考研考博-考博英语-武汉大学模拟考试题含答案35

考研考博-考博英语-武汉大学模拟考试题含答案1. 不定项选择题Researchers have created male mice with no trace of a Y chromosome, supposedly the defining hallmark of being male.Reproductive biologist Monika Ward of University of Hawaii in Honolulu and colleagues started with mice that have only one X chromosome (and no second sex chromosome). Normally those animals would develop as females. But when the researchers manipulated genes found on the X and another chromosome, the mice became males that could produce immature sperm. Those engineered males fathered offspring with reproductive assistance from the researchers, who injected the immature sperm into eggs, Ward and colleagues report in the Jan. 29 Science.The experiments demonstrate that there are multiple ways to make males, says Richard Behringer, a developmental geneticist at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. “Theyve done it without any Y chromosome gene information,” he says “Theres not even a sniff of the Y around.”At first glance, the experiments would seem to suggest Y chromosomes arent necessary for reproduction, which hints that evolution may eventually show Ys the door. “To me it is a paradigm of the decline and fall of the Y chromosome,” says reproductive biologist Jennifer Marshall Graves of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.But Ward and other researchers say the Y isnt going anywhere and that interpreting the new results as the chromosomes death knell is wrong. Because the Y-less males needed help to reproduce, “clearly we need the Y chromosome for full natural male reproduction,” says Mary Ann Handel, a reproductive biologist at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine.Ward and colleagues had previously shown that two Y chromosome genesSry and Eif2s3yare crucial for male mouse development. Sry is a master gene that turns on male developmental programming in early embryos. It turns on a gene called Sox9, which then sets off a biochemical chain reaction that leads to male development.But in the new experiments, the researchers turned on Sox9 through other means. Activating Sox9 in a genetically female embryo will cause it to develop as a male, Ward and colleagues found. But those males didnt make sperm. “The testes were empty,” says Ward.In order to produce sperm, mice need the Eif2s3y gene, the researchers had previously discovered. In the new experiment, the mice were missing the gene because they didnt have Y chromosomes. So researchers substituted a similar gene from the X chromosome called Eif2s3x. Only one copy of the Y version is needed to make immature, tailless sperm, but it takes at least five copies of the X version to do the same thing. “This indicates that the Y chromosome gene is the strong one,” says Ward.Her research suggests that the Y chromosome has optimized production from genes that are necessary for making males. Making just the right dose of male development factors is how the Y protects itself from evolutionary erasure, Ward says. “Our work does not support that the Y chromosome will disappear.”Graves disagrees, Wards work is “a lovely example of how you can lose even a really important gene,” she says. At least two species of rodents have already jettisoned their Y chromosomes entirely. Primates, including humans, dont have Eif2s3y genes on their Y chromosomes. The new work may help explain how primates get along without the gene, Graves suggests, and the research may “give us useful information about what happens at the end of the Y chromosome.”1.Which of the following is CORRECT according to the passage?2.Why is Eif2s3Y gene crucial for male mouse development?3.Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the passage?4.What can be the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.Mice with only one X chromosome would develop as females normally.B.Y chromosome is definitely the hallmark of being male.C.Those engineered male mice cannot father offspring even with reproductive assistanceD.There is only one way to make male mice from relevant experiments in the University of Hawaii.问题2选项A.It is a master gene that turns on male developmental programming early embryos.B.It sets off a biochemical chain reaction that leads to male development.C.Mice need it to produce sperm.D.Mice need it to develop testes.问题3选项A.At least two species of rodents have jettisoned their Y chromosomes completely.B.Eif2s3X, a gene from the Y chromosome, is similar with Eif2s3y.C.Y chromosome has optimized production from gene necessary for making males.D.Humans dont have EiSs3y genes on their Y chromosomes.问题4选项A.Mice Can Be Male Without Y Chromosome.B.The Artificial Reproduction of Mice.C.The Mysterious Y Chromosome in Mice.D.The Male and Female Mice.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Which of the following is CORRECT according to the passage? 1. 根据文章，下列哪个选项是正确的？A. Mice with only one X chromosome would develop as females normally. A. 正常情况下，只有一个X染色体的老鼠会发育成雌性老鼠。B. Y chromosome is definitely the hallmark of being male. B. Y染色体绝对是男性的标志。C. Those engineered male mice cannot father offspring even with reproductive assistance. C. 即使有生殖辅助，这些转基因雄性老鼠也不能生育后代。D. There is only one way to make male mice from relevant experiments in the University of Hawaii. D. 从夏威夷大学的相关实验中，只有一种方法可以制造出雄性老鼠。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第二段前两句“檀香山夏威夷大学的生殖生物学家Monika Ward和他的同事从只有一个X染色体的老鼠开始研究。正常情况下，这些动物会发育成雌性（Normally those animals would develop as females.）。”，理解可知，只有一个X染色体的老鼠在正常情况下会发育成雌性老鼠，A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“Y染色体绝对是男性的标志”，第一段“研究人员已经创造出了没有Y染色体痕迹的雄性老鼠（created male mice with no trace of a Y chromosome），Y染色体被认为是雄性的标志”可知没有Y染色体也能创造出雄性，且文中就研究者们对于Y染色体是否是雄性的典型特点这一问题发表了不同的观点，选项B中的definitely过于绝对，曲解原文；C选项“即使有生殖辅助，这些转基因雄性老鼠也不能生育后代”根据第二段倒数第二句“在研究人员的生殖协助下，这些转基因雄鼠繁衍出了后代”可知，该项与原文相悖，反向干扰；D选项“从夏威夷大学的相关实验中，只有一种方法可以制造出雄性老鼠”，第二段提及夏威夷大学的科学家们已经培育出没有Y染色体的雄性小鼠，所以，培育雄性小鼠的方法不是只有一个，该项曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Why is Eif2s3Y gene crucial for male mouse development? 2. 为什么Eif2s3Y基因对雄性小鼠的发育至关重要？A. It is a master gene that turns on male developmental programming early embryos. A. 它是开启男性发育早期胚胎的主控基因。B. It sets off a biochemical chain reaction that leads to male development. B. 它引发了一个生化连锁反应，导致了男性的发育。C. Mice need it to produce sperm. C. 老鼠需要它来产生精子。D. Mice need it to develop testes. D. 老鼠需要它来发育睾丸。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第八段的第一句“研究人员此前发现，为了产生精子，老鼠需要Eif2s3y基因”，理解可知，Eif2s3Y基因对雄性小鼠的发育至关重要的原因是，它能帮助老鼠产生精子，选项C符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“它是开启男性发育早期胚胎的主控基因”和B选项“它引发了一个生化连锁反应，导致了男性的发育”根据第六段最后两句“Sry是在早期胚胎中开启男性发育程序的主控基因。它启动了一种叫作Sox9的基因，然后引发了一个导致男性发育的生化连锁反应。”，理解可知，开启男性发育早期胚胎的主控基因和引发生化连锁反应的基因是Sry，而不是Eif2s3Y，属于张冠李戴；D选项“老鼠需要它来发育睾丸”没有提到，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the passage? 3. 根据文章，下列哪个选项是错误的？A. At least two species of rodents have jettisoned their Y chromosomes completely. A. 至少有两种啮齿动物已经完全抛弃了它们的Y染色体。B. Eif2s3X, a gene from the Y chromosome, is similar with Eif2s3y. B. Eif2s3X是来自Y染色体的基因，与Eif2s3y相似。C. Y chromosome has optimized production from gene necessary for making males. C. Y染色体已经优化了产生雄性所需的基因。D. Humans dont have Eif2s3y genes on their Y chromosomes. D. 人类的Y染色体上没有Eif2s3y基因。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第八段的第二和第三句“在新的实验中，老鼠缺少这种基因，因为它们没有Y染色体。因此，研究人员从X染色体上替换了一个类似的基因，叫作Eif2s3x。”，从中可知Eif2s3x来自于X 染色体，而不是Y染色体，所以选项B“Eif2s3X是来自Y染色体的基因，与Eif2s3y相似”与原文相悖，但符合题意。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“至少有两种啮齿动物已经完全抛弃了它们的Y染色体”根据最后一段的第二句“至少有两种啮齿动物已经完全抛弃了它们的Y染色体。”可知该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；C选项“Y染色体已经从制造雄性所需的基因中优化了生产”根据第九段的第一句“她的研究表明，Y染色体优化了产生雄性所需的基因。”可知该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；D选项“人类的Y染色体上没有Eif2s3y基因”根据最后一段的第三句“灵长类动物，包括人类，在Y染色体上没有Eif2s3y基因”可知该项符合原文，属于反向干扰。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. What can be the best title for this passage? 4. 这篇文章的最佳标题是什么？A. Mice Can Be Male Without Y Chromosome. A. 没有Y染色体的老鼠也可以是雄性。B. The Artificial Reproduction of Mice. B. 老鼠的人工繁殖。C. The Mysterious Y Chromosome in Mice. C. 老鼠的神秘Y染色体。D. The Male and Female Mice. D. 雄性和雌性老鼠。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章首段提到“研究人员培育出了没有Y染色体的雄性老鼠，而Y染色体被认为是男性的标志”可知，研究者已经培育出了没有Y染色体的雄性小鼠。在之后的段落里，列举实验说明这一科学发现，由此可知，文章主要是描述关于没有Y染色体的雄性小鼠的实验。A选项“没有Y染色体的老鼠也可以是雄性”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项“老鼠的人工繁殖”和C选项“老鼠的神秘Y染色体”只是部分提及，属于以偏概全；D选项“雄性和雌性老鼠”表达太泛，不够精准，属于曲解原文。2. 翻译题1.One of the fastest growing areas in Internet applications is the adoption of Internet technologies for the development of corporate networks. Many public sectors and commercial organizations throughout the world are accelerating their paces in building corporate networks based on Internet technologies, allowing them to roll out their private “Intranets”. These Intranets are used to support enterprise applications and communications both inside and outside the corporate firewall.2.Intranet is the new buzz word referring to the use of fast growing and relatively inexpensive Internet technologies for the development of enterprise information and communication systems. It generally involves two key types of software: the “browser” which allows users to scan the network for useful information and the “server” which stores and organizes the information. Major IT vendors have announced or are planning to announce products and services which will help their customers in realizing the competitive advantages made possible by these new technologies. For example,Oracle and Sybase have unveiled their plans to introduce browsers that include application development tools based on Java, a programming language licensed from Sun Microsystems Inc. These new toolsets will allow developers to write network-connection-ready, web-enabled applications that link to corporate databases.The creation of private intranets provides opportunities for companies to use the Web as a complement or an alternative for traditional internal networking, application development tools and groupware products. 3. For example, Morgan Stanley and Turner Broadcasting have successfully implemented their own Intranets which allow their employees to share information, collaborate on projects, and to create very effective workgroups spreading across large geographical regions.With improved security design on the Intranet which can be bridged into the Internet, many companies are developing new business applications which were not technically feasible nor economically viable in the past. For example, shipping companies and courier companies can build cargo and parcel tracking systems which allow their international customers, anywhere in the world, to log onto their local Internet networks to access secured databases to retrieve the latest information about their shipments.One of the most often quoted criticisms of Internet when being considered for serious business applications is its security risk, or its perceived inadequacy of security features. Many feel that the Internet is distributed and “uncontrolled”. By its very own nature, there is no single organization owning the Internet, running it or can be held responsible for it in the conventional sense. Intrusion may come from anywhere in the world. To further complicate the matter, legislation and law enforcement concerning electronic crimes vary greatly from one country to another. This presents great challenges in the prosecution of crimes committed using the Internet.While some of these feelings and observations are correct, many Internet technology providers throughout the world are working very aggressively in solving the problems concerning Internet security. Using cryptographic techniques and network management technologies, Internet can be as secured as any private networks used in the financial, commercial and national defense applications.The Internet is a global technology. It will affect, in many aspects, the way that we interact with people, conduct our business transactions. It will also change the way that we acquire and share experience and knowledge. 4. It unavoidably will alter our sense of community and remove some of the constraints previously associated with geographical boundaries. The Internet and Intranet are presenting opportunities and challenges to individuals and enterprises. They will reward those with the ability and vision to harness their power, realizing their constraints and capable of developing solutions in overcoming these limitations.Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】（1）互联网应用中发展最快的一个领域采用互联网技术开发企业网络。全世界许多政府部门和商业机构正加快步伐，创建基于互联网技术的企业网络，允许它们推销秘密的“内联网”。（2）“内联网”是一个时髦术语，指用发展迅速、相对廉价的互联网技术开发企业信息和通讯系统。内联网一般包含两种重要的软件：浏览器和服务器。前者允许用户浏览网络以获取有用信息，后者储存并整理信息。（3）例如，摩根斯坦利金融公司和特纳广播公司成功地完成了各自的内联网，这些内联网使两家公司的雇员共享信息，共同承担项目并创建遍及各大洲的、效果明显的工作组。（4）互联网必然会改变我们的社区意识并消除以往跟地理疆界联系在一起的种种限制。互联网和内联网给个人和企业带来机遇和挑战，这些网络奖赏有能力和远见的人利用自己的权力，在种种局限发生时，能找到克服局限性的方案。3. 单选题The idea of humanoid robots is not new. They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek, a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play “Possums Universal Robots”. ( The word “robot” comes from the Czech word for drugery, robota. ) Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme, from the sultry False Myria in Fritz Langs silent masterpiece “Metropolis” to the withering C3PO in “Star Wars” and the ruthless assassin of “Terminator”. Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious, coloring our views of the future.But now Japans industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda introduced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years, it walked so fluidly that its white articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues to make the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October, when Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh, it walked onto the stage and accepted its own plaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sonys QRIO is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands a small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. If it falls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect wirelessly to the Internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run. Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray with its own family of robots, called Partner, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instruments valves, and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act as guides at Expo 2005 In Aichi,Japan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however, humanoids are still a mechanical minority. Most of the worlds robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted to the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, making more machines. According to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the first half of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which are selling fast. But neither industrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.1.In paragraph 1 the author introduces his topic by relating（ ）.2.Sonys QRIO could perform all the following tasks EXCEPT（ ） .3.From the passage we may infer that Toyotas Partner（ ）.4.Judging from the context, this passage is probably written（ ） .问题1选项A.the idea of humanoid robotsB.Karl Capeks creation of robotsC.Hollywoods production of robot filmsD.The origin of and popular movies about robots问题2选项A.walking everywhere freelyB.understanding some words uttered by peopleC.finding its wayD.continuing walking after it stumbles问题3选项A.is much better than any other robotsB.is no more than a mechanic deviceC.may be put into mass productionD.may speak like man问题4选项A.in 2004B.in 2005C.between 2003 and 2004D.between 2004 and 2005【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. In paragraph 1 the author introduces his topic by relating _. 1. 在第1段中，作者通过引用_来介绍他的主题。A. the idea of humanoid robots A. 人形机器人的想法B. Karl Capeks creation of robots B. 卡尔恰佩克创造的机器人C. Hollywoods production of robot films C. 好莱坞制作的机器人电影D. the origin of and popular movies about robots D. 关于机器人的电影的起源和流行【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段的内容“类人机器人的想法并不新鲜。自从捷克作家卡尔恰佩克在他1921年的戏剧博森的全能机器人中首次构想出机器人以来，它们就一直是想象图景的一部分。从那以后，好莱坞就这个主题制作了无数的变种，从弗里茨朗的无声杰作大都会中性感的False Myria，到星球大战中冷酷的C3PO，再到终结者中冷酷的刺客。人形机器人已经走进了我们的集体潜意识，为我们对未来的看法增添了色彩。”，从中可知，作者通过讲述与机器人有关的电影来引入自己所要讲述的话题，即人形机器人，且举例的电影有明显的时间线，从首次构想到人形机器人已经走进了我们的集体潜意识。因此，该题选择D项“关于机器人的电影的起源和流行”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“形人机器人的想法”，这是文章的主题，不符合题干，张冠李戴；B项“卡尔恰佩克创造的机器人”和C项“好莱坞制作的机器人电影”表述不够全面，以偏概全。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Sonys QRIO could perform all the following tasks EXCEPT _. 2. 除了_，索尼的QRIO可以执行以下所有任务。A. walking everywhere freely A. 自由地到处走B. understanding some words uttered by people B. 理解人们说的一些话C. finding its way C. 寻路D. continuing walking after it stumbles D. 在它跌倒后继续走【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词Sonys QRIO定位至第三段的描述：索尼的QRIO有2.5英尺高，比Asimo更小，更像玩具。它能走路，能听懂少量的语音指令，还能自己导航。如果它摔倒了，它会站起来，重新回到原来的位置。它甚至可以无线连接到互联网，并广播它的摄像头眼睛看到的东西。从中可知，索尼公司的QRIO能走路，能理解少量指令，能独立行走，摔倒后还能爬起来继续行走。而A项“自由地到处走”中的everywhere表述太夸张，故该项不正确，但符合题意。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“理解人们说的一些话”、C项“寻路”和D项“在它跌倒后继续走”都符合原文，属于反向干扰。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. From the passage we may infer that Toyotas Partner _. 3. 从文章中我们可以推断出丰田的合作伙伴_。A. is much better than any other robots A. 比任何其他机器人都好B. is no more than a mechanic device B. 只不过是一个机械装置C. may be put into mass production C. 会投入大量生产D. may speak like man D. 会像人一样说话【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词Toyotas Partner定位至倒数第二段倒数第二句“丰田希望在2010年之前推出这款机器人的商用版本”，从中可知，丰田将在2010年之前对这款机器人投入量产。故C项“会投入大量生产”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“比任何其他机器人都好”，文中并没有将丰田的机器人与其他机器人进行比较，无中生有；B项“只不过是一个机械装置”和D项“会像人一样说话”没有提到，无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. Judging from the context, this passage is probably written _. 4. 从上下文判断，这篇文章可能写于_。A. in 2004 A. 2004年B. in 2005 B. 2005年C. between 2003 and 2004 C. 2003年至2004年之间D. between 2004 and 2005 D. 2004年至2005年之间【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据倒数第二段最后一句“本月，50个伙伴机器人将在日本爱知举行的2005年世博会上担任导游”，从this month可推断，本文可能写于2005年。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“2004年”、C项“2003年至2004年之间”和D项“2004年至2005年之间”都不符合原文，属于曲解原文。4. 翻译题1.The man whose life is centered around producing, selling and consuming commodities transforms himself into a commodity. He becomes increasingly attracted to that which is man-made and mechanical,rather than to that which is natural and organic. Many men today are more interested in sports cars than in women; or they experience women as a car which one can cause to race by pushing the right button. 2. Altogether they expect happiness is a matter of finding the right button,not the result of a productive,rich life,a life which requires making an effort and taking risks. In their search for the button,some go to the psychoanalyst,some go to church and some read “self-help” books. But while it is impossible to find the button for happiness, the majority are satisfied with pushing the buttons of cameras, radios,television sets,and watching science fiction becoming reality.One of the strangest aspects of their approach to life is the widespread lack of concern about the danger of total destruction by nuclear weapons? A possibility people are consciously aware of. 3. The explanation, I believe, is that they are so frightened of the possibility of their personal failure and humiliation that their anxiety about personal matters prevent them from feeling anxiety about the possibility that everybody and everything may be destroyed. Perhaps total destruction is even more attractive than total insecurity