的”，修饰victories，指的是俄亥俄州立大学连续三次都胜利，continuous与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】密歇根大学的游泳选手们在全国大学生游泳锦标赛中击败了俄亥俄州立大学，打破了俄亥俄州立大学三连胜的纪录。13. 单选题Long-term water availability is largely determined by the average conditions in a river basin, but it is often extreme events that cause acute water insecurity.问题1选项A.occasionalB.constantC.urgentD.serious【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. occasional 偶尔的，偶然的 B. constant 连续发生的，不断的C. urgent 紧急的，紧迫的 D. serious 严重的，有危险的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】acute的意思为“十分严重的”，这里指极端事件让水变得非常不安全，有严重的安全问题，serious与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】长期来说，水资源的可用性在很大程度上取决于流域的平均条件，但往往是极端事件导致严重的在水安全方面的问题。14. 单选题This third pattern can be used by moderately autonomous departments in an enterprise that wants to share its services with other departments.问题1选项A.independentB.cooperativeC.productiveD.supportive【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. independent 独立的，自主的，自治的 B. cooperative 合作的，协作的C. productive 有效益的，富有成效的 D. supportive 给予帮助的，支持的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】autonomous的意思为“自治的，有自治权的”，这里指的是企业中适度自治的部门，independent与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】第三种模式可以使用于企业中适度自治并且希望与其他部门共享服务的部门。15. 单选题An anonymous letter _ police to the possibility of a terrorist attack at the airport.问题1选项A.imposedB.alertedC.warnedD.informed【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. imposed 使（别人）接受自己的意见 B. alerted 向报警，使警惕，使戒备（警告某人危险或紧急情况）C. warned 提醒注意（可能发生的事），使警惕（以便于避免某事，尤指可能发生的危险或不愉快的事情） D. informed 知会，通知（尤指以官方的方式告诉某人某事）【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】横线处和police构成动宾搭配关系，指的是有人匿名向警察报警，说可能会有人袭击机场，alerted符合语境，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合语境。【句意】一封匿名信提醒警方注意机场可能会发生恐怖袭击。16. 单选题In the mid-nineteenth, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil the basic ingredients of industrial growthwere plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a spiders web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.Many factors influenced the emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth centuryalways with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the increased farm production that in turn, was made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europemost of whom were originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be financed in their own “money market”.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. Why does the author mention “a spiders web” (Para. 2)?3. According to the passage, who were the biggest consumers of manufactured products?4. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the nineteenth century?问题1选项A.The history of railroads in the United States.B.The major United States industrial centers.C.Factors that affected industrialization in the United States.D.The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century.问题2选项A.To emphasize the railroads consumption of oil and coal.B.To describe the complex structure of the railway system.C.To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion.D.To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials.问题3选项A.Railway workers.B.Farmers.C.Europeans.D.City dwellers.问题4选项A.They lost some jobs because of mechanization.B.They raised their productivity by using new machinery.C.They sold food to European countries.D.They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】What does the passage mainly discuss? 文章主要讨论了什么？A. The history of railroads in the United States. A. 美国铁路的历史。B. The major United States industrial centers. B. 美国主要的工业中心。C. Factors that affected industrialization in the United States. C. 影响美国工业化的因素。D. The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century. D. 19世纪农业的作用。【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段讲了美国用以发展重工业的自然资源非常丰富（tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry），第二段讲到铁路对工业化的重要发展作用（movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads），第三段讲到工业化期间出现了新的工业生产方式（emerging modes of production），第四段讲到美国工业化期间的劳动力（The labor that ran the factories and built the railways）和资金来源（The money to finance this tremendous expansion）。综上所述，本文以工业化为中心，阐述了影响工业化发展的因素，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“美国铁路的历史”和D选项“19世纪农业的作用”：是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全；B选项“美国主要的工业中心”：文中没有提到具体的工业中心，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】Why does the author mention “a spiders web” (Para. 2)? 作者为什么提到“蜘蛛网”（第二段）？A. To emphasize the railroads consumption of oil and coal. A. 强调铁路对石油和煤炭的消耗。B. To describe the complex structure of the railway system. B. 描述铁路系统的复杂结构。C. To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion. C. 解释铁路扩张带来的问题。D. To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials. D. 描述原材料分配的困难。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词Para. 2和信息词a spiders web定位到第二段第二句，该处讲到“铁路网迅速扩张（railway network expanded），直到（until）美国的铁路地图看起来像一张蜘蛛网，铁路网连接着（connecting）所有重要的原材料来源地、它们的制造地点和配送中心。”，可知这里的蜘蛛网形容铁路网，铁路网错综复杂，连接着各个地点，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“强调铁路对石油和煤炭的消耗”：对应第二段最后一句“铁路对工业的发展做出了贡献（contributed to the industrial growth），不仅（not only）因为它连接了这些主要的中心，而且（but also）因为它本身也消耗了大量的燃料、铁和煤。”，这里表达的是铁路对工业发展的贡献，而非被称为蜘蛛网的原因，属于偷换概念；C选项“解释铁路扩张带来的问题”和D选项“描述原材料分配的困难”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】According to the passage, who were the biggest consumers of manufactured products? 根据文章，谁是工业产品的最大消费者？A. Railway workers. A. 铁路工人。B. Farmers. B. 农民。C. Europeans. C. 欧洲人。D. City dwellers. D. 城市居民。【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词manufactured products定位到第三段第三句，该处讲到“工厂生产的产品（The products of the factories）迅速被不断发展的城市所接收（growing cities），工人和商人以此谋生。”，可知消费工业产品最多的是城市居民，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“铁路工人”：对应第四段第一句“修建铁路（built the railways）的劳动力（labor）部分来自美国的农场地区”，这里是说铁路工人原本是农民，而不是说铁路工人消费工业产品，属于偷换概念；B选项“农民”：农民是农产品的生产者，而不是消费者，属于张冠李戴；C选项“欧洲人”：对应第三段最后一句“美国的农业生产满足了城市的需求（kept up with the urban demand），但仍有剩余的农产品（surpluses）销往欧洲的工业中心（sale to the industrial centers of Europe）。”，可知销往欧洲工业中心的农产品是小部分，而不是大部分，属于偷换概念。第4题:【选项释义】Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the nineteenth century? 关于19世纪的美国农民，下列哪项不正确？A. They lost some jobs because of mechanization. A. 由于机械化，他们有的人丢了工作。B. They raised their productivity by using new machinery. B. 他们通过使用新机器提高了生产力。C. They sold food to European countries. C. 他们把食物卖给欧洲国家。D. They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas. D. 他们无法为城市地区生产足够的食物。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第三段最后一句，该处讲到“美国的农业生产满足了城市的需求（kept up with the urban demand），仍有剩余的农产品销往欧洲的工业中心。”，可知他们为城市提供了足