考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题含答案25

考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts. Yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job. They are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is（ ）.2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that （ ）3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those （ ）.4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of （ ）.问题1选项A.a necessary part of the society though each individual functions in itB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyD.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly问题2选项A.they are likely to lose their jobsB.they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC.they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD.they are deprived of their individuality and independence问题3选项A.who are at the bottom of the societyB.who are higher up in their social statusC.who prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.who could keep far away from this competitive world问题4选项A.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB.offer higher wages to the worker and employeesC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realities for granted问题5选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.tolerance【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一句话通常点出主旨大意。通篇文章都在谈论人们由于对工作没有激情和兴趣而找不到存在感，生活在巨大的焦虑之中的现实。所以C选项“社会中毫不重要的一个小部分，尽管一切运作正常”符合题意。2.根据文章第二段的最后一句话They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. 他们生活和死亡从来没有面对过人类作为情感和智力独立和有生产力的人存在的基本现实。确定真正的原因是作为“情 感与理智上独立的、富有创造性的”个人被忽视。D选项正确。选项A、B只是部分原因，不是真正的原因；C的意思与文章内容相悖。3.语义推测题。文章第三段开头提到Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. 生活在社会上层阶级的人需要面对更为激烈的竞争，因此面临着更大的焦虑，同时也更没有安全感。所以A和B选项排除。第三段最后一句提到“This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.一个人需要频繁地去证实他不比其竞争者差或比他更好，这样频繁的焦虑和压力正是人类抑郁和生病的原因。”，所以C选项排除。所以正确答案为D。4.语义理解题。文章最后一段作者提到了解决方法：I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. 我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理的工业主义转变为以人为本的工业主义，在这种工业主义中，人和充分发挥他的潜力- - -即爱和理性的潜力- - -是一切社会安排的目标。作者不赞同回到工业革命前的生产模式或是19世纪自由市场资本主义，所以A和B选项排除。作者赞同旨在激发人类爱和理智无限潜能的社会事业，所以C选项正确。D选项文章没有提及，排除。5.作者观点题。作者提出了由于工业主义后在社会上产生的焦虑，但是文章最后一段，作者并不仅仅是表达对现状的不满意，而是以宽容的方式提出更好的建议来改善现状。所以D选项 “宽容”符合题意。A “赞同”和C “怀疑”都不符合文意，排除。B不满 比较片面，排除。2. 翻译题我们的大多数感觉都是被动式的。以听觉和视觉为例，我们只是简单地接受和分析声音或光线。然而，触觉则有所不同：我们用双手主动地去探索和改变现实，因此我们在采集信息时的活动同样也可以改变世界例如用一块粘土塑模或按动某个按钮。 在提供人与人之间的直接接触中，触觉传递情感冲击；在提供人与世界的直接接触中， 触觉成为现实的确切标志，正如：“掐我一下-我是在做梦吗？”【答案】Most our senses are passive. Taking hearing and vision as an example, we only simply receive and analyze the sound and light. Touch, however, is different. We explore and change reality with our hands voluntarily and therefore we can also change the world while collecting information, such as making a model with clay or pressing a button. As a means of direct contact between people, touch transmits emotional effect; in the direct contact between man and the world, touch becomes a sign of reality, such as “please pinch me, am I dreaming?”3. 单选题Two relatively recent independent development stand behind the current major researcheffort on nitrogen fixation,(固氮)the process by which bacteria symbiotically render leguminous (豆科的)plants independent of nitrogen fertilizer , one development has been the rapid , sustained increase in the price of nitrogen fertilizer. The other development has been the rapid growth of knowledge of and technical sophistication in genetic engineering. Fertilizer prices, largely tied to the price of natural gas，huge amounts of which go into the manufacture of fertilizer , will continue to represent an enormous and escalating , economic burden on modem agriculture , spurring the search for alternatives to synthetic (合成的) fertilizers . And genetic engineering is just the sort of fundamental breakthrough that opens up prospects of wholly novel alternatives. One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes (染色体)of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants natural constitution: specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes , if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.Nitrogen fixation is a process in which certain bacteria use atmospheric nitrogen gas , which green plant cannot directly utilize, to produce ammonia (氨)a nitrogen compound plants can use . It is one of natures great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plantss leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. The leguminous plants - among them crop plants such as soybeans, peas, alfalfa, and clover-have solved the nitrogen supply problem by entering into a symbiotic(共生的)relationship with the bacterial genus Rhizobium (根瘤菌); as a matter of fact, there is a specific strain of Rhizobium for each species of legume . The host plant supplies the bacteria with food and a protected habitat and receives surplus ammonia in exchange. Hence, legumes can thrive in nitrogen - depleted soil.Unfortunately most of the major food crops including maize, wheat, rice, and potatoes cannot. On the contrary, many of the high-yielding hybrid (杂种的)varieties of these food crops bred during the Green Revolution of the 1960s were selected specifically to give high yields in response to generous applications of nitrogen fertilizer. This poses an additional formidable challenge to plant geneticists: they must work on enhancing fixation within the existing symbioses. Unless they succeed, the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible. The overall task looks forbidding, but the stakes are too high not to undertake it.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ） .2.According to the passage, there is currently no strain of Rhizobium that can enter into a symbiosis with（ ） .3.The passage implies which of the following is true of the bacterial genus Rhizobium?4.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was the most influential factor in bringing about intensified research on nitrogen fixation?5.Which of the following situations is most closely analogous to the situation described by the author as one of natures great ironies.( the sentence in italics in paragraph 2)6.According to the passage, the ultimate goal of the current research on nitrogen fixation is to develop （ ）.7.The author regards the research program under discussion as（ ） .8.Most nearly parallel, in its fundamental approach, to the research program described in the passage would be a program designed to（ ）问题1选项A.expose the fragile nature of the foundations on which the high yield of modem agriculture rest.B.argue that genetic engineering promises to lead to even higher yields than are achievable with synthetic fertilizers.C.argue that the capacity for nitrogen-fixing symbioses is transferable to nonleguminous plants.D.explain the reasons for and the objectives of current research on nitrogen fixing symbioses.问题2选项A.alfalfaB.cloverC.maizeD.peas问题3选项A.Rhizobium bacteria are found primarily in nitrogen-depleted soils.B.Some strains of Rhizobium are not capable of entering into a symbiosis with any plantC.Rhizobium bacteria produce some ammonia for their own purposes.D.Rhizobium bacteria cannot survive outside the protected habitat provided by host plants.问题4选项A.the high yield of the Green RevolutionB.the persistent upward surge in natural gas prices .C.the variety of Rhizobium strains.D.the mechanization of modem agriculture问题5选项A.That of a farmer whose crops have failed because the normal midseason rains did not materialize and no preparations for irrigation had been made.B.That of a long distance runner who loses a marathon race because of a wrong turn that cost him twenty seconds.C.That of shipwrecked sailors at sea in a lifeboat, with one flask of drinking water to share among them.D.That of a motorist who runs out of gas a mere five miles from the nearest gas station.问题6选项A.strains of Rhizobium that can enter into symbioses with existing varieties of wheat, rice, and other nonleguumesB.strains of Rhizobium that produce more ammonia for leguminous host plants than do any of the strains presently knownC.varieties of wheat, rice, and other nonlegumes that yield as much as do existing varieties, but require less nitrogenD.varieties of wheat, rice, and other nonlegumes that maintain an adequate symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and produce high yield问题7选项A.original and extensive but ill-defined as to methodB.necessary and ambitious but vulnerable to failureC.cogent and worthwhile but severely under fundedD.prohibitively expensive but conceptually elegant问题8选项A.achieve greater frost resistance in frosttender food plants by means of selective breeding ,thereby expanding those plant area of cultivationB.Achieve greater yield from food plants by interplanting crop plants that are mutually beneficial.C.Finding inexpensive and abundant natural substances that could without reducing yields, be substituted for expensive synthetic fertilizesD.Change the genetic makeup of food plants that cannot live in water with high salinity, using genes from plant adapted to slot water.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C第6题:D第7题:B第8题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开篇解释了由于化肥价格上涨以及遗传工程学技术增强，让研究者加大对固氮作用的研究，这是原因。后面紧接着讲到研究的具体内容以及将要实现的目标。所以D选项 “解释研究固氮作用的原因以及研究的目标”符合题意。2.细节判断题。文章第二段末尾处提到“soybeans，peas , alfalfa, and clover” 可以与根瘤菌实现共生关系。第三段开始处使用“Unfortunately”表转折，“maize, wheat, rice ,and potatoes cannot.”此处的cannot紧着上文的逻辑，指无法和根瘤菌实现共生，所以C选项正确。3.语义理解题。根据文章第二段末尾 “as a matter of fact, there is a specific strain of Rhizobium for each species of legume . The host plant supplies the bacteria with food and a protected habitat and receives surplus ammonia in exchange. Hence, legumes can thrive in nitrogen - depleted soil. 事实上，对于每一种豆类植物而言都存在一种特定的根瘤菌，寄主植物为根瘤菌提供食物以及一个充分保护的栖息处， 而作为交换手段，将剩余的氨接过来。这样，豆科植物在氨肥缺失的土壤中仍能茂盛生长。确定B选项 “根瘤菌自身创造氨肥”符合题意。A选项作者没有提及根瘤菌最初发现的地 点，B项与文章意思相悖，D选项根瘤菌虽然和寄生植物是共生关系，但文章没有提及根瘤菌的细菌离开寄生植物就无法生存。4.细节判断题。文章第一段提到由于化肥的价格很大程度上和天然气的价格相关，天然气的价格上涨直接导致肥料价格上涨，给现代农业带来了巨额并给不断上升的经济带来负担，直接刺激人们去寻找可替代的合成肥料。而遗传工程学的进步为寻找替代肥料创造了良好的条件。所以B选项 “持续上涨的天然气价格”正确。5.语义理解题。文章第二段提到“It is one of natures great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plantss leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.这真是大自然最大的讽刺，通常土壤中的氮限制了植物的生长，然而植物的叶子却生活在氮气的海洋中。”其意思是大气是有 78%和22%的氧气构成，植物的叶子无法吸收氮气并转化成肥料，却要依靠土壤中十分有限的氮肥。C选项中遭遇海难的船员在救生艇上生存，尽管周围就是大海，却只有最后一瓶可饮用的水来维持生存与文章意思相符，所以正确。6.文章大意题。全文解释到对固氮作用的研究就是指分析豆科植物现有固氮作用，实现非豆类植物通过改变染色体基因，从而实现固氮作用，提高产量。B, C 项与文章意思不符。A项是目标，但是不是最终目标。D选项 小麦、水稻和其他非豆科植物的品种，与固氮细菌保持着充分的共生关系，产量高符合题意。7.作者观点题。文章最后一段末尾处，作者提到整项任务如此艰巨，令人望而生畏。但是收益之高让研究者不惜面对失败要勇于尝试。B选项必要且雄心勃勃，但容易失败符合题意。8.语义理解题。此题的题意是“根据研究的基本方法，与文中的研究最为相近的是下列哪一个”。根据文章可知，对于固氮作用的研究的基本方法是通过对非豆类植物染色体内注入一个部分不相关联的基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识并被分离，则这些基因则可以宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。D选项 “改变粮食作物的基 因，使其原本无法在高盐度的水中生存，现在可以适应在蓄水槽中生存。”更接近文意，正确。4. 单选题All societies have distinct role expectations for men and for women. In the United States, these expectations have been undergoing change for many decades. Today Americans live in a world of diverse family patterns and conflicting images of ideal life styles for men and women. The conventional norms of the first half century defined a successful woman as a wife and mother who stayed home to carry out a full array of household duties. The husband and father was expected to stay away from the home most of the day, earning enough money to pay the bills. Many adults still live by these expectations, but the traditional pattern is no longer held up as an ideal to be followed by everyone. Times have changed; there is no return to yesterday.Although the womens movement and political controversies about such issues and the Equal Rights Amendment and sexual harassment suggest that changing sex roles is a recent issue, this is far from the case. Broad trends can be identified over the past hundred years. Women have increased their participation in the labor force from 18% in 1900 to over 50% today, and they give birth to fewer children than women did in the past. In 1910 the birth rate was 30 per 1,000 population; by the 1900s it had declined to 16 per 1,000. These two trendsincreasing participation in the labor force and decreasing family sizesuggest that major long-term changes have restructured the role expectations of men and women. These changes are complex. The fact that more women are joining the labor force as full-time workers does not mean that a single sex role pattern is emerging.On the contrary, we are living in a period of diverse family patterns. According to Kathleen Gerson, “the domestic woman who builds her life around children and homemaking persists, but she now coexists with a growing number of working mothers and permanently childless women.”Women today face hard choices as they make decisions about work, career, and motherhood. Despite womens liberation, women still earn less than men in the work place and are still expected to do most of the work in the home. Women work substantially more hours each week in the home and at the workplace than men do. Women are working harder than ever, yet many do not enjoy the benefits of full equality.11. The tradition roles for men and women _.12. Changing sex roles is not a recent issue because _.13. The fact that more women are joining the labor force as full time workers means that _.14. Its stated in the last paragraph that _.15. According to this passage, the statement which is NOT true is _.问题1选项A.are diverseB.are conflictingC.have been changingD.are no longer followed问题2选项A.women have increased their participation in the labor force over the past hundred yearB.more and more women are becoming working mothers or childless womenC.the conventional image of women has changed beyond recognitionD.people have changed their expectations of women in modern society问题3选项A.women are becoming more independentB.the family patterns are becoming diverseC.a single-role pattern is emergingD.women are eager to work问题4选项A.women today still suffer from inequality in work and lifeB.womens liberation has promoted their social statusC.the society expects more from women than from menD.women are more capable and diligent than men问题5选项A.many people still follow the conventional norms of life styleB.women today give birth to fewer children than women in the pastC.more and more women choose to work rather than to be housewivesD.men do as much domestic work as women do at home【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】11.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一、二句All societies have distinct role expectations for men and for women. In the United States, these expectations have been undergoing change for many decades.（所有社会对男人和女人都有不同的角色期望。在美国，这些期望几十年来一直在发生变化。），说明男女的传统角色一直在改变。因此C选项“一直在改变”正确。A选项“多种多样”，原文说的是家庭模式多样，所以A错误。B选项“是矛盾的”，原文说的是男女理想生活方式相互矛盾，所以B错误。D选项“不再遵循传统”，原文说的是很多成年人依然遵循传统，但这些传统不再被视为必须遵循的，所以D错误。12.【试题答案】A【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二、三句Broad trends can be identified over the past hundred years. Women have increased their participation in the labor force from 18% in 1900 to over 50% today, and they give birth to fewer children than women did in the past.（在过去的一百年里，我们可以看到大致的趋势。女性的劳动参与率从1900年的18%提高到今天的50%以上，而且她们比过去的女性少生孩子。），说明性别角色的改变不是最近才出现的问题，因为女性的劳动参与率提高了。因此A选项“在过去的一百年里，妇女的劳动参与度有所提高”正确。B选项“越来越多的女性成为工作母亲或不生育的女性”只说明了女性的现状，所以B错误。C选项“女性的传统形象已经发生了翻天覆地的变化”，由原文可知，以孩子和家庭为中心的女性仍然大量存在，所以C错误。D选项“现代社会中，人们对女性的期望发生了变化”不能说明这是过去一百年来的趋势，所以D错误。13.【试题答案】B【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一句we are living in a period of diverse family patterns.（我们生活在一个家庭模式多样化的时期。），说明越来越多的女性参与劳动成为全职工作者意味着家庭模式多种多样，既有以孩子和家庭为中心的女性，也有工作母亲或不生育的女性。因此B选项“家庭模式日趋多样化”正确。A选项“女性变得更加独立”，D选项“女性渴望工作”在文中没有提及，所以A，D错误。C选项“单一角色的格局正在形成”，由原文可知，这一事实并不意味着出现了单一的性别角色模式，所以C错误。14.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段Women today face hard choices as they make decisions about work, career, and motherhood many do not enjoy the benefits of full equality.（今天的女性在工作、事业和母亲身份方面面临着艰难的选