考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题含答案41

考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience（ ）on benches, chairs or boxes.问题1选项A.having seatedB.seatedC.seatingD.having been seated【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。现在分词通常强调动作的主动语态，而过去分词强调状态，强调被动语态或已经发生过的，根据句意促销通常在户外进行，人们坐在长凳、椅子或盒子上确定B选项的seated表示坐的状态，正确。2. 翻译题Translate the following paragraph in the following passage into English.在中国，笔(brush)、墨(ink stick)、纸、砚(ink slab),就是人们所说的“文房 (the study)四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。作为文化艺术工具，以其独特性能催生了汉字特有的书法艺术，也促使中国画形成了独特的风格。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。在当今时代，使 用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习和写作的人越来越少了，但是在中国的书法，绘画，收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。【答案】In China, writing brush, ink stick, paper and ink slab, what people call “four treasures of the study”，play an important role in the inheritance of Chinese civilization. As tools for culture and art, the “four treasures of the study”, by virtue of their unique property, promoted the emergence of the calligraphy art peculiar to Chinese character, and Chinese painting has also formed the unique style. In addition to practical values, they are also the works of art for people to view and admire, and gradually become collections today. In contemporary times, the number of people using “four treasures of the study” for studying and writing has been decreasing, but they are still playing an irreplaceable role in the activities of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and self-cultivation.3. 单选题Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that has constantly refused to（ ）its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be（ ）.问题1选项A.acknowledge.ignoredB.decrease.verifiedC.tolerate.acceptedD.address.reassess【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。A选项acknowledge “承认，承认性，告知”；ignore“忽略，忽视”； B选项decrease “减少，减低”；verify “证明，证实，核实”； C选项tolerate “忍受，容忍，承认，尊重”；accept “接受”；D选项address “对付，处理，解决”；eliminate “消除，排除”。句意非暴力游行示威常常会造成很大程度上的紧张状态，以至于任何一个自始至终不愿承认其不公平的社会的人就会被迫纠正它们，这些不公平己经到了再也不容忽视的地步了。A选项正确4. 单选题In their letter to the students representative assembly, the freshmen insisted on（ ）in the Student Union.问题1选项A.representingB.being representedC.having representedD.having been represented【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据句意在给学生代表大会的信中，新生坚持在学生会中设置学生代表the freshmen应该是被动，用be represented而insist on后必须用动名词，所以用being represented， B选项正确。5. 单选题My bones have been aching again, as they often do in humid weather. They ache like history: things long done with, that still remain as pain. When the ache is bad enough it keeps me from sleeping. Every night I yearn for sleep, I strive for it; yet it flutters on ahead of me like a curtain. There are sleeping pills, of course, but the doctor has warned me against them.Last night, after what seemed hours of damp turmoil, I got up and crept slipperless down the stairs, feeling my way in the faint street light that came through the window. Once safely arrived at the bottom, I walked into the kitchen and looked around in the refrigerator. There was nothing much I wanted to eat: the remains of a bunch of celery, a blue-tinged heel of bread, a lemon going soft. Ive fallen into the habits of the solitary; my meals are snatched and random. Furtive snacks, furtive treats and picnics. I made do with some peanut butter, scooped directly from the jar with a forefinger: why dirty a spoon?Standing there with the jar in one hand and my finger in my mouth, I had the feeling that someone was about to walk into the room some other woman, the unseen, valid owner and ask me what in hell I was doing in her kitchen. Ive had it before, the sense that even in the course of my most legitimate and daily actions peeling a banana, brushing my teeth I am trespassing.At night the house was more than ever like a strangers. I wandered through the front room, the dining room, the parlour, hand on the wall for balance. My various possessions were floating in their own pools of shadow, denying my ownership of them. I looked them over with a burglars eye, deciding what might be worth the risk of stealing, what on the other hand I would leave behind. Robbers would take the obvious things the silver teapot that was my grandmothers, perhaps the hand-painted china. The television set. Nothing I really want.1.The author could not fall asleep because（ ）.2.The author did not like the food in the refrigerator because it was NOT（ ）.问题1选项A.it was too damp in the bedroomB.she had run out of sleeping pillsC.she was in very poor healthD.she felt very hungry问题2选项A.freshB.sufficientC.nutritiousD.delicious【答案】第1题:C第2题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问作者不能入睡的原因。由第一段中第三句“ When the ache is bad enough it keeps me from sleeping. Every night I yearn for sleep, I strive for it; yet it flutters on ahead of me like a curtain.当疼痛非常严重时，它让我无法入睡。每晚我都渴望睡觉，我努力去睡着，但是睡觉如同一个窗帘样在我的面前飘动”确定C选项“她身体非常不好” 正确。2.推理判断题。题干询问作者不喜欢吃冰箱的食物的原因。由第二段第三句“There was nothing much I wanted to eat: the remains of a bunch of celery, a blue-tinged heel of bread, a lemon going soft.这里没有太多我想吃的东西：剩下的东西有一把芹菜、一块染了蓝色的面包尾部和一个正变软的柠檬”确定A选项“新鲜”正确；B选项“充足的”、C 选项“营养的”和D选项“可口的”不正确。6. 单选题In 1979 the Catholic Church finally forgives Galileo for claiming that the Earth and other planet revolved around the sun. In 1633 the examiners at the Minerva Church in Rome had found Galileo guilty of heresy, spreading false beliefs.Galileo was sixty-eight years old at the time of his trial and was ill. After two days of continuous questioning and the treat of torture, Galileo, confessed to heresy and kneeled before the examiners, saying for all to here that his theories had been wrong. The judge could have had Galileo burned at the stake for his beliefs, but because he had confessed, they were lenient with the astronomer. They sentenced him to an unlimited term in prison, but quickly changed the sentence to house arrest in his own home, effectively ending Galileos teaching career.For year Galileo had believed that earlier theory that the start revolved around the Earth, was incorrect, but he kept out of respect for the Church. He had never finished his university studies in mathematics because he had run out of money, but his brilliant work as a student allowed him to teach. He proved he uniform effect of gravity in series of brilliant calculations, for example, not by dropping a feather and a cannonball from the Learning Tower of Pisa, his home city, as is commonly thought.In 1606, though, Galileo learned of the invention of the telescope: he redesigned and improved his own telescope in one day. Using the telescope to test his mathematical calculations, he also discovered Jupiters moons, the features of Earths moon, and the structure of the Milky Way. But while watching the movement of sunspots, he became convinced, once and for all, that the earlier astronomer, Copernicus, was right: the Earth and other planets orbited around the sun. The Earth wan one of many planets, and not the center of the universe. Galileo began to press for permission from Church to write about his theories of the world and in 1642 he received permission.His greatest book, contrasting the two systems, was written and published eight years later. Dialogue Concerning the Two World Systems was quickly seen as a landmark scientific work, both for its ideas and its flue writing. But the Church meantime had its own problems with the Protestant Reformation. Church leaders now considered Galileos work dangerous and revolutionary. A document was found that contradicted the permission Galileo though he had obtained to write about his theories. Galileo was then arrested and placed before the inquisition. Galileo died in 1642, blind and still imprisoned in his own home. He retained convinced that he had always been fight.The church 345 years later, finally agreed that he had been correct. The findings of the judges at Galileos trial were not reversed, even though their precise finding had been that the astronomer was Vehemently suspect of heresy. The findings of any inquisition, even the Galileo court-as well as notorious Spanish Inquisitionmust be flowed to stand, at least partly because their findings often resulted in death sentences for people accused of heresy. But in 1979, Pope John Paul addressed the August Pontifical Science Academy in the Vatican and offered apology to Galileo: The greatness of Galileo, like that of Einstein, is known to all. But the former had to suffer greatly; we cannot hide it, from Church institutions and men.The purpose of this passage is to（ ）.We can conclude from the passage that（ ）.The passage suggests that（ ）.The authors tone is（ ）.问题1选项A.discuss why the Catholic Church persecuted GalileoB.provide a short biography of GalileoC.discuss the two theories of the solar systemD.show how science has progressed over the last three hundred years问题2选项A.Galileo was held prisoner in his home for nine years.B.the Catholic Church has not accepted Galileos theory of the solar system.C.Galileo invented the telescope.D.the Protestants conducted the Inquisition.问题3选项A.the Catholic Church still believers the Earth is the center of the universe.B.Galileos theory has been proved incorrect in modem times.C.the Inquisition seldom dealt harshly with people who came before it.D.the Catholic Church was more concerned with maintaining the status quo in the 17th century than the truth about Galileos theory.问题4选项A.negativeB.objectiveC.sarcasticD.satirical【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了伽利略为“日心说”做出的努力以及遭受的追害，所以B选项“对伽利略的人生经历进行了简要的介绍”正确; A选项 “讨论天主教迫害伽利略的原因”是对文章细节的表述； C选项 “对两种不同的太阳系理论进行讨论”和D选项 “表明在过去的三百年中科学是怎样发展的”没有在文章中提及。细节事实题。根据文章第一段和第二段第四句“They sentenced him to an unlimited term in prison, but quickly changed the sentence to house arrest in his own home, effectively ending Galileos teaching career.” “他们将其判以终生监禁，但很快就改判为软禁家中，如此结束了伽利略的教学生涯”可知伽利略于1633年被软禁在家中，然后根据文章第五段的倒数第二句 “Galileo died in 1642, blind and still imprisoned in his own home” “伽利略于1642年在家中与世长辞，那时他仍处在软禁期间”可知伽利略被软禁在自己家中长达9年，所以A选项正确。根据文章第六段第一句“The church 345 years later, finally agreed that he had been correct.” “345 年后，天主教终于承认伽利略日心说的正确性”确定B选项 “天主教没有接受伽利略的日心说”表述错误；根据第四段第一句 “In 1606, though, Galileo learned of the invention of the telescope: he redesigned and improved his own telescope in one day.”确定C选项 “伽利略发明了望远镜错误； D选项 “新教徒执行审讯”没有在文章中提及。细节事实题。根据文章第六段第一句“The church 345 years later, finally agreed that he had been correct.” “345年后，天主教终于承认伽利略日心说的正确性” 确定A选项 “天主教仍然相信地球是宇宙的中心”错误； B选项 “在现代，伽利略的理论被证明是错误的”没有在文章中体现并且根据常识也可以判断该选项是错误的；根据文章最后一段第三句 “.at least partly because their findings often resulted in death sentences for people accused of heresy” “部分原因是因为那些被指控为异端邪说的人最终都被判以死刑”确定C选项 “审讯很少对被指控的人处以残酷的刑罚”表示错误； 根据文章对伽利略经历的介绍可知在17世纪时天主教为了维护现状，不承认伽利略的理论，所以D选项正确。观点态度题。作者客观地介绍了伽利略为“日心说”所付出的努力和天主教的态度和做法，所以B选项“客观的”正确。7. 单选题One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tend to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or antidiscipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the antidiscipline.The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the core “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life.In general, biochemists judged cytologists to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis.Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the hew discipline of molecular biologybiochemistiy that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modem cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its antidiscipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics.This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistiy Joseph Futon, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.”1.Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage?2.The passage states that in the late nineteenth century cytologists deduced the（ ）.3.According to the passage, cytologists in the late nineteenth century were critical of the cell research of biochemists because cytologists believed that（ ）.4.Which one of the following best describes the organization of the material presented in the passage?问题1选项A.Antithetical scientific disciplines can both stimulate and hinder one anothers research in complex ways.B.Antithetical scientific disciplines often interact with one another in ways that can be highly useful.C.As disciplines such as cytology and biochemistry advance, their interaction necessarily leads to a synthesis of their approaches.D.Cell research in the late nineteenth century was plagued by disagreements between cytologists and biochemists.问题2选项A.maps of chromosomesB.sequence of the movement of chromosomes during cell divisionC.spatial relationship of molecules within the cellD.role of enzymes in biological processes问题3选项A.the methods of biochemistry could not adequately discover and explain the structures of living cellsB.the methods of biochemistry were inadequate to account for all of the chemical reactions that occurred in cytological preparationsC.biochemists were not interested in the nature of protoplasmD.biochemists were too ignorant of cytology to understand the basic processes of the cell问题4选项A.An account of a process is given, and then the reason for its occurrence is stated.B.A set of examples is provided and then a conclusion is drawn from them.C.A general proposition is stated, and then an example is given.D.A statement of principles is made, and then a rationale for them is debated.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文首段先提出对立的思维和论文对学科的发展很重要，接着以细胞和生物化的关系对生物学发展的影响为论据进行论述，最后得出结论说明竞争观点的共同研究对学科发展的重要性，所以B选项对立的科学学科经常以非常有用的方式相互作用正确。2.细节事实题。根据原文 “They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures.另一方面，许多生物化学家对存在如此多的结构持怀疑态度，他们认为细胞学制剂中发生的化学反应可能会产生这样的结构。”分析两种科学家的观点，细胞生物学家推染色体的神秘编排，而生化学家认为细胞内复杂的物质和原生质之间可能存在化学反应等，可以得知B选项染色体在细胞分裂过程中运动的序列正确。同时可知15题答案为A。3.细节事实题。根据原文：They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous. Network like, granular, or foam like. Their interest lay in core “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. 另一方面，许多生物化学家对存在如此多的结构持怀疑态度，他们认为细胞学制剂中发生的化学反应可能会产生这样的结构。同时，他们也远离了当时关于原生质(细胞内活物质的复合体)是否均匀的激烈争论。网状、粒状或泡沫状。他们的兴趣在于原生质化学性质的核心基本问题，特别是新形成的生命酶理论。” 分析两种科学家的观点，细胞生物学家推染色体的神秘编排，而生化学家认为细胞内复杂的物质和原生质之间可能存在化学反应等，可以得知A选项生物化学方法不能充分发现和解释活细胞的结构正确。4.析推理判断题。本文釆取提出观点引用论据说一一得出结论的结构， 文中列举细胞学家和生化学家的实例对提出的观点进行阐述，所以C选项给出了一个命题，并给出了一个实例正确。8. 单选题The earthquake of 26th December, 2004 resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in living memory. It was a（1）underwater quake and occurred in the Indian Ocean. It（2）coastlines, communities and brought death too many people.Why do earthquakes happen?The surface of the earth has not always looked as it does today; it is moving（3）(although very slowly) and has done so for billions of years. This is one（4）of earthquakes, when one section of the earth (tectonic plate)（5） another. Scientists can predict where but not（6）this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line. On one fault line in Kobe, Japan in 1923 over 200,000 people were killed.（7）, earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines,（8）is why they are so dangerous and（9）.Where do volcanoes happen?Volcanoes happen where the earths（10）is thin: lava, dust and gases（11）from beneath the earth. They can rise into a huge cone shape like a mountain and erupt,（12）they can be so violent（13）they just explode directly from the earth with no warning. There are 1,511（14）volcanoes in the world. This means that they may（15）BE DANGEROUS. In 1985 the Colombian volcano Nevado Del Ruiz erupted. The lava melted a glacier and sent tones of mud（16）the town below. Twenty thousand people died.Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions arc often unpredictable. We regularly do not know when they（17）happen, or（18）where they will happen. In the future, scientists may be able to watch and predict（19）before they happen. This could （20）many lives.问题1选项A.massiveB.significantC.greatD.grand问题2选项A.changedB.convertedC.destroyedD.transformed问题3选项A.frequentlyB.periodicallyC.regularlyD.continuously问题4选项A.sourceB.causeC.movementD.reason问题5选项A.collides withB.confronts withC.meets withD.faces with问题6选项A.howB.whyC.whenD.what问题7选项A.GenerallyB.HoweverC.SimilarlyD.Anyway问题8选项A.whichB.itC.thisD.that问题9选项A.irresistibleB.inevitableC.unaccountableD.unpredictable问题10选项A.surfaceB.appearanceC.crustD.cover问题11选项A.burst outB.flowed outC.leaked outD.trickled out问题12选项A.andB.orC.norD.but问题13选项A.likeB.forC.asD.that问题14选项