考研考博-考博英语-重庆大学模拟考试题含答案49

考研考博-考博英语-重庆大学模拟考试题含答案1. 案例题Computer SecurityIt is believed that the problem of computer security has changed over a period of time as business, through an increased use of information technology (IT), have become more and more dependent on information and the associated information systems (IS). However, at the same time, there has been limited change in the implanted security or safeguards to these information systems. In fact many executives or managers fail to even identify the relevant requirement for security or policies.A: The Internet has been roughly doubling in size every year, and the associated security incidents have been running to parity. Even if the percentage of malicious users is small, the increase in size of the Internet and in the number of incidents of ailed security is significant. The importance of the growth in the Internet can be highlighted by the fact that in July 1991 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sectors, whereas in July 1996 this figure had risen to 50%.B: In 1988, the “worm” was introduced on the Internet to invade, attack and replicate itself on the network. The response was to shut down E-mail and connectivity. However, the “fixes” were to be distributed via E-mail and so the solution was self-defeating. As a result of this worm virus CERT (Computer emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version staring in 1992.C: One of the problems with Internet security is the fact that the incidents are increasing in sophistication. One of the reasons for this has been the increasing availability of toolkits. Although these toolkits are designed to assist computer systems designers to protect and develop their sites, they also allow relatively ignorant intruders to carry out increasingly complex incidents with the utilization of many routers and disguises to reach their “target”. According to a US Development of Defence report, less than 1% of incidents are identified but 65% of these are successful. Another thing to bear in mind with intruders and hackers is that they do not respect geographical or administrative boundaries. Or time zones. They may be geographically disclosed from the point of attack and therefore operation in “off-duty” hours.D: The thing to remember with security is that the system administrations must get it right all the time; the intruder must get it right just once. Evidence of this is easy to find. In 1997, a teenager hacked into a Bell Atlantic network. His backing crashed the computer and resulted in 600 homes, a regional airport and emergency services being without telephone communications for six hours. And what was the punishment for this offence? Two years probation community service and a fine of $US 5,000.E: Governments are getting tough on cybercrimes, especially in the wake of September 11th. These crimes are being linked to national security, which in the US is now of major concern to government officials and the general public alike. And the government has been swift to act. In late 2001, the US Patriot Act was introduced. This Act increased the maximum sentence for breaking into a computer from five to ten years. Then in July 2002, the House of representatives approved the Cyber Security Enhancement Act. Now if a cybercrime results in the death of an individual, the offender could face a life sentence. There has been additional fall-out from the September 11th attacks with the FBI and other government security agencies dramatically escalating their monitoring of the Internet. This has pushed some hackers further underground, fearful that what they had previously been doing out of boredom or challenge could now be viewed as an act of terrorism.F: On the other hand, the events of September 11th have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to join forces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism.G: However, even with the increased the threats of punishment, computer viruses and incidents of hacking continue to be widespread. Long-time security measures which have been utilized by companies and individuals are not fail-sale. One of the more IS security measures is the use of firewalls, which “filter” the data entering/leaving the corporate IS. It is true that these firewalls have a number of advantages, nevertheless, they should not be seen as a panacea to all IS security woes, merely an enhancement.They can provide a false sense of security and have limited protection from internal attacks. In short, the corporate world needs to realize that computer security will be an on-going problem and expense.Questions 1-3Complete the table below with information found in the text.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.【答案】1.50%2.19923.knowledge【解析】1.事实细节题。根据文章第二段，“The importance of the growth in the Internet can be highlighted by the fact that in July 1991 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sectors, whereas in July 1996 this figure had risen to 50%.”，可知1991年7月有33%互联网用户来自商业领域，而1996年7月这一数字已上升到50%，这一事实突出了互联网增长的重要性。可判断出1996年商业领域使用电脑的占比增加到了50%。2.事实细节题。根据文章第三段，“As a result of this worm virus CERT (Computer emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version staring in 1992.”，可知由于“蠕虫病毒”，1992年成立了CERT(计算机应急响应团队)。可判断出CERT成立的时间为1992。3.事实细节题。根据文章倒数第三段，“the events of September 11th have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to join forces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism.”，可知一些前黑客利用他们广泛的知识和经验与安全部队合作，帮助打击恐怖主义。2. 单选题In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year.As a writer I know about winning contest, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressures of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesnt win the contest again? Thats the strange thing about being apparent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface.A revelation came last week when I asked her, “.Dont you want to win again?” “No”, she replied. “I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade.”I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly, “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it.Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that was co-opting my daughters experience.While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices.1.What do we learn from the first paragraph?2.What did the author say about her own writing experience?3.Why did Rebecca want to enter this years writing contest?4.The author took great paints to refine her daughters stories because（ ）.5.Whats the authors advice for parents?问题1选项A.Children do find lots of fun in many mindless activities.B.Rebecca is much too occupied to enjoy her leisure time.C.Rebecca draws on a lot of online materials for her writing.D.A lot of distractions complete for childrens time nowadays.问题2选项A.She did not quite live up to her reputation as a writer.B.Her way to success was full of pains and frustrations.C.She was constantly under pressure of writing more.D.Most of her stories had been rejected by publishers.问题3选项A.She believed she possessed real talent for writing.B.She was sure of winning with her mothers help.C.She wanted to share her stories with readers.D.She had won a prize in the previous contest.问题4选项A.she believed she had the knowledge and experience to offer guidanceB.she did not want to disappoint Rebecca who needed her help so muchC.she was to help Rebecca realize her dreams of becoming a writerD.she was afraid Rebeccas imagination might run wild while writing问题5选项A.A writing career, though attractive, is not for every child to pursue.B.Children should be allowed freedom to grow through experience.C.Parents should keep an eye on the activities their kids engage in.D.Children should be given every chance to voice their opinion.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。根据文章第一句，“In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied.”，在这个网络聊天、电子游戏和电视真人秀的时代，总有让孩子可以做的事情，并且这些活动不需要动脑。可判断出现在孩子们的时间完全被许多干扰因素占据了。选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第二段，“As a writer I know about winning contest, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressures of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories.”，作为一名作家，我知道什么是成功，什么是失败。我知道努力写一篇文章却收到出版商的退稿单是什么感觉。我也知道我承受着巨大的压力，为的是不辜负过去的胜利带来的荣誉。可判断出作者的写作经历充满痛苦和挫折。选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第三段，“I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade.”，她只是想把一个关于天使上一年级的故事讲给别人听。可判断出丽贝卡想参加写作比赛的原因在于她想和读者分享她的故事。选项C符合题意。4.细节事实题。根据文章第四段，“Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales.”，我告诉自己，我只是一个经验丰富的作家，引导着年轻的作家穿过大厅，为她的故事提供人物、冲突和结局方面的建议。可判断出作者帮助女儿改善故事的原因在于她相信自己有知识和经验可以提供指导。选项A符合题意。5.判断推理题。根据文章最后一句，“All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices.”，我也会提醒自己，孩子们需要实验的空间，需要成长的空间，需要拥有表达自我的声音。可判断出作者建议父母应该让孩子们通过自己的经历，自由成长。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题Section AEvery health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the communitys total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.Section BWhat is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were “limits to growth”. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the “invisible hand” of economic progress would provide.Section CHowever, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.Section DAlthough the language of “rights” sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a “public good”, rather than a “private good” that one is expected to buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organization put it: “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.” As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.Section EJust at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about 7.8% of GDP.)As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrator, economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining resources.1.Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.2.Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care resources became evident.3.In OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years.4.OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.5.In most economically developed countries the elderly will have to make special provision for their health-care in the future.问题1选项A.YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerB.NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerC.NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this问题2选项A.YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerB.NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerC.NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this问题3选项A.YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerB.NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerC.NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this问题4选项A.YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerB.NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerC.NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this问题5选项A.YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerB.NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerC.NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.根据Section C中第二句，“Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings.”，同教育、政治和法律程序和机构、公共秩序、通讯、运输和货币供应一样，医疗保健被视为人民行使其作为自主人的其他权利所必需的基本社会设施之一。可判断出个人自由和独立与医疗保健是有联系的。所以表述与原文不符合，答案为“NO”。2.根据Section E中第一句，“Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state.”，就在医疗保健资源明显不能满足人们要求的时候，他们要求国家满足他们获得医疗保健的基本权利。可判断出医疗保健被视为一项权利的同时，医疗保健资源的限制也变得很明显，表述正确，答案为“YES”。3.根据Section E中第二句，“The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes”，导致目前对医疗保健资源分配的关注的第二组更具体的变化源于大多数经合发组织国家医疗费用的急剧增加，同时还伴随着大规模的人口和社会变化，可判断出近年来，经合组织国家的人口变化对医疗保健费用带来了影响，表述正确。答案为“YES”。4.文中没有提及“经合组织各国政府低估了所需的医疗保健水平”这一问题，故答案为“NOT GIVEN”。5.文中没有提及“在大多数经济发达的国家，老年人将来必须为他们的保健做特别的准备”这一问题，故答案为“NOT GIVEN”。4. 填空题In the earthquake and tsunami, Japan faces its most serious crisis in a generation. The terrible human toll is still being（1）, even as relief efforts accelerate, the estimate of live lost have（2）from a few hundred in the hours after the flooding to projections surpassing 10, 000. And（3）the humanitarian scale of the disaster is coming into（4）, the ultimate scope of the crises at the Fukushima Daiichi, Fukushima Daini and Onagawa nuclear power plant remains（5）, as does the extent of damage to critical infrastructure（6）the countrys North Pacific coast.In the midst of the disaster, economists and policy makers are（7）with the delicate task of assessing the implications of current events for Japans already-tenuous economic（8）. The analysis is far-reaching in its relevance, not least because of Japans position（9）the worlds third-largest economy, the challenges it already faces in moving toward fiscal sustainability and its role in supporting global financial markets, （10）currency markets and the market for U.S. treasuries.In（11）of the earthquake, the economic（12）for Japan was already fairy dim. The economy was projected to grow（13）just 1.7 percent in 2011, according to consensus estimates, roughly half the（14）of the United States. Significant new fiscal（15）to support the economy was largely ruled out given the countrys already substantial budget deficit. At nearly 200 percent, the countrys gross debt-to-GDP ratio is second only to Zimbabwes, though its net debt is roughly half that level and serving costs remain low.【答案】1.assessed2.climbed3.while4.focus5.unclear6.along7.faced8.recovery9.as10.including11.advance12.outlook13.at