考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题含答案49

考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题含答案1. 翻译题现在的这十年中，有个一直使人感到进退维谷的问题就是：现代教育究竟应是通才 教育还是专才教育。一些大学要求所有学生都学习跨越广泛领域的共核课程，采取的是通才教育的方法。但有鉴于当今信息爆炸和学生的多文化性，继续调整他们的课程，以满足学生更为急迫的职业需求，采取的是专才教育的方法。而由于没有设置共核课程， 学生往往缺乏有效参与到一体化社会中所必需的共享知识。【答案】One of the dilemmas of this decade has been whether to approach modem education in terms of the generalist or the specialist. Some universities require all the students to take a common core of courses from a broad range of disciplines, appealing to the generalist approach to education. Yet, choosing the core courses in light of todays explosion in information and diverse multicultural student populations has not been an easy task. How does one select what it is that everyone should know? Other universities continue to tailor their courses to the more immediate professional needs of their students, appealing to the specialist approach to education. But without a core curriculum, students often lack the shared knowledge necessary to participate effectively in an integrated society.2. 翻译题The English language does not stand still any more than our other institutions. All language changes over a period of time, for reasons which are imperfectly understood. Or rather, since speech is really a form of human activity, like dancing or playing the piano - and not an entity in itself -it is more exact to say that each successive generation behaves linguistically in a lightly different manner from its predecessors. In his teens the young man is impatient of what he considers to be the unduly formal and unnatural vocabulary and pronunciation of his elders and he likes to show how up to date he is by the use of the latest slang, but as the years go by, some of his slang becomes standard usage and in any case he slowly grows less receptive to linguistic novelties.【答案】英语和我们的其他体系一样，不会停滞不前。所有的语言都会在一段时间内发生变化，变化的原因人们还不完全理解。或者更确切地说，因为语言是人类活动的一种形式，就像跳舞或演奏钢琴一样，而不是一种实体本身，因此更准确的说法应该是每一代人与上一代相比，在语言行为上都略有不同。青少年会认为长辈的语言过于正式，词汇和发音都不自然，对此 他们失去耐心，他们会急于显示自己的时髦，使用最新的俚语，但是随着岁月的流逝， 他们使用一些俚语就变成了标准用法，同时对于语言上的创新，他们也不像过去那样欢迎了。3. 单选题Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the oceans surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seals physiological behavior is different.In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seals blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the PH of the seals blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seals blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seals blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seals blood stream.Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seals blood after such dives suggests that during then, the seals organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seals longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seals laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.1.The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?2.It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” lines 31 32, biologists mean that it （ ）.3.The passage suggests that during laboratory dives. The PH of the Weddell seals blood is（ ）4.Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?not adversely affected by production of lactic acid because .5.According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?6.The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seals physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?I. A decrease in the rate at which the seals heart beats.II. A constriction of the seals arteries.III. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seals blood.IV. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs.7.The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?问题1选项A.Observations of animals physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies.B.It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory.C.The level of lactic acid in an animals blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when its evading predators.D.The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild.问题2选项A.prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutesB.exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its preyC.exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wildD.begins to exhibit predatory behavior问题3选项A.only those organs that are essential to the seals ability to navigate under-water revert to an anaerobic mechanism.B.the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the diveC.organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seals bloodstreamD.the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time问题4选项A.Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.B.The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.C.The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.D.How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.问题5选项A.They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.B.They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its in the wild.C.They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.D.They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.问题6选项A.I and III onlyB.I and IV onlyC.II and III onlyD.I，II，and IV only问题7选项A.Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.B.Cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively than do on typical dives in the wild.C.Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild.D.Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D第6题:D第7题:A【解析】1.细节判断题。根据文章第一段末尾提到 “Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seals physiological behavior is different. ”然而， 最近有研究表明在更为真实的野生环境中，威德尔氏海豹在深度潜水时的生理反应与在实验室中是不一样的。D选项符合题意。野生环境中所观察到的现象并不一定要通过实验室来证明，A选项明显是错误表达。文中并未提及在实验室中和在野生环境中哪个更容易观察海豹的生理反应，B选项排除。文中第三段表明海豹在搜寻猎物和攻击肉食动物时，乳酸升高的度数是一样的。C选项错误，排除。2.推理判断题。根据文章末尾“it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst. ”即它并不知道它会在水底待多久，因此做好了最坏的打算。这里所说的“最坏的打算”是指海豹做好了它在野外潜水（不知道潜水深度和时间）一样的准备。确定C选项展示的生理行为类似于在野外描述其最长的潜水符合题意。3.细节判断题。根据文章最后一句 “The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the PH of the seals blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seals blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seals blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seals blood stream. 后者即无氧代谢结果在生产大量的乳酸可以影响密封的PH值的血液但由于厌氧代谢只发生在那些组织已隔绝密封的血液供应，乳酸是释放到密封的血只有在密封表面，当肺、肝等器官迅速清除酸从密封的血液。”即无氧 代谢产生了大量的乳酸，这些乳酸对海豹的血液产生了负面的影响。但是由于无氧代谢只发生在一些特定的无需海豹血液供给的组织，海豹浮出水面后，乳酸开始摄入海豹的血液。此时，海豹的肺、肝以及其他的一些器官迅速地把乳酸排除出海豹的血液。所以C选项恢复到厌氧代谢状态的器官会暂时从海豹的血液中分离出来符合题意。A、B过于绝对，可直接排除。D项与题目无关。4.主旨大意题。本文开门见山，作者在第一段直接指出最近有研究表明在更为真实的野生环境中，威德尔氏海豹在深度潜水时的生理反应与在实验室中是不一样的。所以A选项最近的野外研究表明，对威德尔海豹在实验室潜水时的生理行为的描述并不适用于它在野外最典型的潜水行为符合题意。5.细节判断题。由第三段可知，海豹在水下潜水时，其生理机制是很复杂的，所以A选项他们对威德尔海豹在野外最长时间潜水时所依赖的机制进行了过于简化的描述。排除。该实验证明了威德尔氏海豹在野外潜水时依靠无氧排泄，并没有推翻它，所以B选项错误。海豹很少会在水下持续潜水超过20分钟，这是研究证明了的，并不是一个假设， C选项错误，排除。根据第三段The seals longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator海豹在水下长时间潜水时，它要么在探索远行的路线要么在捕食食肉动物确定D选项它们准确地描述了威德尔海豹在野外潜水时的生理行为。在野外潜水时，威德尔海豹要么躲避捕食者，要么探索遥远的路线。符合题意。6.细节判断题。根据文中第二段 In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen and its arteries become constricted. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic （oxygen-independent） metabolism. 在实验室里，当海豹潜到水面以下停止呼吸时，它的心脏跳动得更慢，需要的氧气更少，动脉也会收缩。海豹实际上关闭了血液的流动到其他器官,要么停止运转,直至密封表面或切换到厌氧(oxygen-independent)新陈代谢。确定I、II、IV都在文中提到，所以D选项正确。III 中应该是乳酸升高而非降低，所以排除。7.判断推理题。文中最后一句提到一些生物学家猜测由于在实验室中，海豹通常是被迫下水，它并不知道它会在水底待多久，因此做好了最坏的打算。这里的最坏的打算是指“海豹做好了它在野外潜水（不知道潜水深度和时间）一样的准备”。所以 A选项表现出它们在野外进行的较长时间潜水所特有的生理反应符合题意。4. 翻译题很多人认为没有兄弟姐妹的孩子很幸运，因为他们可以得到物质享受和别人的注意。但是想一想独生子女没有隐私-父母总是感觉自己有权知道发生在他或她生活中的一切。身为独生子女的第二个缺点是缺少某些优势，而这恰恰是有兄弟姐妹的孩子所拥有的。独生子女无法因为事情出错而责备兄弟姐妹，或是索要哥哥姐姐以前曾被给予的特权。此外，独生子女也失去了兄弟姐妹的陪伴。结果就是孤独，以及在日后的生活中 交朋友也会遇到麻烦，因为他们从未学过与兄弟或姐妹相处。【答案】Many people believe that children without siblings are very lucky, because they have access to higher material comfort and more attentions. However, single children, generally speaking, are not entitled to privacy right because parents always think they must learn about what their children have met and done. Being single children, they will be lack of some advantages that those having siblings possess, such as blaming siblings for having done wrong and claiming some privileges which elder brothers or sisters have as well as being accompanied by them. As a result, for they feel lonely and have no experiences getting along with siblings, single children will encounter difficulty in making friends in the future.5. 翻译题Modem science has opened up the path for the progress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newly-emerged disciplines of science and technology. Of course there are and there will be many theoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progress for production and technology sooner or later.Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on an unprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fields of material production an entirely new look. In particular the development of electronic computers and automation technology is raising the degree of automation in production. With the same amount of manpower and in the same number of work-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. How is it that the social productive forces have made such tremendous advances and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin? Mainly through the power of science, the power of technology. Therefore, we maintain that the development of modem science and technology has linked science and production even closer together. As part of the productive forces, science and technology are coming to play an even greater role than ever before.【答案】现化科学为生产技术的进步开辟了道路，并且确定了生产技术的发展方向。许多新的生产工具、和新的工艺流程，首先在科学实验室里问世。一系列新兴的产业，都是建立在新兴的各类科学技术学科基础上的。当然，目前和将来也会有许多理论的研究主题很显然暂时没有实际价值。但是，大量的历史事实已经说明：理论研究一旦获得重大突破，迟早会 给生产和技术带来极其巨大的进步。当代自然科学正以空前的规模和速度应用于生产，使社会物质生产的各个领域面貌一新。特别是电子计算机和自动化技术的发展正在迅速提高生产自动化的程度。 在相同数量的人力和工作时间的情况下，人们可以生产出比以前多几十倍或几百倍的产品。社会生产力是如何取得这样巨大的进展呢？劳动生产率怎么会提高这么大呢？这主要是科技的力量。因此，我们认为现化科技的发展己经将科学和生产更为紧密的联系 在一起了。作为生产力发展的一部分，科技正发挥着比以往任何时候都更大的作用。6. 单选题Much of the research on hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD has focused on the neurotransmitter serotonin, a chemical that when released from a prescription serotonin-secreting neuron causes the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse to an adjacent post-synaptic, or target neuron. There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First, it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens have a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin. In addition, animal studies of brain neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels.Early investigators correctly reasoned that the structural similarity to the serotonin molecule might imply that LSDs effects are brought about by an action on the neurotransmission of serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, the level of technical expertise in the field of brain research was such that this hypothesis had to be tested on peripheral tissue (tissue outside the brain). Two different groups of scientists reported that LSD powerfully blockaded serotonins action. Their conclusions were quickly challenged, however. We now know that the action of a drug at one side in the body does not necessarily correspond to the drug action at another side, especially when one site is in the brain and the other is not.By the 1960s, technical advances permitted the direct testing of the hypothesis that LSD and related hallucinogens act by directly suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons themselves-the so-called prescription hypothesis. Researchers reasoned that if the hallucinogenic drugs act by suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons, then drugs administered after these neurons had been destroyed should have no effect on behavior, because the system would already be maximally suppressed.Contrary to their expectations, neuron destruction enhanced the effect of LSD and related hallucinogens on behavior. Thus, hallucinogenic drugs apparently do not act directly on serotonin-secreting neurons.However, these and other available date do support an alternative hypothesis, that LSD and related drugs act directly at receptor sites on serotonin target neurons (the post-synaptic hypothesis). The fact that LSD elicits serotonin syndrome-that is causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the admission of serotonin-in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors, rather than indirectly through the release of stores of serotonin. The enhanced effect of LSD reported after serotonin depletion could be due to a proliferation of serotonin receptor sites on serotonin target neurons. This phenomenon often follows neuron destruction or neurotransmitter depletion; the increase in the number of receptor sites appears to be a compensatory response to decreased input. Significantly, this hypothesis is supported by date from a numbers of different laboratories.1.According to the passage, which of the following is one of the primary factors that led researchers studying hallucinogenic drugs to focus on serotonin?2.It can be inferred that researchers abandoned the prescription hypothesis because（ ）.3.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?4.The research described in the passage is primarily concerned with answering which of the following questions?5.Which of the following best defines serotonin syndrome （underlined, as the term is used in the passage?6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the argument that the author of the passage presents in the last two paragraphs?7.The authors attitude toward early researchers reasoning concerning the implication of similarities in the structures of serotonin and LSD molecules can best be described as one of（ ）问题1选项A.The suppression of the activit3r of serotonin secreting neurons by the administration of hallucinogensB.The observed similarities in the chemical structures of serotonin and hallucinogensC.The effects the administration of hallucinogens has on serotonin production in the human brainD.Serotonin-induced changes in the effects of hallucinogens on behavior问题2选项A.a new and more attractive hypothesis was suggestedB.no research was reported that supported the hypothesisC.research results provided evidence to counter the hypothesisD.the hypothesis was supported only by studies of animals and not by studies of human beings问题3选项A.Research has suggested that the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the brain and on behavior.B.Researchers have spent an inadequate amount of time developing theories concerning the way in which the effects of hallucinogenic drugs occur.C.Research results strongly suggest that hallucinogenic drugs create their effects by acting on the serotonin receptor sites located on target neurons in the brain.D.Researchers have recently made valuable discoveries concerning the effects of depleting the amount of serotonin in the brain.问题4选项A.How can researchers control the effects that LSD has on behavior?B.How are animals reactions to LSD different from those of human being?C.What triggers the effects that LSD has on human behavior?D.What technical advances would permit researchers to predict more accurately the effects of LSD on behavior?问题5选项A.The series of behaviors, usually associated with the administration of serotonin, that also occurs when LSD is administered to animals whose brains are depleted of serotoninB.The series of behaviors, usually associated with the administration of LSD, that also occurs when the amount of serotonin in the brain is reduced.C.The maximal suppression of neuron activity that results from the destruction of serotonin-secreting neuronsD.The release of stores of serotonin from serotonin-secreting neurons in the brain问题6选项