2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解42

2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest time，when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sunbaked clay，but with battlements, turrets, loopholes，drawbridges, etc. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan，its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however，be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population.Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in ones own house and fire at ones neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag，and at hitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glorious products of science. Riflethieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing，advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair)，but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the“butcher and bolt policy” to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.1.The word debts in “very few debts are left unpaid” in the first paragraph means _.2.Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?3.According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed _.4.Building roads by the British _.5.A suitable title for the passage would be _.问题1选项A.loansB.accountsC.killingsD.bargains问题2选项A.Melting snows.B.Large population.C.Steep hillsides.D.Fertile valleys.问题3选项A.the introduction of the rifleB.the spread of British ruleC.the extension of luxuriesD.the spread of trade问题4选项A.put an end to a whole series of quarrelsB.prevented the Pathans from carrying on feudsC.lessened the subsidies paid to the PathansD.gave the Pathans a much quieter life问题5选项A.Campaigning on the Indian FrontierB.Why the Pathans Resented the British RuleC.The Popularity of Rifles among the PathansD.The Pathans at War【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.词义题。根据文章第一段，“Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan，its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid.”，可知每座村庄都设有自己的防卫。每个家族都有自己的仇恨，每个部落都有宿仇。无数部落和部落联合体都有自己的理由与其他部落清算。人们不会忘记任何事情，并且有仇必报。所以这里的债务是指宿仇和仇杀。选项C符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句，“are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population”，可知土地丰饶，只要些许劳作就足以供养稀少人口的物质需求。所以人口并不多。选项B符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“ convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it.”，可知步枪的便捷受到了前所未有的欢迎。这个在1 500码远的地方可精确杀死对手的武器给每一个能拥有它的家庭或家族带来了新的希望。所以帕坦人是欢迎步枪这种武器的引入的。选项A符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies.”，他们通过威胁恐吓、堡垒、补助等方式来确保这些道路的安全。所以没有减少补贴，可排除选项C。根据文章第三段，“All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another,”可知英国政府要求沿路周围的人们保持安静，不许相互射杀，所以帕坦部落并没有过着安静的生活，可排除选项D。根据文章第三段最后一句，“It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.”，可知一切斗争都源于这些道路的修建，一系列的争吵并没有结束，排除选项A。选项B符合题意。 5.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段主要介绍了印度边境的环境和活动，第二段提到了步枪引入到帕坦部落，并且受到了欢迎，第三段提到了帕坦部落人对英国政府的不满，并且讲到了帕坦部落对英国政府的修路意图尤其憎恨，这也是一切斗争的根源。由此可见，本文主要介绍了帕坦部落的生活环境，对步枪的喜爱以及对英国政府的憎恶等各方面的内容。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题He didnt mention your name but I was sure he was _ to you.问题1选项A.intimatingB.inferringC.alludingD.suggesting【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。intimating“示意，暗示”；inferring“推断，猜想”；alluding“提及，暗指”；suggesting“暗示，建议”。句意：他没有提到你的名字，但是我肯定他暗指你了。选项C符合题意。3. 翻译题Online newspapers are a look into the future and just pondering it raises the question of whether it isnt nicer getting your daily news curled up in your favorite chair with your ballpoint pen handy to circle items of interest, or scissors ready to snip out articles you want to save. The Gazette Company is betting its subscribers want both electronic and paper options，and so far it seems to be right.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world，the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U. N. Secretary General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to lap into the income-enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williamss one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of whats ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.At Microsoft, Bill Gates predicts that by 2018 major newspapers will “publish their last paper editions and move solely to electronic distribution,” and that by 2020 dictionaries will redefine books as “eBook titles read on screen”.Translate the following passage into Chinese【答案】网上报纸是对未来的一种展望，仅仅思考一下就会提出问题，蜷缩在你最喜爱的椅子上，用圆珠笔把你每天感兴趣的新闻圈出来，或者用剪刀剪下你想要保存的新闻，这样会不会更好呢？葛泽特公司打赌说他的订阅者想要电子和纸质报纸两种选择，现在看来似乎是正确的。世界其他地区比美国更慢地进入电子信息化空间，在发展中国家，互联网根本没有渗透进来。联合国秘书长科菲安南决心联合联合国信息技术服务来改变这一现状。这个组织将训练大量人员开发互联网的增收潜力。安南还建议建立一个互联网健康网络，这个网络将给一些贫困国家提供10000家诊所和医院最先进的医疗知识。飞速发展的网络时代赋予了我们新的力量，正如一位名叫朱迪威廉姆斯的女士所说，她创办的妇女组织用邮件倡导全球禁用地雷。然而，这在那些沉浸在这种伟大而加速的变革中的人的头脑中，只是对未来的一瞥。微软公司的比尔盖茨预测，到2018年，主要新闻报纸将“出版他们最后一版纸质报纸，然后完全转为电子版”，并且到2020年，词典将重新将书定义为“在屏幕上阅读的电子书”。4. 单选题Since the two countries couldnt _ their differences, they decided to stop their negotiations.问题1选项A.rectifyB.obligeC.reconcileD.obscure【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。rectify “改正”；oblige “迫使，义务”；reconcile “使协调，使一致”；obscure “模糊不清，掩盖”。句意：因为两国无法协调分歧，他们决定停止谈判。选项C符合题意。5. 单选题The farmer warned those children not to _ on the corn.问题1选项A.collapseB.stripeC.strideD.tramp【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。collapse “倒塌，崩溃”；stripe“加条纹”；stride “跨步”；tramp“踩，走过”。句意：农民告诫那些孩子们不要在庄稼地里踩踏。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题The 100 Aker Wood may look like a dark, forbidding place these days for Michael D. Eisner. Thats where Winnie the Pooh，Piglet，and Eeyore live, and the cartoon characterswhich represent at least $ 1 billion a year in revenues for Eisners Walt Disney Co. are in full revolt. A 12-years-old lawsuit, sealed in a Los Angeles court until January, has come to light, and a series of court rulings threaten the media giant with hundreds of millions in overdue license payments and possibly the loss of one of its most lucrative properties.How large a hit Disney will take is still in dispute. Disney is appealing two rulings, including one alleging that company executives knowingly destroyed important papers related to its licensing deals. The Pooh affair may seem minor at a time when Eisner is under attack for Disneys chronically weak stock price and ABCs anemic ratings, but the Disney chairman hardly needs more jostling from a Silly Old Bear. Whats more, the impact could be significant. After acknowledging to the Securities Exchange Commission on Aug. 9 that “damages could total as much as several hundred million dollars” or the loss of the licensing agreement, Disney was hit with new shareholder lawsuits.Disney wants to keep its grip on that bear and his honey jar. Pooh is Disneys single largest property, says Martin Brockstein executive editor of The Licensing Letter. That adds up to about $ 100 million in operating earnings from royalties on Pooh T-shirts, backpacks, and other merchandise? Figures Gerard Klauer Matheson & Co. analyst Jeffrey Logsdon. Last year, Disney paid $ 352 million to one pair of heirs of Winnie-the-Pooh author A. A. Milne. But the family of Stephen A. Slesinger, a New York literary agent who bought the U. S. rights in 1930，says Disney owes them $ 200 million on licenses for T-shirts and other merchandise and has cut them entirely out of the lucrative videocassette and DVD arena. Headed by Shirley Slesinger Lasswell, an 80-year-old widow who travels with a Winnie-the-Pooh bear everywhere, the family contends it is owed close to $ 1 billion, say its lawyers. Disney, which says it pays the Slesingers $ 12 million a year, insists the $ 1 billion figure is a publicity stunt. “The 1930 contract says they get royalties on merchandise alone, not all exploitation,” says Disney attorney Daniel J. Petrocelli.The Slesingers also charge that Disney lost documents related to merchandise sales and destroyed others that extended the accord to DVDs and videotapes. On June 18，Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Ernest M. Hiroshige rejected the audit by a forensic accountant he thought unduly favored Disney and found that Disney “misused the discovery process” by hiding the fact that it destroyed documents that might have expanded the licensing agreement to tapes and DVDs.Absent those documentswhich include the papers of the late Disney Consumer Products chief Vincent Jefferdsthe case may hinge on the “mommy memo.” That memo, written in 1983 by Slesinger daughter Patricia to her mother, Shirley, describes a meeting with Jefferds at the Beverly Hills Hotel at which Jefferds allegedly told Patricia “that videos and all these new things were covered and to shut up about it,” according to court documents. Because Disney destroyed Jefferds letters, Judge Hiroshige ruled that Disney is barred from “introducing evidence disputing” the familys contention that they were entitled to royalties on videocassettes. Disney is appealing the ruling.Settlement seems unlikely among the parties. One obstacle: the still-simmering animosity toward Slesinger lawyer Bertram Fields, who won a $ 250 million settlement for former Disney studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg in a hyper-charged 1999 case. This time, the character may be soft and fuzzy, but the payout could be bigger. For Eisner, Pooh is becoming one Very Big Bother.1.The expression “in full revolt” in the sentence “Thats where Winnie the Pooh, Piglet, and Eeyore live, and the cartoon characters., are in full revolt. ” (Para. 1) implies that _.2.The word “anemic” in the expression “Eisner is under attack for., ABCs anemic ratings” (Para. 2) can be paraphrased as _.3.The sentence “Disney wants to keep its grip on that bear and his honey jar. (Para. 3) can best be explained as which of the following?4.Why does the author say that Disneys case may “hinge on the mommy memo ”？5.Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the passage?问题1选项A.the cartoon characters are no longer popularB.Disney is seriously involved in lawsuitsC.they show the sign of defeat of Disney in lawsuitsD.the cartoon characters no longer play positive roles问题2选项A.flexibleB.changingC.steadyD.declining问题3选项A.Disney wants to take back the bear so as to make more honey.B.Disney wants to take control of its cartoon characters.C.Disney wants to keep the most profitable property Winnie the Pooh.D.Disney wants to win the 12-year-old lawsuit.问题4选项A.Because Disney has been barred from introducing further evidence.B.Because the documents related to Disneys merchandise sales cannot be found.C.Because this might be the only document revealing Disneys original attitude.D.Because Slesinger daughter faithfully recorded Jefferds words.问题5选项A.Disney has introduced convincing evidence to defend itself.B.Disney has destroyed some important papers on purpose.C.Disney has lost in the 1999 case with Jeffrey Katzenberg.D.The stock price of Disney has been going down for a period of time.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句，“A 12-years-old lawsuitand a series of court rulings threaten the media giant with hundreds of millions in overdue license payments and possibly the loss of one of its most lucrative properties.”，可知迪斯尼公司卷入了诉讼案件，将遭受巨大的损失，所以致使那里的维尼熊、小猪皮杰等卡通人物全力反抗。选项B符合题意。 2.词义题。根据文章第二段第三句，“when Eisner is under attack for Disneys chronically weak stock price and ABCs anemic ratings”，可知艾斯纳受到了两方面的打击，一方面是迪斯尼较低的股价，另一方面是ABC较低的评级，所以anemic的意思应该为低迷的、下降的。选项D符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“Pooh is Disneys single largest property”，可知小熊维尼是迪斯尼最大的财产，下文接着提到了小熊维尼的商权版税带来的巨大收益，所以迪斯尼想保留最赚钱的财产-小熊维尼。选项C符合题意。 4.细节理解题。根据文章第五段，“That memo, written in 1983 by Slesinger daughter Patricia to her mother, Shirley, describes a meeting with Jefferds at the Beverly Hills Hotel”，可知备忘录是斯莱辛格女儿帕特里夏于1983年写给她的妈妈雪莉的，里面记叙了在贝佛利山酒店与杰拉德的一次会面，杰拉德是迪斯尼产品的消费主管，所以在其他文件都已经销毁的情况下，妈咪备忘录可能是揭示迪斯尼最初态度的文件。选项C符合题意。 5.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“company executives knowingly destroyed important papers related to its licensing deals.”，可知迪斯尼高管销毁了与授权交易相关的重要文件，选项B可排除。根据文章第二段，“Eisner is under attack for Disneys chronically weak stock price”，可知艾斯纳受到迪尼斯股价长期下行的打击。选项D可排除。根据文章最后一段， “One obstacle: the still-simmering animosity toward Slesinger lawyer Bertram Fields, who won a $ 250 million settlement for former Disney studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg in a hyper-charged 1999 case.”，可知1999年，斯林格律师伯特伦菲尔兹为迪士尼公司前首席执行官杰弗里卡森伯格赢得了2.5亿美元的和解金。可推测障碍之一就是迪斯尼诉讼的失败。选项C可排除。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题For multinational corporations, tax planning has become extremely complex affairs. It has been stated that no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise. Therefore，in addition to having their own experts, MNCs rely on heavily on local tax experts and legal counsel.Taxes have a very important impact on foreign direct investment decisions. Taxes will determine the financial structure of subsidiary，and they will influence pricing decisions. They may also lead to the formation of holding companies. An MNC may decide to establish a branch rather than a subsidiary because of a given tax situation. The absence of a tax treaty between the country of a would-be investor and the nation where a foreign investment is to take place might lead to cancellation of investment plans. An unfavorable depreciation allowance may keep the foreign investor out. This unit will deal with the different tax systems in the world and their impact on an MNCs global strategy.Basically, any tax system can be divided into direct and indirect taxes. Corporate and individual income taxes are direct，value-added taxes，sales taxes，and import duties are indirect taxes. Corporate income taxes (taxes levied on earning) vary among the industrialized nations. France, the United States, Holland, Canada, and Germany have rates of around 50 percent; Italy，the United Kingdom and Japan have rates of between 36 and 40 percent.Less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates in order to attract foreign investment. Thus, Brazil has a rate of 30 percent, and Indonesia has a 40 percent tax rate. A corporate tax is levied on taxable earnings. Taxable earnings are more significant than the tax rate itself. They determine what can be deducted before the tax is computed; in other words, these items are tax deductible. Countries differ greatly in determining taxable earnings. Some allow accelerated depreciation, whereby the asset (usually the plant or equipment) is written off at a substantially higher rate during the first years than in the later years. This allows for smaller taxable earnings in the early years. Other countries allow tax-free investment reserves. These are used at a later stage for investment in undeveloped areas of countries or are sent when countries are in a recession.A recent type of tax that has won recognition in the European Common Market is value-added tax (VAT). This is a national sales tax levied at each stage of production or at the sale of consumer goods. The tax is assessed in proportion to the value added during that stage. Generally, manufacturing goods, such as plant and equipment, have been exempted from this tax. In most cases, food items also have been exempted.Here is an example of how VAT works. A tree owner who sells part of a tree to a lumber mill for $ 1 must set aside ten cents VAT to pay to the government. The lumber mill processes the tree into building material and sells the wood for $ 3 to a lumber wholesaler. The mill adds $ 2 in value，and thus sets aside 10 percent of the added value, or twenty cents, to pay to the government. And so the VAT continues until the final sale.The VAT system offers advantages, such as rebates on exports. Profitable and unprofitable firms are taxed alike, as there is