考研考博-考博英语-中央民族大学模拟考试题含答案18

考研考博-考博英语-中央民族大学模拟考试题含答案1. 不定项选择题Sometime around 621 BC, a legislator named Draco appeared on the Athenian scene and made the laws that substituted public justice for personal revenge. His laws were so severe that the legislator has been immortalized by the word “draconian”. These laws held for only a quarter of a century until Solon, who came to be called the founder of Athenian democracy, abolished the death penalty for everything but murder. Solon also carried out constitutional reforms that set up free election and brought all classes, except slaves, into the process of government. And so democracy began.A hundred years later democracy and everything else Greece had built up were threatened by Persia. The first of Persias expeditions took place in 490 BC when its army arrived at Marathon, near Athens. This was the event where a Greek soldier ran the 27 miles back to Athens, managed to cry out, “We have won”, then collapsed and died.In their second expedition the Persians were matched by the genius of Themistocles, an Athenian leader who made his people nervous by going out and building a huge fleet rather than an army. However, he turned out to be right. The Persians were blasted off the sea at the battle of Salamis, off the coast near Athens.Athens, now a naval power, was headed for its golden age. Its ruler at this time, around the middle of the fifth century BC, was Pericles, the most dazzling speaker. He practiced democracy at home. One of his not-so-smart decisions was to restrict Athenian citizenship to people whose mother and father were both Athenians.It was Pericles who built the Parthenon. This was quite a time for Athens. While Pericles was building his Parthenon, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were writing their plays and Socrates and Plato were teaching.Athens was then involved in the Peloponnesian War with Sparta and 27 years of fighting led to Athens defeat in 404 BC. But victorious Spartas influence lasted only 30 years after, it was then ruled by Macedonia, a kingdom in the north of Greece.Philip of Macedons ambition was to unify all of Greece, restore Greek culture to Macedon, and eliminate Persia as a lingering threat. Next in line in the throne was his first wifes son, Alexander the Greats, who had studied under Aristotle. Alexanders death marked the end of the great classical period of Greece, in literature, philosophy and art.1. Which of the following best defines the word “draconian” (L.3, Para.1)?2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?3. From the last two paragraphs, we lean that （ ）4. Solon and Pericles share one similarity, which is that they both （ ）5. The best title for this text may be （ ）问题1选项A.Democratic.B.Revenge.C.Harsh.D.Dramatic.问题2选项A.Unlike Draco, Solon first established death penalty for the crime of murder.B.Athens marched to its golden age after Persias first expedition.C.Pericles is famous for his ability of writing plays and teaching.D.People misunderstood Themistocles when he built navy.问题3选项A.Macedonia is the name of a man who controlled Athens after war.B.Peloponnesian War is the transitional point for Athens from prosperity to decline.C.Greece was split under the rule of Macedonia.D.Alexander gave Aristotle Athens citizenship because Aristotle was his teacher.问题4选项A.carried out constitutional reforms.B.excelled at giving speech.C.implemented strict laws.D.valued democracy.问题5选项A.The History of Athens.B.The War that Splits Athens.C.The unification of Greek.D.Alexander, the Great Ruler of Athens.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:词义推断题。draconian的原意是“严酷”，而题干前的“His laws were so severe that”提示了我们答案，文章说他的法律太过于严厉以至于，因此答案为C项harsh“严酷的，严厉的”。第2题:文章大意题。我们需要根据每一个选项定位到相应的部分。A项在第一段有提示，“abolished the death penalty for everything but murder”，可以得出Solon并不是首创，而是沿用了之前的Draco的这一法例；B项错误，是第二次，不是第一次；C项也错误，Preicles是一个演讲家，以演说出名；D项正确，“who made his people nervous by going out and building a huge fleet rather than an army”以及“However, he turned out to be right.”这两句可以看出一开始民众确实是误解他的。第3题:段落细节题。定位到最后两段，A项不对，Macedonia是一个希腊北部的国家，并不是人；B 项并没有提及，错误；C项正确，正因为是在马其顿的统治下分裂，因此菲利普的心愿就是统一希腊；D项错误，并未提及。第4题:细节推断题。解题关键在第一段“Solon, who came to be called the founder of Athenian democracy”以及“Pericles, the most dazzling speaker. He practiced democracy at home.”可以看出他们两位都对民主很重视，答案选D。第5题:文章标题题。从全文多处我们可以看到，文章讲述的主要就是雅典的历史，法律也好，战争也好，都是围绕雅典在叙述，因此A正确。2. 不定项选择题To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.1. The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to （ ）.2. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is （ ）.3. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics （ ）.4. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should （ ）.5. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is（ ）.问题1选项A.call on scientists to take some actionsB.criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC.warn of the doom of biomedical researchD.show the triumph of the animal rights movement问题2选项A.cruel but naturalB.inhuman and unacceptableC.inevitable but viciousD.pointless and wasteful问题3选项A.discontent with animal researchB.ignorance about medical scienceC.indifference to epidemicsD.anxiety about animal rights问题4选项A.communicate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in researchC.feel no shame for their causeD.strive to develop new cures问题5选项A.a well-known humanistB.a medical practitionerC.an enthusiast in animal rightsD.a supporter of animal research【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:本题考查了考生对作者意图的把握。定位到第一段，Edmund Burke这句话的意思是“好人的不作为就是一个错误的观点想要盛行所需要的所有条件”，可以看出这是在讽刺好人不去做出应有的行为，再紧接着后文也提到“现在有一个组织他们呼吁不要用动物来做实验，动物也有自己的权利，而科学家必须采取行动来回复这些人”，可以得出，作者的目的是呼吁科学家们行动起来，因此答案为A。第2题:本题是细节推断题。题干中说“tend to think”提示我们答案可能在文中没有直接体现，需要我们结合原文进行推理，推理出这些被误导的人们对于动物实验是何种态度，题干关键词就是“misled people”，可以帮我们定位到第一段，最后一句说“当人们听到医学实验残忍对待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物”。第二段是一个具体的被误导的祖母般的女士的例子，但是文中只是说她反对用动物来做研究。第三段最后一句非常关键：“对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍”。从以上的分析可以看出，受到误导的人们认为用动物做研究是残酷的、不可思议的。四个选项中，B最符合原文。 A中虽然提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不对，因为被误导的人们不可能认为那是普通的事情。C说的是“不可避免的，但是邪恶的”，也不正确，因为文章中没有提到不可避免这个说法。D项说的是“毫无意义，浪费的”，文中没有提到毫无意义这个意思。第3题:这也是一道作者意图题，例子说的是一位老太太向大家发传单，呼吁大家不要用任何来自于动物或在动物身上试验过的东西。当她被问及是否反对使用疫苗时，老太太说，若疫苗也来源于动物，那么就不应使用疫苗，流行病自有科学家们用计算机来解决。可见老太太对科学的无知。而她的这种无知是很普遍的。作者在第二段最后一句话感叹“这些好心人压根儿就不明白”，所以答案为B。A说的是公众对动物试验的不满。但是，老太太的例子不仅是为了说明这一点，这个例子反映的不仅是他们的不满，更多的要透过现象看本质，全文来看，作者的目的是为了指出公众不满的根源对医学研究不了解，然后号召科学家们针对这个根源采取行动。因此老太太的例子是为了反映公众的无知。第4题:这里考查的是作者的态度题，解答这类问题时，考生需要代入作者的思维，从全文把握作者的感情色彩，作者对这个事件的看法，然后根据题干关键词去定位具体细节处。本题关键词“challenge from animal rights advocates”以及“sientits should”，解题线索可在最后两段中找出。作者向科学家们提出的建议都是有助于他们与公众更好的交流。答案很明显是A。选项B、 C以及D貌似合理，其实文中都没有提到。第5题:这是一道细节推断题。题干问我们Stephen Cooper是一个什么身份的人，我们根据人名定位到最后一段，我们可以找到线索“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.”，这句话告诉我们Cooper是个名人，同时也曾经生病过，他是高度赞扬过动物研究的，因此，我们可以得出他是动物研究的支持者。答案为D。3. 不定项选择题At first, the new business plan seemed counterintuitiveif not a quick route to bankruptcy. Koreans who ordered products from LG Home Shopping, a television shopping channel hawking everything from jewelry to cookware, could return them no questions asked and get a refund even before the items were collected from their home. All deliveries were free. And the new plan was launched in the depths of the Asian financial crisis in 1998.Little wonder that everyone including his staff thought LG Home Shopping Chief Executive Choi Yung Jae has a screw looses. Even as Choi offered one of the best bargains in Korea, he refused to sacrifice quality. One day, he appeared at a Seoul warehouse for a spot inspectionand canceled orders from nearly 70% of LGs suppliers. “Customer trust will make or break our business,” he declared. Not long after, Choi set up a fax line in his office to handle customer complaints directly. Complaints poured in. “But then,” says LG manager Shin Hyung Bum, “six months later he started getting complimentary faxes.” Executives are confident that sales will jump another 50% next year.Choi is still getting them. In 1998, LG Home Shopping earned its first profit as sales tripled to $169 million. The channel, which airs around the clock and prices items up to one-third cheaper than department stores, has thrived ever since. Despite the global slowdown, the company predicts sales of $ 779 million this year, up 68% from 2000.LG takes advantage of Korean demographics. Knowing that most middle-class women are homemakers, it has focused its marketing on females in their 30s and 40s. And delivery costs are minimal because nearly half of Koreas 14.3 million families reside in apartment blocks.The operation is also resolutely up-market, in contrast to similar U.S. channels. Because most cable-TV subscribers in Korea are well-to-do, LG sells no item for less than $ 23, which it figures is the minimum it can charge and still make a 4% margin after covering delivery. On average, LG shoppers spend $110 per order, triple what U.S. TV shoppers spend.Rivals acknowledge Chois contribution to electronic shopping, which has accounted for 3% of Koreas $90 billion retail market. “The whole industry is indebted to Chois pioneering campaign,” says Samsung Vice-President Suh Kang Ho, who heads the chaebols Internet Shopping division. “The big question is if LG can keep its growth in the face of tougher competition.”1. Which of the following best defines the word “counterintuitive” (L. 1, Para. 1)?2. By saying that “Choi Yung Jae has a screw looses” (L. 2, Para.2), the author means that（ ）.3. In the views of Choi（ ）4. From the text, we can infer that（ ）5. What is the attitude of Suh Kang Ho towards the future growth of LG?问题1选项A.Sensible.B.Irrational.C.Quick.D.Feasible.问题2选项A.the staff in the company are afraid of ChoiB.there is something wrong with the facility of the companyC.Choi is mad to some extentD.Chois bargains cannot be accepted by the staff问题3选项A.product quality is crucial to the success of the company.B.electronic shopping has a bright future.C.the American way of e-commerce has more disadvantages.D.the rival company has already acknowledged his contribution.问题4选项A.the new electronic shopping plan starts in an unfavorable economic situation.B.the majority of the customers of LGs service are women and children.C.the American electronic shopping companies are the rivals of LG.D.the price of the same product sold by LG is higher than that of the American Company.问题5选项A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Suspicious.D.Indifferent.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:词义推断题。本题如果记过这个单词可以直接选择，如果不认识也没有关系，根据词根词缀法我们可以发现，单词由counter-和intuitive两部分组成，词缀counter意为“反对”，intuitive意为“直觉的”，因此这个单词的意思大概为“违背直觉的”，B项正确，如果不知道这个方法也可以从后文的“if not a quick route to bankruptcy.”（如果你不想快速破产的话）可见当时普通人对新商业计划的认知都是它是不正常的，违背常理的，答案为B。第2题:作者意图题。首先定位到这个句子的前后文，后面是说到Choi拒绝牺牲商品的质量，也就是他必须要保证每一件商品的质量，在后面提到说他去视察一个工厂时，直接让那个工厂70%的商品都标为不合格并且直接取消，说明他对于商品的质量是有着很疯狂的追求的，他绝对不会牺牲商品的质量来换取营业额，题干中的“screw looses”意为做事古怪的，也与C项相符。第3题:细节推断题。题干提问在Choi的观点中是怎么样的，A项说他认为产品的质量是公司成功的关键，这一点从第二段可以看出，他非常强调商品的质量，因此A 保留；B项全文并没有提及，电子购物现在已经发展得如火如荼，但是它的未来Choi并没有给出观点，要注意题干问的是Choi的观点，并不是考生的想法，不要代入自己的主观思想，要从题干中找信息；C项也没有提及；D项是Choi的对手三星总裁的观点，答案为A。第4题:文章推断题。A项在第一段的最后一句话“And the new plan was launched in the depths of the Asian financial crisis in 1998.”可以得出，A项保留；B项错误，电视购物的主力就是家庭妇女，并没有儿童；C项错误，LG的对手主要是韩国国内的其他平台；D项也不对，只是说LG的顾客会在购买时花得更多，而不是它的单价高。答案为A。第5题:作者态度题。根据人名定位到最后一段，Suh说道“The big question is if LG can keep its growth in the face of tougher competition.”意思是不确定LG能不能在之后更加激烈的竞争中胜出，说明他对于LG的未来是持怀疑态度的，答案为C。4. 翻译题Directions: There are two passages in this part with 5 sentences underlined. You are required to translate those sentences from English into Chinese. Read the following short passages carefully and ONLY translate the 5 sentences that are underlined.(1) El Nino is an intermittent disruption of the climate system centered in the equatorial Pacific that has effects on short-term climate around the Pacific basin.To understand El Nino, it is necessary to understand the normal trade-wind system in the tropical Pacific. (2) The sun heats the equatorial regions more strongly than the rest of the globe, so air tends to rise from the surface there, replaced by inflow from the subtropics. The Coriolis Effect turns these inflows to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern, resulting in the great trade-wind belts that blow equator ward and westward over the width of the tropical Pacific. (3) In the ocean, these winds tend to push the surface water towards the west, so sea level at Indonesia is about 50cm higher than at the South American coast, which gives an idea of the power and steadiness of the trade winds. As surface water is pushed west, cooler subsurface water is drawn up to the surface in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This upwelled water is nutrient rich, and supports a large population of marine and bird life, as well as an important fishery off the coast of Peru and Ecuador. (4) Then, during its journey west, surface water is heated by the sun to temperatures of about 29 over a huge area west of the dateline, known as the west Pacific warm pool, where the ocean is roughly 6 higher than when the water came to the surface in the east. This air is also very humid due to its long passage over the tropical ocean, and when it rises in the west heavy precipitin is produced over Indonesia and Southeast Asia.The warm pool is one of the major driving forces of world climate. Its warmth strengthens the rising motion in the west and thereby reinforces the westward winds of the trade wind system. (5) The rising, moisture-laden air pumps heat and water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it can be carried great distances. The huge source of heat helps set the path of the jet streams that control temperate-zone weather, much as a large rock in a stream determines the pattern of water flow, including wavery motions that extend well downstream of the rock. Therefore, when the warm pool changes shape or position, the effects ripple outward to affect much of the worlds weather.【答案】1.厄尔尼诺现象是一种以赤道太平洋为中心的气候系统的间歇性中断，对太平洋盆地周围的短期气候产生影响。2.太阳对赤道地区的加热要比地球上其他地区强烈得多，所以那里的空气往往会从表面上升，取而代之的是来自亚热带的流入。3.在海洋中，这些风倾向于将表层海水推向西部，因此印度尼西亚的海平面比南美洲海岸高出约50厘米，这让我们了解了信风的力量和稳定性。4.然后，在它向西航行的过程中，地表水在一个巨大的国际日期变更线以西的区域被太阳加热到约29摄氏度，这片区域被称为西太平洋暖池，那里的海洋温度比海水到达东方表面时大约高出6摄氏度。5.上升的充满水分的空气将热量和水蒸气抽到高层大气中，在那里它们可以被带去很远的地方。5. 不定项选择题One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant women to consume is alcohol. Because alcohol is (1) quickly into the blood and passes quickly into the (2) and membranes, the human fetus is particularly (3) to its effect. In fact, the negative effects on a fetus are so (4) that babies born after (5) to alcohol are said to be suffering from fetal alcohol (6).(7) a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the alcohol, is passed into the bloodstream almost (8). Moreover, because the bloodstream of the fetus is (9) that of the mother, the alcohol passes directly into the fetus as well. (10), whats more, the (11) of alcohol in the fetus is exactly the same as in the mother.For the mother, this concentration is not a problem because her liver can (12) one ounce of alcohol from her system per hour. However, the fetus liver is not completely (13). The rate at which it is able to (14) the alcohol from the blood of the fetus is much slower. (15), the alcohol will be returned to the mothers system by passing across the placenta, but this process is slow. By the time this (16), major neurological damage may have already (17). Research has shown that as little as one drink of alcohol can produce significant, (18) damage to the fetus.Babies born after exposure to alcohol generally (19) facial distortion, inability to concentrate, and difficulty in remembering. Simply speaking, it is (20) that pregnant women avoid alcohol.问题1选项A.conferredB.deliveredC.endowedD.injected问题2选项A.tissueB.muscleC.fabricD.liver问题3选项A.accessibleB.resistantC.vulnerableD.immune问题4选项A.pronouncedB.accurateC.severeD.harsh问题5选项A.adaptationB.infectionC.exposureD.contraction问题6选项A.affectionB.impactC.consequenceD.syndrome问题7选项A.AfterB.AsC.WhenD.Because问题8选项A.simultaneouslyB.immediatelyC.directlyD.frequently问题9选项A.tied toB.similar toC.fixed uponD.linked to问题10选项A.BesidesB.AndC.RatherD.Likewise问题11选项A.condensationB.functionC.concentrationD.poison问题12选项A.distinguishB.removeC.abandonD.discriminate问题13选项A.developedB.cultivatedC.nurturedD.grown问题14选项A.eliminateB.preventC.distanceD.relieve问题15选项A.EventuallyB.Practicall